<p>The 3-d visualisation of a section of the Tunberget tunnel and important fracture zones was accomplished by combination of the topographic surface, measurements at the surface of fracture planes together with surfaces of dolerite dykes, results from magnetic modeling of dolerite dykes and tunnel mapping data.</p><p>The topographic surface was represented as elevation contours with 1 m equidistance. The fracture and dolerite surfaces were measured geodetically in the field from a net of 20 total station locations. Each surface was measured at 3 points to determine its strike and dip. Totally 44 strike and dip estimates were obtained. The extent at depth of the dolerite dykes was also estimated based on magnetic measurements along 3 profiles. The location of the dykes was also known from geological tunnel mapping.</p><p>ArcGIS and RockWorks have been used to process the data and to generate a 3-d visualization of the geometrical relation between targeted geological structures, the dolerite dykes and the tunnel. The area is of interest to be studied in more detail as the fracture zones and the parallel dolerite dykes connect the tunnel with a large wetland complex.</p> / QC 20100707

This MSc. thesis deals with a research of Blanik orthogneiss and its planar and linear structural elements. The work is divided into a theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part provides an overview deformation processes in geological bodies and resulting structures. The practical part provides a structural analysis of 34 outcrops in the area of interest. Outcrops are described in terms of petrological characteristic and its geological structures, which were measured. Final data were transformed into diagrams. One sample of the blanik orthogneiss was also subjected to microstructural analysis. Twelve samples were analyzed by a portable spectrometer Delta Professional.

The 3-d visualisation of a section of the Tunberget tunnel and important fracture zones was accomplished by combination of the topographic surface, measurements at the surface of fracture planes together with surfaces of dolerite dykes, results from magnetic modeling of dolerite dykes and tunnel mapping data. The topographic surface was represented as elevation contours with 1 m equidistance. The fracture and dolerite surfaces were measured geodetically in the field from a net of 20 total station locations. Each surface was measured at 3 points to determine its strike and dip. Totally 44 strike and dip estimates were obtained. The extent at depth of the dolerite dykes was also estimated based on magnetic measurements along 3 profiles. The location of the dykes was also known from geological tunnel mapping. ArcGIS and RockWorks have been used to process the data and to generate a 3-d visualization of the geometrical relation between targeted geological structures, the dolerite dykes and the tunnel. The area is of interest to be studied in more detail as the fracture zones and the parallel dolerite dykes connect the tunnel with a large wetland complex. / QC 20100707

Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / O Rio do Paraíba do Sul está encaixado sobre rochas neoproterozóicas do Brasiliano possuindo uma direção principal ENE-WSW que companha o strike das camadas geológicas. Próximo à cidade de Sapucaia-RJ o vale deste rio apresenta um estrangulamento denominado aqui de Estreito de Sapucaia. Através da análise de mapa hipsométrico, de perfis topográficos e do perfil longitudinal do Rio Paraíba do Sul, foi constatado que a feição morfológica do Estreito de Sapucaia é um divisor de drenagem regional de direção NNW-SSE e um nível de base regional que dita o trabalho erosivo realizado pelo Paraíba do Sul e de parte de seus afluentes na área estudada. O mapa hidrológico apresenta canais com mudanças abruptas de direção, indicativos de capturas de drenagem, sendo que muitas vezes essa mesma direção continua nos canais de bacias hidrográficas contíguas formando lineamentos de vales separados por um divisor. Estas capturas de drenagem acontecem em afluentes do Rio Paraíba do Sul que possuem direções contrárias a ele, assim como o Rio Calçado que flui por cerca de 20 km na direção oposta até mudar de direção próximo a sua foz no próprio Rio Paraíba do Sul. Estes canais de direção contrária ao rio principal sugerem a existência de uma antiga direção principal para oeste, que foi modificada por capturas de drenagem originadas a partir do rebaixamento de um paleo-divisor que existia no local onde hoje é o Estreito de Sapucaia e que dividia o Paraíba do Sul em dois segmentos de direções distintas, ENE e WSW. Acredita-se que este fato ocorreu durante a reativação tectônica rúptil na transição Mesozóico/Cenozóico quando foram geradas estruturas que se sobrepuseram às antigas