Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2003. / Härtill 6 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2003. / Härtill 6 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2005. / Härtill 6 uppsatser.

Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 2005. / Vita. Bibliography: 49-53.

Thesis (M.Sc.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland, 2003. / Bibliography: leaves 96-124.

O câncer de mama é a principal causa de morte por câncer entre as mulheres no mundo. Fatores genéticos, comportamentais e ambientais afetam o risco de aparecimento dessa doença e seu desenvolvimento e progressão ocorrem pelo acúmulo de alterações genéticas/epigenéticas que levam a manutenção de sinais proliferativos nas células, fuga dos agentes supressores de crescimento e resistência à morte celular. O gene PHLDA1 (de Pleckstrin Homology-Like Domain, Family A, Member 1) codifica uma proteína de 401 aminoácidos que já foi descrita envolvida em distintos processos biológicos incluindo morte celular e, dessa forma, é frequentemente associada ao câncer. Perda progressiva de PHLDA1 já foi descrita em melanoma primário e metastático enquanto sua superexpressão foi descrita para tumores intestinais e pancreáticos. Em dados prévios de nosso grupo de pesquisa o gene PHLDA1 foi encontrado diferencialmente expresso em tumores de mama onde sua ausência estava relacionada com sobrevida livre de doença e sobrevida global reduzidas nas pacientes. Estudos do gene PHLDA1 em linhagens de mama são escassos e a compreensão de seu papel funcional e de como sua ausência pode estar relacionada com a redução da sobrevida em pacientes com câncer de mama permanecem obscuros. Com o objetivo de compreender a função de PHLDA1 em células epiteliais de mama, nós investigamos os efeitos da supressão do gene PHLDA1 em células MCF10A. A redução da expressão foi alcançada a partir de transfecção das células com vetores plasmidiais contendo shRNAs específicos para o transcrito de PHLDA1 e subsequentemente foram realizados ensaios funcionais. A expressão diminuida de PHLDA1 foi capaz de induzir acentuadas alterações morfológicas e comportamentais nas células MCF10A, incluindo mudança no padrão de ancoragem célula-célula e reorganização nos filamentos de actina, além de maior taxa de proliferação, migração e invasão das células. Além disso, em condições de baixa ancoragem, as células com expressão reduzida de PHLDA1 apresentaram mamosferas de formato irregular em comparação às células controle. Em conjunto, nossos resultados mostram que a diminuição da expressão de PHLDA1 em células MCF10A está relacionada a um comportamento agressivo e acentuadas alterações morfológicas. Estes dados são consistentes com atividade supressora tumoral de PHLDA1 em células epiteliais de mama / Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among women worldwide. Genetic, behavioral and environmental factors affect the risk of onset of the disease. Breast cancer development and progression involves the accumulation of genetic/epigenetic changes that lead to maintenance of proliferative signals, evasion of growth suppressors and resistance to cell death. The PHLDA1 gene (Pleckstrin Homology-like domain, Family A, member 1) encodes a 401 amino acids protein that has been described involved in different biological processes including cell death and thus, is often associated with cancer. Progressive loss of PHLDA1 has been described in primary and metastatic melanoma while their overexpression has been reported for intestinal and pancreatic tumors. In previous data from our research group the PHLDA1 gene was found differentially expressed in breast tumors where its downregulation was related to shorter disease-free survival and overall survival of the patients. Literature regarding PHLDA1 in mammary epithelial cell lines is scarce and the understanding of their functional role and how its downregulation can be related to poor prognosis in breast cancer patients remain unclear. In order to understand the PHLDA1 function in breast epithelial cells, we investigated the effects of downregulation of PHLDA1 in MCF10A cells. The reduced expression was achieved from transfection of cells with plasmid vectors containing shRNAs for the specific transcript of PHLDA1 followed by functional assays. The decreased expression of PHLDA1 was sufficient to induce marked morphological and behavioral changes in MCF10A cells, including changes in cell-to-cell attachment pattern and actin reorganization, increased proliferation, migration and invasion rate of cells. Furthermore, in independent of attachment condition, cells with reduced expression of PHLDA1 formed mammospheras whit irregular shape compared to control cells. Taken together, our results showed that the decreased expression of PHLDA1 in MCF10A cells is related to aggressive behavior and marked morphological changes. These data are consistent with tumor suppressor activity for PHLDA1 in breast epithelial cells

