Thesis (doctoral)--Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 1988. / Extra t.p. with thesis statement inserted. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (doctoral)--Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 1988. / Extra t.p. with thesis statement inserted. Includes bibliographical references.

A cárie dental, uma doença multifatorial de caracter bacteriana associada à dieta alimentar, que danifica a estrutura dos dentes, se mantém como um problema de saúde pública mundial. A produção de ácidos por bactérias acidogênicas, como o Streptococcus mutans é considerada um importante fator etiológico no desenvolvimento de cáries. Este microorganismo está sempre presente no biofilme dental potencialmente cariogênico. Além disso, há uma clara e forte evidência que a produção de glucanas é essencial para a expressão da virulência de S. mutans, contribuindo para a aderência efetiva da bactéria à superfície dental, pela exposição à sacarose. Neste trabalho, estudamos a ação do extrato bruto hidroetanólico das folhas (EF), do óleo-resina (OR) e de suas frações, a fração volátil (FV) e a fração resinosa (FR), de Copaíba sobre fatores de virulência de S. mutans. O efeito inibitório na produção de ácido foi monitorado pelo registro potenciométrico de pH da suspensão bacteriana em função do tempo de incubação, tratadas com concentrações seriadas dos produtos naturais de copaíba. Para o ensaio da atividade antibacteriana, a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e a bactericida mínima (CBM) foram determinadas e comparadas. Glucanas sintetizadas a partir da sacarose por glucosiltransferases isoladas de S. mutans (GTFs) em presença dos produtos de copaíba foi quantificada pelo método do fenol-sulfúrico. Os valores de de CI50 estabelecidos nos ensaios de potencial acidogênico foram iguais a 0,36 mg/mL (EF), e 0,06 mg/mL (FV). Enquanto a CIM foi estabelecida em 1 mg/mL (EF) e 0,2 mg/mL (FV). No entanto, tanto o EF quanto a F não apresentaram nenhum efeito bactericida nas concentrações testadas, sugerindo que eles exercem um efeito bacteriostático. Por outro lado, o OR exibiu um efeito bacteriostático em baixa concentração (CIM = 0,4 mg/mL) e um efeito bactericida em concentrações maiores (0,8 mg/mL). O OR também apresentou um maior efeito inibitório sobre a produção de ácidos bacterianos quando comparado ao EF, em concentrações menores ou igual a 2,0 mg/mL, porém em concentrações maiores este efeito inibitório foi equivalente. OR inibiu a síntese de glucanas insolúveis em um perfil dose-dependente e suprimiu a atividade das GTFs-AC e GTFs-EC em 70% e 50%, respectivamente, na concentração de 20 ?g/mL. Igualmente o OR suprimiu a síntese de glucanas solúveis pelas GTFs-EC (60%) na mesma concentração. Por outro lado, o EF não apresentou efeito acentuado sobre a atividade de GTFs-AC e GTFs-EC. / Dental caries, a diet-bacterial disease which damages the structure of teeth, continues to be a major public health problem worldwide. Acid production by acidogenic bacteria, such as Streptococcus mutans, which are embedded in a biofilm termed ?dental plaque? is a key aspect of the pathogenesis of dental caries. In addition, there is clear and unequivocal evidence that glucan production is essential for the expression of virulence by mutans streptococci and contribute for the effective adherence of bacteria on dental surfaces formed when exposed to sucrose. In this work, we have evaluated the effect of the hidroethanolic crude extract from the leaves of copaiba (EF), as well as, the wood oil resin from copaiba (OR) and its volatile fraction (FV) upon virulence factors of Streptococcus mutans. The inhibitory effect on bacteria acid production was evaluated through the potentiometric measurement of pH from bacterial suspensions treated with serial concentrations of natural products. For the antibacterial activity assay, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) were determined and compared. Glucans synthesized from sucrose by streptococci glucosiltransferases (GTFs), in the presence of Copaiba natural products, were quantified by phenol-sulphuric method. The IC50 values established for the acidogenic potential assay were 0.36 mg/mL (EF) and 0.06 mg/mL (FV), while the MIC values were 1.0 mg/mL (EF) and 0.2 mg/mL (FV). However, both EF and FV did not display any bactericidal effect at the tested concentration range, suggesting that they exert a bacteriostact, rather than a bactericidal effect. On the other hand, OR exerted a bacteriostact effect at low concentrations (MIC = 0.4 mg/mL) and a bactericidal effect at higher concentration (MBC = 0.8 mg/mL). OR also displayed a higher inhibitory activity on bacterial acid production when compared to EF, at concentrations less than or equal to 2.0 mg/mL, but at higher concentrations their inhibitory effects were equivalent. OR inhibited insoluble glucan synthesis in a dose-dependent profile and suppressed GTFs-AC and GTFs-EC activities by 70% and 50%, respectively, at a concentration of 20 ?g/mL. Similary, OR suppressed soluble glucans synthesis by GTFs-EC (60%), at the same concentration. On the other hand, the EF did not affect significantly the activity of the GTFs-AC and GTFs-EC.