estruturas até então existentes, reorganizando, assim, a distribuição dos fluxos hidrológicos. A inversão da direção do fluxo hidrológico para ENE aumentou a área de influência do Paraíba do Sul incrementando a quantidade de sedimentos disponíveis para o preenchimento da Bacia de Campos. Desta forma, acredita-se que esta captura de drenagem teve como data o Meso-Eoceno que marca o momento em que a Bacia de Campos deixa de estar faminta para receber um grande aporte sedimentar / The Paraíba do Sul River flows over.Neoproterozoic rocks of Brasiliano, with preference direction ENE-WSW the same of the strike of geologic layers. In the Sapucaia-RJ city the valley of Paraíba do Sul river is strangle. This feature is called here Sapucaia Strait. Throught the analysis of the Hipsometric Map, the topographies profiles and the longitudinal profile of the Paraíba do Sul River, was verified that this morphological feature is a regional drainage divided with NNW-SSE direction and a regional Knickpoint thats commands the erosion realized by the Paraíba do Sul River and his tributaries. The Hidrologic Map shows streams with abrupt changing of direction. Sometimes this direction continuous in streams of hidrological basins contiguous, originating relief lineaments, indicating stream capture. These stream captures happen in the tributaries of the Paraíba do Sul River with different direction of him, like the Calçado River that flows 20 km in the opposite direction up to his outfall in the property Paraíba do Sul River. These channels with opposite direction of the leading river suggest the existence of archaic mainly direction to West, thats being modified by the streams captures originated by the degrade of one paleo-divider that exists in the place where today is the Sapucaia Strait and divided the Paraíba do Sul River in two segments, ENE e WSW. This research, believes that this fact occurred at the Mesozoic/Cenozoic tectonic when was created structures that overlapped the olds structures that exists, reorganizing the distribution of the hydrologic flows. The inversion of the hydrologic flows increased the area of the Paraíba do Sul River enlarging the quantity of sediments that fills the Campos Basin. We expect, that this stream capture occurred in Meso-Eoceno when the Campos Basin stop to be starving and passes to receive a lot of sediments

Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / O Rio do Paraíba do Sul está encaixado sobre rochas neoproterozóicas do Brasiliano possuindo uma direção principal ENE-WSW que companha o strike das camadas geológicas. Próximo à cidade de Sapucaia-RJ o vale deste rio apresenta um estrangulamento denominado aqui de Estreito de Sapucaia. Através da análise de mapa hipsométrico, de perfis topográficos e do perfil longitudinal do Rio Paraíba do Sul, foi constatado que a feição morfológica do Estreito de Sapucaia é um divisor de drenagem regional de direção NNW-SSE e um nível de base regional que dita o trabalho erosivo realizado pelo Paraíba do Sul e de parte de seus afluentes na área estudada. O mapa hidrológico apresenta canais com mudanças abruptas de direção, indicativos de capturas de drenagem, sendo que muitas vezes essa mesma direção continua nos canais de bacias hidrográficas contíguas formando lineamentos de vales separados por um divisor. Estas capturas de drenagem acontecem em afluentes do Rio Paraíba do Sul que possuem direções contrárias a ele, assim como o Rio Calçado que flui por cerca de 20 km na direção oposta até mudar de direção próximo a sua foz no próprio Rio Paraíba do Sul. Estes canais de direção contrária ao rio principal sugerem a existência de uma antiga direção principal para oeste, que foi modificada por capturas de drenagem originadas a partir do rebaixamento de um paleo-divisor que existia no local onde hoje é o Estreito de Sapucaia e que dividia o Paraíba do Sul em dois segmentos de direções distintas, ENE e WSW. Acredita-se que este fato ocorreu durante a reativação tectônica rúptil na transição Mesozóico/Cenozóico quando foram geradas estruturas que se sobrepuseram às antigas estruturas até então existentes, reorganizando, assim, a distribuição dos fluxos hidrológicos. A inversão da direção do fluxo hidrológico para ENE aumentou a área de influência do Paraíba do Sul incrementando a quantidade de sedimentos disponíveis para o preenchimento da Bacia de Campos. Desta forma, acredita-se que esta captura de drenagem teve como data o Meso-Eoceno que marca o momento em que a Bacia de Campos deixa de estar faminta para receber um grande aporte sedimentar / The Paraíba do Sul River flows over.Neoproterozoic rocks of Brasiliano, with preference direction ENE-WSW the same of the strike of geologic layers. In the Sapucaia-RJ city the valley of Paraíba do Sul river is strangle. This feature