O câncer de mama é o tumor mais incidente e a principal causa de mortalidade entre as mulheres no mundo. Não diferente de tantos outros tipos tumorais, o câncer de mama carrega em sua história uma etiologia complexa, heterogênea e multifatorial. O gene pró-apoptótico PAWR (PKC apoptosis WT1 regulator; também denominado como PAR-4, Prostate Apoptosis Response-4) é conhecido por induzir seletivamente apoptose em uma grande variedade de células de câncer. O papel de Par-4 como supressor tumoral vem sendo bem estabelecido nos últimos anos. Entretanto, pouco tem sido explorado sobre o papel e os mecanismos envolvendo a função supressora de Par-4 em câncer de mama. Em estudos prévios do nosso grupo, foi possível demonstrar que a expressão reduzida de Par-4 está associada a um pior prognóstico em câncer de mama e que esta proteína pode ter um papel importante na morfogênese da glândula mamária. Além disso, a investigação em células MCF-7 demostrou que a expressão de Par-4 aumenta a sensibilidade das células ao tratamento com docetaxel. Com objetivo de entender melhor o papel de Par-4 em células tumorais de mama, nós investigamos o efeito da supressão de Par-4 nas células MDA-MB-231 in vitro e in vivo. A redução da expressão foi alcançada a partir de transfecção das células com vetores plasmidiais contendo shRNAs específicos para o transcrito de Par-4 e subsequentemente foram realizados ensaios funcionais. A expressão reduzida de Par-4 foi capaz de aumentar a capacidade de formação de colônias das células MDA-MB-231 em cultura. Além disso, as células MDA-MB-231 transfectadas com shRNA-Par-4 tiveram uma redução significativa da morte celular (fase sub-G0\\G1 do ciclo celular), em particular da morte por apoptose (Anexina-FITC/PI), após o tratamento com diferentes quimioterápicos. Em nosso estudo, as células MDA-MB-231-Controle tratadas com docetaxel apresentaram aumento nos níveis de Par-4 secretado, o que não foi observado nas células MDA-MB-231-shPar-4. Finalmente, nossos resultados in vivo sugerem que a expressão diminuída de Par-4 pode modular o crescimento tumoral em camundongos Balb/c NUDE. Em conjunto, nossos dados colaboram com o papel supressor de Par-4 já descrito na literatura e confirmam sua ação supressora em diferentes linhagens de câncer de mama / Breast cancer is the most incident tumor and the leading cause of mortality among women worldwide. Like other forms of cancer, breast cancer has a complex, heterogeneous and multifactorial etiology. The pro-apoptotic gene PAWR (PKC apoptosis WT1 regulator; also known as PAR-4, Prostate Apoptosis Response-4) is known to selectively induce apoptosis in a wide variety of cancer cells. The role of Par- 4 as a tumor suppressor has been well established in recent years. However, little has been explored about the role and mechanisms of Par-4 suppressor function in breast cancer. Previous work from our research group demonstrated that the reduced expression of Par-4 is associated with a worse prognosis in breast cancer. Also an important role of Par-4 in the morphogenesis of the mammary gland was suggested. In addition, Par-4 overexpression in MCF-7 cells increased the sensitivity to docetaxel treatment. In order to better understand the role of Par-4 in breast tumor cells, we investigated the effect of Par-4 knock-down on MDA-MB-231 cells in vitro and in vivo. We performed shRNA-mediated Par-4 knockdown, and then carried out functional assays. The reduced expression of Par-4 was able to increase the colony formation capacity of MDA-MB-231 cells in culture. In addition, shRNA-Par-4 transfection in MDA-MB-231 cells led to a significant reduction of cell death (sub-G0/G1 cell cycle), particularly by apoptosis (Annexin-FITC/PI), after treatment with different chemotherapeutic agents. In our study, docetaxel-treated MDA-MB-231-Control cells showed increased levels of secreted Par-4, which was not observed in MDA-MB-231- shPar-4 cells. Finally, our in vivo results suggest that diminished Par-4 expression may modulate tumor growth in Balb/c NUDE mice. Taken together, our data support the suppressor role of Par-4 already described in the literature and confirm its suppressive action in different breast cancer cell lines

