Orientador: João Domingos Rodrigues / Banca: Elizabeth Orika Ono / Banca: Juliano Tadeu Vilela de Resende / Resumo: O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da aplicação de uma mistura de reguladores vege t ais , piraclostrobina e boscalida em plantas de alface ( Lactuca sativ a L.) , em condições de ambiente protegido, visando seus efeitos fisiológicos na germinação, metabolismo e desenvolvimento da planta, bem como nas característ icas produtivas e qualidade pós - colheita . O trabalho foi constituído de dois experimentos, o primeiro conduzido em casa de vegetação do Departamento de Horticultu ra da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus de Botucatu - SP e o segundo na Fazenda E xperimental São Manuel, da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus de Botucatu - SP. O delineamento e xperimental d o primeiro experimento foi em blocos cas ualiz ado s , com 8 tratamentos e 4 repetições. Foram avaliados os efeitos das substancias em sementes de alface embebidas durante 6 horas: testemunha, boscalida 0,2 g kg - 1 , piraclostrobina 0,5 g kg - 1 e mistura (IBA+GA3+Kt) 0,5 m L kg - 1 , boscalida (0,2 g kg - 1 ) + piraclostrobina (0,5 g kg - 1 ), boscalida (0,2 g kg - 1 ) + mistura (IBA+GA3+Kt) (0,5 m L kg - 1 ), piraclostrobina (0,5 g kg - 1 ) + mistura (IBA+GA3+Kt) (0,5 m L kg - 1 ), boscalida (0,2 g kg - 1 ) + piraclostrobin a (0,5 g kg - 1 ) + mistura (IBA+GA3+Kt) (0,5 m L kg - 1 ), na germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação até os 7 dias após a germinação; crescimento da parte aérea e raiz das mudas e atividade das enzimas superóxidodismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) e peroxidase (POD) ; ao s 7 e 30 dias após a germinação. A os 30 dias foram avaliados o comprimento da raiz, massa seca da raiz e da parte aérea, número de folhas e área foliar. Os tratamentos com piraclostrobina, boscalida e piraclostrobina + boscalid a apresentaram os melhores resultados no início da germinação e no índice de ... / Abstract: The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of plant growth regulators , pyraclostrobin and boscalid application on lettuce plant ( Lactuca sativa L.) in greenhouse . , aimed theirs physiological effects on germination of seeds, plant metabolism and development, as well as in productive characteristics and post - harvest quality. The study was constituted of two experiments, the first conduced at greenhouse of Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences (FCA), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu - SP, and the second at São Manuel Experimental Farm, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu - SP. The experimental design was in randomize d block, with 8 treatments and 4 repetitions. There were evaluated the effects of the treatments in seeds of lettuce soaked for 6 hours in : water ( control ) , b oscalid 0.2 g kg - 1 , pyraclostrobin 0.5 g kg - 1 , mixture (IBA+GA3+Kt) 0.5 m L kg - 1 , boscalid (0.2 g kg - 1 ) + pyraclostrobin (0.5 g kg - 1 ), boscalid (0.2 g kg - 1 ) + mixture (IBA+GA3+Kt) (0.5 m L kg - 1 ), pyraclostrobin (0.5 g kg - 1 ) + mixture (IBA+GA3+Kt) (0.5 m L kg - 1 ) , boscalid (0.2 g kg - 1 ) + pyraclostrobin (0.5 g kg - 1 ) + mixture (IBA+GA3+Kt) (0.5 m L kg - 1 ) o n germination of seeds, speed of germination index, until the 7 th day after germination; growth of shoot and root of seedlings and the activity of enzymes: p eroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase; on the 7 th and 30 th day after germination; on the 30 day there evaluated the length of the root, dry ... / Mestre