is called here Sapucaia Strait. Throught the analysis of the Hipsometric Map, the topographies profiles and the longitudinal profile of the Paraíba do Sul River, was verified that this morphological feature is a regional drainage divided with NNW-SSE direction and a regional Knickpoint thats commands the erosion realized by the Paraíba do Sul River and his tributaries. The Hidrologic Map shows streams with abrupt changing of direction. Sometimes this direction continuous in streams of hidrological basins contiguous, originating relief lineaments, indicating stream capture. These stream captures happen in the tributaries of the Paraíba do Sul River with different direction of him, like the Calçado River that flows 20 km in the opposite direction up to his outfall in the property Paraíba do Sul River. These channels with opposite direction of the leading river suggest the existence of archaic mainly direction to West, thats being modified by the streams captures originated by the degrade of one paleo-divider that exists in the place where today is the Sapucaia Strait and divided the Paraíba do Sul River in two segments, ENE e WSW. This research, believes that this fact occurred at the Mesozoic/Cenozoic tectonic when was created structures that overlapped the olds structures that exists, reorganizing the distribution of the hydrologic flows. The inversion of the hydrologic flows increased the area of the Paraíba do Sul River enlarging the quantity of sediments that fills the Campos Basin. We expect, that this stream capture occurred in Meso-Eoceno when the Campos Basin stop to be starving and passes to receive a lot of sediments

Os escorregamentos de taludes de corte rodoviários verificados na região entre as cidades de Jarinu e Campo Limpo Paulista, ambas no estado de São Paulo, são derivados da atuação conjunta do intemperismo, da presença de estruturas reliquiares, e sua geometria, e das técnicas construtivas. Dentre estes fatores, as estruturas reliquiares (foliação e fraturas) desempenham o papel mais importante, pois os escorregamentos ocorrem quando há incompatibilidade entre as atitudes das estruturas e a geometria dos taludes de corte facilitando os escorregamentos, principalmente quando a face de taludes é paralela ou subparalela à foliação e esta mergulha na direção da estrada. O levantamento destas estruturas, utilizando-se em conjunto produtos de sensoriamento remoto, que possibilita a elaboração de uma análise geométrica regional, que também se aplica em escala de afloramento, pois as estruturas geológicas, em qualquer escala, apresentam feições em comum. Os produtos gerados são mapas de forma estrutural, de traços de fraturas e o estabelecimento de setores homogêneos baseados nas diferentes direções da foliação. Nos vários taludes estudados, são elaborados estereogramas que permitem a visualização espacial das descontinuidades. Com base nestes produtos, são feitas previsões de instabilidades, através de uma simulação de três direções de traçados rodoviários, onde são avaliadas as possibilidades de ocorrência de instabilidades. Os resultados obtidos em dados regionais são confrontados com os dados extraídos em campo nos vários taludes estudados, para a obtenção da aplicabilidade da metodologia utilizada. / The sliding of highways cut slopes verified between Jarinu and Campo Limpo Paulista, both in São Paulo state, region are originated of action ensemble of weathering, relicts structures presence, geometric and the constructive characteristics. Among them, the relict structures (foliation and fractures) perform the very important hole, because the sliding is effective when there is incompatibility between spacial attitudes of structures and the geometry of cut slopes. In the great number, the geometry of cut slopes facility the sliding, mainly when the slopes surface is parallel or sub parallel to foliation, diverging to the highway bed. The investigation of structures together with remote sensing images enables the elaboration of a geometrical analysis, applicable in outcrop scale, as geological structures in any scale, ranging from microscopical up to regional, have common features. The mapping of joints and foliation were made and well-defined sectors were separated, on the basis of different foliation attitudes. Stereographic nets were made for all slopes studied and the efficiency of graphical stability analysis in saprolitos was estimated, where there is a significant action of erosion processes. Lastly, the possibility of slides and erosional processes within the several sectors is evaluated, along three possible different highway directions. The predicted results, based on regional data, are compared to field data, obtained in the slopes, in order to confirm the applicability of the method under investigation.