Wang, Yajun. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 118-126). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.v / Table of Contents --- p.vi / List of Figures --- p.xi / List of Tables --- p.xii / Abbreviations and Symbols --- p.xiii / List of Publications and Sequence Submissions during the Study --- p.xv / Chapter Chapter One: --- General Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter Two: --- Literature Review --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1 --- DNA methylation --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Epigenetic changes --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Differential methylation pattern in normal and tumor cells --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2 --- TSGs --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- "Cancer initiation, progression and cancer genes" --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- TSGs could be inactivated through promoter hypermethylation --- p.14 / Chapter 2.3 --- NPC --- p.17 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Epidemiology ofNPC --- p.18 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Molecular genetic and epigenetic studies ofNPC --- p.19 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- NPC and chromosome 11q --- p.21 / Chapter 2.4 --- ESCC --- p.21 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Epidemiology of ESCC --- p.22 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Genetic and epigenetic studies of ESCC --- p.23 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- ESCC and chromosome 11q --- p.24 / Chapter 2.5 --- Chromosome 11q and other carcinomas --- p.24 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Breast cancer --- p.24 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Ovarian cancer --- p.25 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- Neuroblastoma --- p.26 / Chapter 2.5.4 --- Melanoma --- p.27 / Chapter 2.5.5 --- Multiple myeloma --- p.27 / Chapter 2.5.6 --- Lung Cancer --- p.27 / Chapter 2.6 --- Important candidate genes located at the project study 1 lq region --- p.28 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- ETS1 --- p.28 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- FLI1 --- p.29 / Chapter 2.6.3 --- P53AIP1 --- p.30 / Chapter 2.6.4 --- RICS --- p.30 / Chapter 2.6.5 --- BARX2 --- p.30 / Chapter 2.6.6 --- ST14 --- p.32 / Chapter 2.6.7 --- ADAMTS8 --- p.33 / Chapter 2.6.8 --- ADAMTS15 --- p.35 / Chapter 2.6.9 --- HNT --- p.36 / Chapter 2.6.10 --- OPCML --- p.36 / Chapter Chapter Three: --- Materials and Methods --- p.37 / Chapter 3.1 --- Cell lines and primary tumor samples --- p.37 / Chapter 3.2 --- Cell line demethylation treatment --- p.38 / Chapter 3.3 --- DNA and RNA extraction from cell lines and tissues --- p.39 / Chapter 3.4 --- Semiquantitative RT-PCR --- p.41 / Chapter 3.5 --- DNA bisulfite treatment --- p.42 / Chapter 3.6 --- Promoter analysis and identification of 5' CpG islands of target genes --- p.45 / Chapter 3.7 --- Methylation-Specific PCR (MSP) --- p.45 / Chapter 3.8 --- Bisulfite Genomic Sequencing (BGS) --- p.46 / Chapter 3.8.1 --- BGS PCR reaction --- p.46 / Chapter 3.8.2 --- TA cloning of the PCR products into the sequencing vector --- p.47 / Chapter 3.8.3 --- Plasmid mini-preparation on 96-well plate --- p.48 / Chapter 3.8.4 --- Plasmid sequencing --- p.49 / Chapter 3.9 --- Homozygous deletion detection --- p.50 / Chapter 3.10 --- Construction of expression plasmids --- p.51 / Chapter 3.10.1 --- The strategy of full length cDNA cloning --- p.51 / Chapter 3.10.2 --- Obtaining of full length covered cDNA by cloning PCR --- p.53 / Chapter 3.10.3 --- Ligation and transformation --- p.54 / Chapter 3.10.4 --- Mini preparation of plasmid in Eppendorf tubes --- p.54 / Chapter 3.10.5 --- Verification of correct inserts in the plasmid --- p.55 / Chapter 3.10.6 --- Subcloning --- p.55 / Chapter 3.10.7 --- Bacteria storage --- p.57 / Chapter 3.11 --- Colony formation assays (CFA) --- p.57 / Chapter 3.11.1 --- Midiprep of the transfection grade plasmid --- p.57 / Chapter 3.11.2 --- Transfection --- p.58 / Chapter 3.11.3 --- Selection of the transfected cells with G418 --- p.59 / Chapter 3.11.4 --- Colony staining --- p.60 / Chapter 3.12 --- Statistical analysis --- p.60 / Chapter Chapter Four: --- Results --- p.61 / Chapter 4.1 --- Narrow down the candidate genes for further study --- p.61 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Define the study chromosome region --- p.61 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Database search of all candidate genes --- p.61 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Transcriptional expression analysis of