Resumo: Para o estabelecimento de espécies nativas da caatinga, independente de sua finalidade, sendo econômica ou ecológica, é necessário o conhecimento prévio de suas características fisiológicas e suas exigências ambientais. Diante disso, o presente trabalho teve como objetivos: a) levantar as principais utilizações populares de mororó (Bauhinia cheilantha) e trabalhos relacionados à fisiologia e armazenamento de suas sementes; b) obter informações sobre o efeito da superação de dormência e da temperatura na porcentagem e velocidade de germinação de mororó, neste experimento as sementes foram submetidas a escarificação pela imersão em ácido sulfúrico p.a durante diferentes períodos (0, 5, 10, 15, 30 e 45 minutos) e temperaturas de germinação (20, 25, 30 e 35ºC); c) verificar a influência das condições e períodos ideais de armazenamento de sementes de mororó, estas foram submetidas a duas condições de ambiente e câmara fria durante diferentes períodos (0, 3, 6, 9 e 12 meses) e ao tratamento pela imersão em acido sulfúrico p.a., tendo como testemunha sementes intactas. Foram determinadas curvas de absorção de água, o número de sementes germinadas, IVG, além dos teores de açúcares solúveis totais e a atividade da amilase em ambas condições, nos cinco períodos de armazenamento. O levantamento bibliográfico evidenciou que o mororó (B. cheilantha) é muito utilizado como forrageira na época de seca e de grande importância para os produtores na caatinga, porém não existem informações sobre a germinação e armazenamento de suas sementes. Foi determinado que o armazenamento das sementes em ambiente é o mais adequado para manutenção do potencial germinativo. A escarificação química e a temperatura de 25ºC são condições adequadas para se obter sucesso na germinação desta espécie. / Abstract: In order to establish caatinga native species, with economical or ecological purpose, it’s necessary the previous knowledge of their physiological characteristics and environmental requirements. In face of this, the present research aimed at: a) to search the main popular uses of mororó (Bauhinia cheilantha) and researches related to physiology and storage of their seeds; b) to get information about the effect of dormancy break and temperature in the mororó germination’s percentage and speed. In this experiment, seeds were submitted to scarification through immersion in p.a. sulphuric acid at several germination periods (0, 5, 10, 15, 30 and 45 minutes) and temperatures (20, 25, 30 and 35ºC); c) to verify the influence of ideal conditions and periods of mororó seed storage, which were submitted to two conditions of environment and cold chamber at several periods (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months) and treatment by immersion in p.a. sulphuric acid, with intact seeds as control. It were determined water uptake curves, number of germinated seeds, GSI, besides total soluble sugar levels and amylase activity in both conditions, at five storage periods. The bibliographic research made evident that mororó (B. cheilantha) has been too used as forage in the dry grow season and it is very important for producers in caatinga. However, there isn’t information about germination and storage of their seeds. It was determined that seed storage in environment is the most suitable for germinative potential maintenance. Chemical scarification and temperature at 25°C are suitable conditions for getting success in the germination of this species. / Orientador: Ana Catarina Cataneo / Coorientador: Bárbara França Dantas / Banca: Sheila Zambello de Pinho / Banca: João Nakagawa / Banca: Amauri Alves Alvarenga / Banca: Cassio E. C. Prete / Doutor

No description available.