La modélisation des structures géologiques est une étape cruciale de la construction de géomodèles. Elles conditionnent la répartition spatiale des propriétés du sous-sol et la connexion des différents volumes rocheux qui le constituent. Cependant, les données disponibles s'avèrent incomplètes et incertaines. A cela s'ajoute une incertitude sur les phénomènes géologiques ayant conduit à la formation des structures modélisées. De multiples interprétations sont donc généralement possibles. Les méthodes classiques de modélisation des structures reposent principalement sur une approche géométrique, statique et déterministe. En d'autres termes, l'approche consiste à déterminer la meilleure représentation possible des structures en se fondant sur des critères qui portent principalement sur la géométrie actuelle des structures, comme la minimisation de leur courbure, et sur leur compatibilité avec les données dans leur état actuel. L'histoire tectonique des structures n'est prise en compte que de manière indirecte par le modélisateur et la compatibilité cinématique et mécanique du modèle structural reste complexe à évaluer. Cette thèse explore différentes méthodes de modélisations permettant de mieux prendre en compte l'histoire tectonique des structures. Trois approches complémentaires sont développées. La première propose un opérateur cinématique représentant les déplacements associés aux failles. Il tire son originalité du système de coordonnées curvilinéaires utilisé pour décrire l'espace de la faille et de l'intégration progressive des déplacements permettant de contrôler leur évolution. La seconde approche propose un outil de déformation pseudo-mécanique permettant l'édition interactive des modèles structuraux et la simulation approchée de l'histoire tectonique qui leur est associée. Il repose sur un algorithme de déformation original, basé sur des éléments rigides, issu du domaine de l'infographie. Enfin, une troisième approche permet de répercuter l'historique de déformation sur le système de coordonnées utilisé pour la simulation des propriétés du sous-sol. Nous montrons comment ce système peut être construit grâce à la restauration des structures. Cette approche permet de modéliser les propriétés du sous-sol en s'appuyant sur des paléodistances compatibles avec l'ensemble des hypothèses structurales, cinématiques et mécaniques établies lors de la construction de l'histoire tectonique du géomodèle. Ces différentes approches ouvrent des portes prometteuses dans la prise en compte des aspects historiques, cinématiques et mécanique dans la modélisation des structures et des propriétés du sous-sol. Elles s'attachent à accroître la compatibilité des géomodèles et à simplifier la paramétrisation des déformations géologiques afin de faciliter la résolution de problèmes structuraux par des approches inverses / The main approaches to the modelling of geological structures are mainly geometrical, static and deterministic. In other terms, their geometry and connections are determined by applying criteria based on the compatibility with available data in their current state. The evolution of the geological structures is only integrated indirectly by the modeller and the kinematical and mechanical compatibility of the produced models remain difficult to assess. This thesis explores different methods which aim at better including the evolution of geological structures in the modelling process. Three complementary approaches are developed. First, a kinematical fault operator based on a 3D curvilinear fault frame is presented. It aims at progressively deforming the structures surrounding faults. The second approach is based on a pseudo-mechanical deformation tool inspired form computer graphics, based on rigid elements. It is used to interactively editing the structures and approximately simulate their deformation history. The last proposal is to compute the paleo-geographical coordinates from the restoration of geological structures. This way, the heterogeneities are characterised based on paleo-geographic distances which are compatible with the structural, kinematical and mechanical hypotheses specified when building the geological model. These different contributions open numerous perspectives to better take into account the evolution of the geological structures when modelling the subsurface and its heterogeneities. They help us to increase the compatibility of geomodels and simplify the parameterization of geological deformation to facilitate the characterisation of geological structures by inverse approaches

Mining induced seismic activity and rockbursting are critical concerns for many underground operations. Seismic activity may arise from the crushing of highly stressed volumes of rock around mine openings or from shear motion on planes of weakness. Shear-slip on major planes of weakness such as faults, shear zones and weak contacts has long been recognized as a dominant mode of failure in underground mines. In certain circumstances, it can generate large seismic events and induce substantial damage to mine openings. The Big Bell Gold mine began experiencing major seismic activity and resultant damage in 1999. Several seismic events were recorded around the second graphitic shear between April 2000 and February 2002. It is likely that the seismic activity occurred as a result of the low strength of the shear structure combined with the high level of mining induced stresses. The stability of the second graphitic shear was examined in order to gain a better understanding of the causes and mechanisms of the seismic activity recorded in the vicinity of the shear structure as mining advanced. The data were derived from the observation of the structure exposures, numerical modelling and seismic monitoring. The numerical modelling predictions and the interpreted seismic monitoring data were subsequently compared in order to identify potential relationships between the two. This thesis proposes the Incremental Work Density (IWD) as a measure to evaluate the relative likelihood of shear-slip induced seismic activity upon major planes of weakness. IWD is readily evaluated using numerical modelling and is calculated as the product of the average driving shear stress and change in inelastic shear deformation during a given mining increment or step. IWD is expected