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One of our modern days biggest challenge to solve is our fight to live sustainable for the upcoming future. For a long time under hard condition we are all trying to transform our society to become a better and more efficient society. But is there another way to solve it? According to much science, based on historical philosophy fram ancient times to modern day and also that fact that some states today that are authoritarian are even more advanced with better progress in the question to solve the sustainable issue have proved that aristocratical and authoritarian regime actually is having a big advantage in solving the issues of how to work for a more sustainable society

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This thesis paper set out to investigate the research puzzle of why some nonviolent conflicts lead to democratisation while others do not, as well as what explains this variation. A time series, cross-case comparison between the Arab Spring revolutions of Tunisia and Egypt was conducted exploring the link between organisational structure of prominent organisations participating in the movement and the success or failure of the countries’ later democratisation efforts. The hypothesis formulated claims that formal organisational structures are more likely to lead to successful democratisation. After the empirical material was collected, the results of the analysis lead to the conclusion that there is a link between organisational structure and successful or failed democratisation via the mediating variables of clear leadership and the presence of durable organisations. Afterwards, the limitations of the study are discussed. To strengthen the existing body of literature, potential avenues for future research are presented.

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Conflict is a gendered phenomenon and in later years research have discovered how women play several different roles in conflict. They can experience it as victims and hence be vulnerable to forms of violence, as well as agents where the women are either a warring actor or works an agent of change. However, when knowledge about what kinds of roles women experiences in conflict goes unrecognized, it leads to consequences. The consequences can be such as not taken women’s experiences and needs into consideration when making post- conflict programmes. By conducting a qualitative content analysis, this thesis examines how women’s experiences are taken into consideration in post-conflict programming. The analysis is based on a feminist perspective. The theoretical framework consists of three themes which are Gender and Power, Intersectionality and Victimhood and Agency. The same themes are the basis for the analysis. By analysing the Government of Nepal’s National Action Plan on implementing Resolution 1325 and Resolution 1820 in a post-conflict society, it is found that women’s diverse experiences are to some degree considered. However, a deeper analysis of the complex positions and several axes are not found to be considered by the Government of Nepal.

Tax havens have long been a subject of concern and were nutritiously used mostly by the rich elite and gangsters. In the wake of the financial crisis in 2008 more light was shed on tax havens and it has become an unanticipated central part of the global economy. This study investigates if globalization has a significant effect on the use of tax havens. The question is analyzed through the lens of fiscal policies and the political economy as well as some further interesting dichotomies and dilemmas. The debate of globalizations and its various effects in the world is still ongoing. While the world economy becomes more mobilized the lack of transparency in countries with higher secrecy becomes more apparent. We measure tax haven activity with foreign direct investment and look at both trade-and financial globalization as well as include a set of key control variables. Using a panel data analysis, we find that globalization has a significant positive effect on tax haven activity. However, in our results we also observe a continuing downward trend in FDI since 2015 which could be indicative of a potential upcoming paradigm shift. Findings in this paper facilitate the understanding of both benefits and concerns with tax havens, it shows how tax havens have been affected by globalization but also an estimation for the uncertain future of tax havens.

The role of business actors in resource extraction in developing countries is an understudied topic of research for development studies. The framework of valuation languages and socio-environmental conflicts is useful for studying the values of actors involved in conflicts concerning resource extraction, but previous studies do not sufficiently discuss how to measure the concept. This thesis investigates which values are expressed by Vattenfall, a Swedish state-owned company, in relation to the extraction of coal that it purchases from Colombia. To do this, the thesis draws on qualitative analysis of ideas to construct an analytical tool aimed at making valuation languages more measurable and applies it to the case of Vattenfall. The thesis finds that Vattenfall expresses a wide range of monetary and non-monetary values, but this is not sufficient to say that it uses any particular valuation language. Moreover, the company views environmental conflicts as solvable within the single standard of monetary valuation and ignores power asymmetries. The analytical tool is found to be insufficient for identifying valuation languages on its own, but successful in making them more measurable.

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A study on influential workings of scholars dealing with the Bosnian war. The narratives and discourses discussed and reproduced. Findings of alternative or unpopular narratives that encounter limitation when presenting their results shows how the field of conflict studies have ‘decided perception’ or even bias towards certain narratives. The field of research is not unaffected by the societal discourses especially from a western point of view, the reproducing of narratives or even relevance for research lays in if certain actors are involved or not. The study investigates the work of Campbell, Hansen and Kaldor. Then two articles of feminist security studies are analyzed of how their research was encountered by the field and the importance of widened narratives, to keep widening the understanding of the conflict. Especially when new tensions of conflict arise in the region.