Endosperm mobilization studies in cereal seeds are typically based on the view that α-amylase synthesis in the aleurone tissue is controlled by gibberellins from the germinating embryo. However, α-amylase is often produced by de-embryonated endosperm segments in the absence of added gibberellins. Two specific systems exhibiting this phenomenon were examined; 1) the ability of amino acids to promote α-amylase production in de-embryonated wild oat segments and, 2) autonomous starch hydrolysis (in the absense of exogenous GA₃ or amino acids) in de-embryonated barley endosperm halves. Specific technical problems were addressed prior to the onset of these studies. Captan (66 μM) controlled fungal contamination in the incubation medium without inhibiting GA₃-induced sugar release, which occurs following seed sterilization in hypochlorite and ethanol. The Nelson-Somogyi reducing sugar assay was not suitable for quantifying sugar levels in incubation solutions containing amino acids as cysteine, cystine, serine, tryptophan and tyrosine interfered with the assay. Absorbance (540 nm) increased as concentrations increased from 0.1 to 1 mM; simultaneous additions of amino acids with glucose resulted in absorbance values higher than glucose alone. MnCl₂ (0.5 mM) inhibited absorbance in the presence of glucose and the amino acids serine, cystine, and tryptophan. The ability of individual amino acids to promote α-amylase production in wild oat endosperm halves is yet unclear. Although certain amino acids were shown to enhance enzyme production, the level was often quite different between replicated experiments. However, incubation of endosperm halves in a mixture of 18 amino acids consistently promoted α-amylase synthesis; enzyme production was further enhanced if a level of GA₃ (10⁻⁹ M), which was too low to promote α-amylase synthesis alone, was included within the amino acid mixture. Autonomous endosperm mobilization (AEM) was variable in different barley cultivars. High sugar release correlated well with α-amylase production; the levels were similar among individual cultivars harvested in two different seasons. The onset of AEM was delayed, as the majority of sugar was released in the second day of incubation. AEM was greatly reduced by inhibitors of RNA (6-methyl purine) and protein (cycloheximide) synthesis suggesting that AEM was a result of the de novo synthesis of α-amylase. Incubation conditions greatly affected AEM. Although AEM was high at acidic pH (4.6-5.6), it was greatly reduced at basic pH (7.6-8.6). AEM increased as the temperature was raised to 28°C. Low levels of Ca²⁺ (0.25-0.5 mM) enhanced AEM whereas higher amounts (0.5-1 mM) were inhibitory. Incubation of wild oat endosperm halves in solutions of pre-emergence herbicides affected GA₃-induced sugar release to varying extents when applied at field application levels. Only triallate (22% reduction) and trifluralin (21% reduction) prevented sugar release (only - 5 at 3x10⁻⁵ M); no inhibition was seen following incubation in EPTC (5xl0⁻⁵, 5xl0⁻⁶ M), metribuzin (5xl0⁻⁶, 1x10⁻⁶M) and oryzalin (3xl0⁻⁵, 3x10⁻⁶M). However, the higher concentrations of each herbicide effectively inhibited the development of wild oat seedlings. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

Edible pulse seeds are good sources of food ingredients. Germination has been regarded as an effective process to further improve nutrient digestibility and accessibility of pulse seeds. Our aim was to observe the effect of germination on proximate composition, physicochemical attributes, and phenolic profiles of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), lentil (Lens culinaris Merr.), and yellow pea (Pisum sativum L.). In addition, mechanisms of how germination affects the antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds were proposed. Chemical composition, thermal, pasting, and moisture adsorption properties of pulse flours were investigated over 6 days of germination. Protein contents increased by 3 percent points for all pulses over germination. However, lentil had the highest protein content. Lipid contents decreased over germination with chickpea having the greatest decline, from 8.00 to 5.90 g/100g (d.b.). Total starch decreased in lentil and yellow pea during germination. Thermal properties of pulse flours changed slightly, while pasting properties varied among pulses. The highest final viscosities for chickpea, lentil, and yellow pea flours were 1061, 981, and 1052 cP and were observed after 2, 1, and 0 days of germination, respectively. Moisture adsorption isotherms showed improved water adsorption capabilities after germination. Soluble free (SFPs) and polar soluble bound phenolic compounds (PSBPs) were extracted from germinated pulse seeds. Their antioxidant activities were evaluated using both the in vitro system and stripped soybean oil (SSO)-in-water emulsions. Liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and size-exclusion chromatography with multiangle-light-scattering and refractive-index detection were employed to analyze the phenolic composition and molar mass, respectively. Antioxidant activities of SFPs increased in both in vitro and SSO-in-water emulsion system, however, much lower than those of PSBPs based on SSO-in-water emulsion system. The effect of germination on PSBPs in SSO-in-water emulsion varied between pulses. By virtue of chemometric analysis, nine phenolic compounds were speculated as the pivotal phenolic compounds responsible for the antioxidant activity of PSBPs. In particular, the molar masses of PSBPs had a positive relationship with their antioxidant activity. Protective and co-antioxidative principles were proposed as reasons for the variability of antioxidant activities of PSBPs in oil-in-water emulsions with germination. / Hatch project number ND01593