to correlate with shear-slip induced seismic activity in both space and time. In this thesis, IWD was applied to the case study of the second graphitic shear at the Big Bell mine. Exposures of the second graphitic shear yielded information about the physical characteristics of the structure and location within the mine. Numerical modelling was used to examine the influence of mining induced stresses on the overall behaviour of the shear structure. A multi-step model of the mine was created using the three- dimensional boundary element code of Map3D. The shear structure was physically incorporated into the model in order to simulate inelastic shear deformation. An elasto-plastic Mohr-Coulomb material model was used to describe the structure behaviour. The structure plane was divided into several elements in order to allow for the comparison of the numerical modelling predictions and the interpreted seismic data. Stress components, deformation components and IWD values were calculated for each element of the shear structure and each mining step. The seismic activity recorded in the vicinity of the second graphitic shear was back analysed. The seismic data were also gridded and smoothed. Gridding and smoothing of individual seismic moment and seismic energy values resulted in the definition of indicators of seismic activity for each element and mining step. The numerical model predicted inelastic shear deformation upon the second graphitic shear as mining advanced. The distribution of modelled IWD suggested that shear deformation was most likely seismic upon a zone below the stopes and most likely aseismic upon the upper zone of the shear structure. The distribution of seismic activity recorded in the vicinity of the shear structure verified the above predictions. The seismic events predominantly clustered upon the zone below the stopes. The results indicated that the seismic activity recorded in the vicinity of the second graphitic shear was most likely related to both the change in inelastic shear deformation and the level of driving shear stress during mechanical shearing. Time distribution of the seismic events also indicated that shear deformation and accompanying seismic activity were strongly influenced by mining and were time-dependant. Seismic activity in the vicinity of the second graphitic shear occurred as a result of the overall inelastic shear deformation of the shear structure under mining induced stresses. A satisfactory relationship was found between the spatial distribution of modelled IWD upon the shear structure and the spatial distribution of interpreted seismic activity (measured as either smoothed seismic moment or smoothed seismic energy). Seismic activity predominantly clustered around a zone of higher IWD upon the second graphitic shear as mining advanced. However, no significant statistical relationship was found between the modelled IWD and the interpreted seismic activity. The lack of statistical relationship between the modelled and seismic data may be attributed to several factors including the limitations of the techniques employed (e.g. Map3D modelling, seismic monitoring) and the complexity of the process involved.

Os escorregamentos de taludes de corte rodoviários verificados na região entre as cidades de Jarinu e Campo Limpo Paulista, ambas no estado de São Paulo, são derivados da atuação conjunta do intemperismo, da presença de estruturas reliquiares, e sua geometria, e das técnicas construtivas. Dentre estes fatores, as estruturas reliquiares (foliação e fraturas) desempenham o papel mais importante, pois os escorregamentos ocorrem quando há incompatibilidade entre as atitudes das estruturas e a geometria dos taludes de corte facilitando os escorregamentos, principalmente quando a face de taludes é paralela ou subparalela à foliação e esta mergulha na direção da estrada. O levantamento destas estruturas, utilizando-se em conjunto produtos de sensoriamento remoto, que possibilita a elaboração de uma análise geométrica regional, que também se aplica em escala de afloramento, pois as estruturas geológicas, em qualquer escala, apresentam feições em comum. Os produtos gerados são mapas de forma estrutural, de traços de fraturas e o estabelecimento de setores homogêneos baseados nas diferentes direções da foliação. Nos vários taludes estudados, são elaborados estereogramas que permitem a visualização espacial das descontinuidades. Com base nestes produtos, são feitas previsões de instabilidades, através de uma simulação de três direções de traçados rodoviários, onde são avaliadas as possibilidades de ocorrência de instabilidades. Os resultados obtidos em dados regionais são confrontados com os dados extraídos em campo nos vários taludes estudados, para a obtenção da aplicabilidade da metodologia utilizada. / The sliding of highways cut slopes verified between Jarinu and Campo Limpo Paulista, both in São Paulo state, region are originated of action ensemble of weathering, relicts structures presence, geometric and the constructive characteristics. Among them, the relict structures (foliation and fractures) perform the very important hole, because the sliding is effective when there is incompatibility between spacial attitudes of structures and the geometry of cut slopes. In the great number, the geometry of cut slopes facility the sliding, mainly when the slopes surface is parallel or sub parallel to foliation, diverging to the highway bed. The investigation of structures together with remote sensing images enables the elaboration of a geometrical analysis, applicable in outcrop scale, as geological structures in any scale, ranging from microscopical up to regional, have common features. The mapping of joints and foliation were made and well-defined sectors were separated, on the basis of different foliation attitudes. Stereographic nets were made for all slopes studied and the efficiency of graphical stability analysis in saprolitos was estimated, where there is a significant action of erosion processes. Lastly, the possibility of slides and erosional processes within the several sectors is evaluated, along three possible different highway directions. The predicted results, based on regional data, are compared to field data, obtained in the slopes, in order to confirm the applicability of the method under investigation.