the candidate genes --- p.63 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- Selection of the genes with tumor specific expression downregulation for further intensive study --- p.64 / Chapter 4.2 --- Further characterization of ADAMTS8 --- p.69 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Tissue transcriptional expression panel --- p.69 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Semiquantitative RT-PCR results in tumor cell lines --- p.70 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Promoter CpG island identification and promoter methylation study --- p.70 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Transcription reactivation by demethylation treatment --- p.72 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- High resolution promoter methylation analysis by BGS --- p.72 / Chapter 4.2.6 --- Detection of homozygous deletion --- p.73 / Chapter 4.2.7 --- Analysis of ADAMTS8 promoter methylation in clinical samples --- p.74 / Chapter 4.2.8 --- ADAMTS8 full length cDNA cloning --- p.74 / Chapter 4.2.9 --- Colony formation assay --- p.75 / Chapter 4.3 --- Further characterization of HNT --- p.80 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Tissue transcriptional expression panel --- p.80 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Semiquantitative RT-PCR results in tumor cell lines --- p.80 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Promoter CpG island identification and promoter methylation study --- p.81 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Transcription reactivation by demethylation treatment --- p.82 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- HNT full length cDNA cloning --- p.82 / Chapter 4.4 --- Further characterization of BARX2 --- p.87 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Tissue transcriptional expression panel --- p.87 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Semiquantitative RT-PCR results in tumor cell lines --- p.87 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Promoter CpG island identification and promoter methylation study --- p.88 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Transcription reactivation by demethylation treatment --- p.89 / Chapter 4.4.5 --- BARX2 full length cDNA cloning --- p.89 / Chapter 4.5 --- Further study of other downregulated genes --- p.92 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- FLII --- p.92 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- ADAMTS15 --- p.94 / Chapter 4.5.3 --- P53AIP1 --- p.97 / Chapter Chapter Five: --- Discussion --- p.100 / Reference List --- p.118 / Appendix I: Reagents Preparation Recipe --- p.127 / Appendix II: PCR Primers for cDNA Cloning --- p.129

Gene expression profiles obtained by means of semi-quantitative RT-PCR showed that both PPP1R1B and PPP1R3C were frequently silenced in multiple carcinomas. Bisulfite treated tumor DNA was subjected to Methylation-specific PCR (MSP) using primers flanking across the ∼130bp CpG island of the promoter of the particular gene of interest. It was revealed that PPP1R1B and PPP1R3C gene silencing in the carcinoma cell lines were due to promoter CpG island hypermethylation. Such claim was further confirmed by bisulfite genomic sequencing (BGS). Treatment with 5' azacytidine and TSA restored PPP1R1B and PPP1R3C expression in carcinoma cells through demethylating the hypermethylated promoter. In terms of cancer growth inhibition, ectopic expression of PPP1R1B and PPP1R3C could significantly inhibit the proliferation of carcinoma cell lines by 40--50% and 50--60%, respectively, according to the result of anchorage-dependent colony formation assay. / Overall, we believed that PPP1R1B and PPP1R3C are the putative tumor suppressor genes in which their expression silencing through promoter CpG island hypermethylation may be strongly linked to the development of cancer. / Protein Phosphatase 1 regulatory subunits are a family of small molecules which define the substrate specificity and subcellular localization of protein phosphatase-1 upon their interactions. Downregulation of Protein Phosphatase 1 regulatory subunits were often associated with tumor initiation and progression, for example, ASPP family (PPP1R13A and PPP1R13B). In the present study, PPP1R1B and PPP1R3C were identified in which their tumor suppressor functions had been investigated. / Reduction in the level of p-ser473 Akt and p-ser552 beta-catenin could be observed when PPP1R1B expression was restored in respective carcinoma cells. In addition, the transcription activity of AP-1 decreased in the presence of full-length PPP1R1B expression as determined by Dual-Luciferase reporter assay system. Ectopic expression of PPP1R3C increased the amount of inactive pSer9-GSK-3beta as shown in the western blot analysis and a concomitant increased in p53 level was observed in colorectal carcinoma HCT116 cells. Transcription activity of NF-kappaB in HCT116 cells was increased but decreased in KYSE150 cells (ESCC) in the presence of PPP1R3C expression. Subcellular localization study using the GFP-fusion protein revealed that PPP1R1B protein was distributed throughout the cytoplasm while PPP1R3C protein was mainly localized around the nuclear membrane. / Leung, Ching Hei. / Adviser: Tak Cheung Chan. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-01, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 160-183). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

In brief, mRNA expression profiling of candidate genes in each locus was performed using semi-quantitative RT-PCR in a panel of ESCC and NPC cell lines, normal tissues and immortalized epithelial cell lines. Genes downregulated in cancer cells but with high expression in normal tissues and immortalized epithelial cells were subjected to promoter methylation analysis using methylation-specific PCR (MSP), bisulfite genomic sequencing (BGS) and pharmacological demethylation treatment. Genes with tumor-specific downregulation and methylation were further selected as candidates and their tumor suppressive roles were verified via functional studies. / In conclusion, RAB39 and WDRX, epigenetically silenced in multiple cancer cell lines, were identified as novel TSG candidates in this study. Meanwhile, the tumor suppressive functions of ADAMTS8 were further validated, proving the efficiency of this integrative approach. Further study on these novel TSG candidates may help to elucidate the detailed molecular mechanisms for ESCC and NPC, and provide novel therapeutic targets and biomarkers. / In this study, RAB39 and WDRX were identified as candidate TSGs in 11q22.3 and 15q21.3, respectively. Both genes were broadly expressed in normal tissues and immortalized epithelial cell lines, but significantly downregulated and methylated in multiple cancer cell lines. Demethylation treatment with 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine restored their mRNA expression, indicating that CpG methylation directly contributed to their transcriptional inactivation. Methylation of RAB39 and WDRX was detected in primary ESCC and NPC, but rarely observed in normal tissues, implicating that their tumor-specific methylation might be used as biomarkers. Ectopic expression of both genes significantly inhibited the clonogenicity of multiple cancer cell lines, supporting their potential roles as functional TSGs. Moreover, WDRX repressed WNT/beta-catenin signaling, underscoring a possible anti-tumorigenic mechanism for it. In addition, ADAMTS8 was revealed to inhibit clonogenicity of NPC and ESCC cell lines, acting as a negative modulator for ERK pathway and a potential pro-apoptotic metalloprotease. / Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) contributes to the genesis of cancers including esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), two prevalent causes of death in Hong Kong. Apart from genetic abnormalities, epigenetic disruptions including CpG methylation represent another major mechanism for TSG inactivation. Promoter methylation of multiple TSGs was detected in different cancer types, suggesting that it could be utilized as therapeutic target or biomarker for disease diagnosis and prognosis. / TSGs are often located at frequently deleted chromosomal regions and subjected to tumor-specific methylation, making it possible to use an integrative epigenetic and genomic approach combining array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) with epigenetic profiling to screen for novel TSGs. Previous aCGH revealed that several loci in 11822.3, 15q14, 15q21.1 and 15q21.3 underwent frequent copy number loss in ESCC cell lines. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of these regions was also reported in other cancers, indicating that TSGs might reside within them. The aim of this study was thus to identify the candidate TSGs in these loci and study their anti-tumorigenic roles. In addition, the tumor suppressive function of ADAMTS8, a silenced 11q25 candidate TSG previously identified in our lab via this approach, was also studied. / Li, Jisheng. / Adviser: Qian Tao. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 72-04, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 136-159). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.