The growth of fossil fuel production in North Dakota has resulted in numerous releases of brine. Brine releases cause vegetation mortality as well as the deterioration of soil structural and edaphic properties. Little research to date has been dedicated to the germination response of plant species grown in North Dakota to brine-induced salinity. Through the exposure of plant seeds to increasing levels of brine and NaCl-induced salinity, it was determined that the graminoid species Elymus hoffmannii (AC Saltlander) and Pascopyrum smithii (Western Wheatgrass) exhibited the greatest germination at high salinities. Current remediation technologies for brine-impacted lands often produce mixed results, requiring further research and testing. In two laboratory experiments, the ability of materials to wick salts from brine-contaminated soils was tested. The results of these studies show that some materials reduced Na concentrations in sandy loam, loam, and silty clay soils by upwards of 88, 89.5, 38.4% respectively.

The effect of germination on the levels of certain antinutritional factors, nutritional composition and in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD) of soybean seeds were determined. Raw soybeans contain antinutritional factors, such as trypsin inhibitors (83.05 mg/g), total polyphenols (10.83%) and condensed tannins (1.24%). These factors limit the use of soybeans as a source of protein, carbohydrates and minerals in the poultry industry. In general, soybeans are subjected to heat treatment to reduce the amount of antinutritional factors within the seeds, but it is costly and needs high technology equipment. In order to assist small-scale chicken farmers or people living in developing countries, traditional or domestic processing methods are implemented to address the problem of antinutritional factors (ANFs) in soybeans. This study focused on germination as a versatile and low cost practice. Different lengths of germination time were assessed and compared to each another. Soybeans were soaked for 24 hours and allowed to germinate from one day up to six days. Changes within seeds were noted for nutritional and antinutritional factors during germination. Condensed tannins and trypsin inhibitors decreased significantly (P<0.05) while total polyphenols increased from 5 to 6 days. Protein and fat content increased significantly (P<0.05), but starch content decreased with germination. There were no significant changes for IVPD during germination of soybeans. Germination was also compared to other traditional methods such as roasting, soaking and dehulling. Results showed that dehulled soybeans had the highest proximate composition which was significantly different from other treatments (P<0.05), but the total polyphenols increased. It was concluded that germination for a period of three days effectively improved the nutritional value of soybeans and can be considered as an alternative treatment of soybeans in situations where heat treatment is impossible or impractical. Copyright / Dissertation (MSc(Agric))--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Animal and Wildlife Sciences / unrestricted

Orientador: Antonio Cesar Germano Martins / Resumo: A germinação é uma sequência ordenada de atividades metabólicas, que se inicia com a embebição e culmina na protrusão da radícula dos envoltórios da semente. Estudar esse processo é extremamente importante para produção de mudas, que poderão entre outras aplicações serem utilizadas na revegetação de áreas degradadas. Para o processo de germinação são necessários alguns fatores externos, como luz, água e oxigênio. A presença desses fatores é de grande importância para formação de plântulas normais. Algumas espécies são consideradas dormentes, por adotarem uma estratégia de sobrevivência para superar condições ambientais adversas. Para essas espécies a germinação não acontece mesmo quando as sementes são viáveis. Essas sementes germinam apenas quando esse processo é interrompido, o que pode ocorrer naturalmente quando as condições tornam-se mais favoráveis para a sobrevivência da espécie ou de forma induzida. Estudos demonstram que o ultrassom pode aumentar a taxa de germinação, no entanto, uma aplicação de dosagem excessiva pode causar danos graves à semente, impossibilitando a germinação. O presente trabalho teve objetivo estudar a quebra da dormência pela aplicação de ondas ultrassônicas de baixa frequência e avaliar o seu efeito sobre a germinação de sementes de Senna multijuga (Rich.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby, espécie utilizada na revegetação de áreas degradadas. Embora o ultrassom possua muitas aplicações, o seu uso para a quebra de dormência é ainda uma área pouco explorada... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Doutor