Glucosyltransferases (GTs) are the important group of enzymes which facilitates the incorporation of UDPactivated glucose to a corresponding acceptor molecule through glucosylation. Glucosylation is a common alteration reaction in plant metabolism and is regularly associated with the production of secondary metabolites. Glucosylation serves a number of roles within metabolism including: stabilizing structures, affecting solubility, transport, and regulating the bioavailability of the compounds for other metabolic processes. GTs involved in secondary metabolism share a conserved 44 amino acid residue motif (60–80% identity) known as the plant secondary product glucosyltransferase (PSPG) box, which has been demonstrated to include the UDP-sugar binding moiety. Among the secondary metabolites, flavonoid glycosides affect taste characteristics in citrus making the associated glucosyltransferases particularly interesting targets for biotechnology applications in these species. Custom design of enzymes requires understanding of structure/function of the protein. The present study focuses on creating mutant Flavonol- 3-O- Glucosyltransferases proteins using site-directed mutational analysis and testing the effect of each mutation on substrate specificity and kinetic properties of the enzyme.

Glucosyltransferases (GTs) are enzymes that enable transfer of glucose from an activated donor (UDP-glucose) to the acceptor substrates. A flavonol specific glucosyltransferase cloned from Citrus paradisi has strict substrate and regiospecificity (Cp3OGT). The amino acid sequence of Cp3OGT was aligned with a purported anthocyanin GT from Clitorea ternatea and a GT from Vitis vinifera that can glucosylate both flavonols and anthocyanidins. Using homology modeling to identify candidate regions followed by site directed mutagenesis, three double mutations of Cp3OGT were made. Biochemical analysis of the three mutant proteins was performed. S20G+T21S protein retained activity similar to the wildtype (WT- Kmapp-80 µM; Vmax = 16.5 pkat/µg, Mutant- Kmapp-83 µM; Vmax -11 pkat/µg) but the mutant was more thermostable compared to the WT and this mutation broadened its substrate acceptance to include the flavanone, naringenin. S290C+S319A mutant protein retained 40% activity relative to wildtype, had an optimum pH shift, but had no change in substrate specificity (Kmapp-18 µM; Vmax-0.5 pkat/µg). H154Y+Q87I protein was inactive with every class of flavonoid tested. Product identification revealed that the S20G+T21S mutant protein widened the substrate and regio-specificity of CP3OGT. Docking analysis revealed that H154 and Q87 could be involved in orienting the ligand molecules within the acceptor binding site. H363, S20, and S150 were also found to make close contact with the 7-OH, 4-OH and 3’-OH groups, respectively.

No description available.