The Crepidotaceae (Imai) Singer (Basidiomycetes: Agaricales) represents a proposed family of saprophytic fungi containing five agaricoid (Crepidotus, Tubaria, Melanomphalia, Simocybe, Pleurotellus) and four cyphelloid (Episphaeria, Phaeosolenia, Pellidiscus, Chromocyphella) genera. Several contemporary classification systems exist that delegate some or all of these genera to other agaric families. Phylogenetic relationships for the most prevalent genera in the Crepidotaceae were investigated using nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA (LSU rDNA) sequences. Parsimony analysis of the molecular data supports the Singer classification of Crepidotus, Melanomphalia, and Simocybe as a single monophyletic unit within the Agaricales. The affinities of the genus Tubaria remain uncertain. Crepidotus (Fr.) Staude is the largest and most phenotypically variable genus in the Crepidotaceae. Sequencing of the LSU rDNA region for a cross-section of morphologically diverse species suggests that Crepidotus is not a monophyletic genus. Analysis of morphological characters for 23 Crepidotus taxa shows that characters traditionally applied for infrageneric classification of Crepidotus are homoplasic in origin, but that less commonly emphasized characters such as spore shape and ultrastructure of spore wall ornamentation may be indicative of monophyletic clades for this complex. A unique pattern of basidiospore dormancy and germination, unknown in any other species of agaric, is reported for 11 species of Crepidotus. Similar patterns were also encountered in species of Simocybe and Melanomphalia. In these species an endogenous period of spore dormancy of four to six months is followed by an activation period where the factors necessary for subsequent germination appear to involve a minimal nutritional component, water, and exposure to light. / Master of Science

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Science, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, March 2016. / The study aims to assess the impacts of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) polluted soils on Acacia karroo seed germination and viability, seed dry mass and predation, in comparison with trees from the same provenance growing on non-polluted soils. The study was undertaken within the Vaal River Operations mining rights area. This area is bisected by the Vaal River which separates the polluted area from the non-polluted area. Contamination of soils on the northern section of the Vaal River is a result of mining operations, historical tailings spillage as well as an existing pollution plume which has resulted in AMD polluted soils. The rehabilitation of disturbed land is often hindered due to low seedling establishment. The success of germination is one of the most important first steps for seedling establishment and growth and hence towards establishing a self-sustaining vegetation cover over disturbed areas. Dry seed mass was slightly higher from trees in non-polluted (0.051±0.009g) compared to the polluted areas (0.046±0.009g), however no significant difference was found. Seeds collected from the non-polluted area had highest proportion of seeds in the seed mass class 0.0455-0.0904g, compared to the seeds from the polluted areas which were highest in the smaller seed mass class 0.0155-0.454g. At the tree level, the Coefficient of Variation (CV) for dry seed mass was higher for seeds collected from the polluted area (20.5%) compared to the non-polluted area (17.9%), however, no significant difference was found. However, percentage seed predation was significantly lower in the polluted (35±15.76%) relative to the non-polluted areas (48±14.69%). Percentage seed germination was significantly higher in the non-polluted (92±9.35%) compared to the polluted areas (81±20.42%), with a significantly more rapid germination rate of 4.2±0.19 days compared to 4.7±0.45 days, respectively. In conclusion, despite their lower dry seed mass, seeds collected from AMD polluted soils still had high percentage germination, while exhibiting a lower percentage of seed predation compared to those growing on unpolluted soils. Due to A. karroo’s apparent tolerance to the poor conditions on the AMD polluted soils and its regeneration capabilities, it is likely to be a good species for rehabilitation of AMD polluted sites. Further studies should aim to determine seedling performance from those seeds collected from polluted areas in terms of seedling establishment, rates of growth and survival over time when established in AMD polluted soils as well as non-polluted soils, to determine their likely success.