A cárie dental, uma doença multifatorial de caracter bacteriana associada à dieta alimentar, que danifica a estrutura dos dentes, se mantém como um problema de saúde pública mundial. A produção de ácidos por bactérias acidogênicas, como o Streptococcus mutans é considerada um importante fator etiológico no desenvolvimento de cáries. Este microorganismo está sempre presente no biofilme dental potencialmente cariogênico. Além disso, há uma clara e forte evidência que a produção de glucanas é essencial para a expressão da virulência de S. mutans, contribuindo para a aderência efetiva da bactéria à superfície dental, pela exposição à sacarose. Neste trabalho, estudamos a ação do extrato bruto hidroetanólico das folhas (EF), do óleo-resina (OR) e de suas frações, a fração volátil (FV) e a fração resinosa (FR), de Copaíba sobre fatores de virulência de S. mutans. O efeito inibitório na produção de ácido foi monitorado pelo registro potenciométrico de pH da suspensão bacteriana em função do tempo de incubação, tratadas com concentrações seriadas dos produtos naturais de copaíba. Para o ensaio da atividade antibacteriana, a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e a bactericida mínima (CBM) foram determinadas e comparadas. Glucanas sintetizadas a partir da sacarose por glucosiltransferases isoladas de S. mutans (GTFs) em presença dos produtos de copaíba foi quantificada pelo método do fenol-sulfúrico. Os valores de de CI50 estabelecidos nos ensaios de potencial acidogênico foram iguais a 0,36 mg/mL (EF), e 0,06 mg/mL (FV). Enquanto a CIM foi estabelecida em 1 mg/mL (EF) e 0,2 mg/mL (FV). No entanto, tanto o EF quanto a F não apresentaram nenhum efeito bactericida nas concentrações testadas, sugerindo que eles exercem um efeito bacteriostático. Por outro lado, o OR exibiu um efeito bacteriostático em baixa concentração (CIM = 0,4 mg/mL) e um efeito bactericida em concentrações maiores (0,8 mg/mL). O OR também apresentou um maior efeito inibitório sobre a produção de ácidos bacterianos quando comparado ao EF, em concentrações menores ou igual a 2,0 mg/mL, porém em concentrações maiores este efeito inibitório foi equivalente. OR inibiu a síntese de glucanas insolúveis em um perfil dose-dependente e suprimiu a atividade das GTFs-AC e GTFs-EC em 70% e 50%, respectivamente, na concentração de 20 ?g/mL. Igualmente o OR suprimiu a síntese de glucanas solúveis pelas GTFs-EC (60%) na mesma concentração. Por outro lado, o EF não apresentou efeito acentuado sobre a atividade de GTFs-AC e GTFs-EC. / Dental caries, a diet-bacterial disease which damages the structure of teeth, continues to be a major public health problem worldwide. Acid production by acidogenic bacteria, such as Streptococcus mutans, which are embedded in a biofilm termed ?dental plaque? is a key aspect of the pathogenesis of dental caries. In addition, there is clear and unequivocal evidence that glucan production is essential for the expression of virulence by mutans streptococci and contribute for the effective adherence of bacteria on dental surfaces formed when exposed to sucrose. In this work, we have evaluated the effect of the hidroethanolic crude extract from the leaves of copaiba (EF), as well as, the wood oil resin from copaiba (OR) and its volatile fraction (FV) upon virulence factors of Streptococcus mutans. The inhibitory effect on bacteria acid production was evaluated through the potentiometric measurement of pH from bacterial suspensions treated with serial concentrations of natural products. For the antibacterial activity assay, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) were determined and compared. Glucans synthesized from sucrose by streptococci glucosiltransferases (GTFs), in the presence of Copaiba natural products, were quantified by phenol-sulphuric method. The IC50 values established for the acidogenic potential assay were 0.36 mg/mL (EF) and 0.06 mg/mL (FV), while the MIC values were 1.0 mg/mL (EF) and 0.2 mg/mL (FV). However, both EF and FV did not display any bactericidal effect at the tested concentration range, suggesting that they exert a bacteriostact, rather than a bactericidal effect. On the other hand, OR exerted a bacteriostact effect at low concentrations (MIC = 0.4 mg/mL) and a bactericidal effect at higher concentration (MBC = 0.8 mg/mL). OR also displayed a higher inhibitory activity on bacterial acid production when compared to EF, at concentrations less than or equal to 2.0 mg/mL, but at higher concentrations their inhibitory effects were equivalent. OR inhibited insoluble glucan synthesis in a dose-dependent profile and suppressed GTFs-AC and GTFs-EC activities by 70% and 50%, respectively, at a concentration of 20 ?g/mL. Similary, OR suppressed soluble glucans synthesis by GTFs-EC (60%), at the same concentration. On the other hand, the EF did not affect significantly the activity of the GTFs-AC and GTFs-EC.

A flavonol specific glucosyltransferase cloned from Citrus paradisi has strict substrate and regio-specificity (Cp3OGT). The amino acid sequence of Cp3OGT was aligned with sequences of an anthocyanidin UDP- dependant glucosyltransferase (UGT) from Clitorea ternatea and a UGT from Vitis vinifera that can glucosylate both flavonols and anthocyanidins. Using homology modeling to identify candidate regions followed by site directed mutagenesis, three double mutations were constructed and biochemically characterized. S20G+T21S mutant protein retained activity with flavonols similar to the wildtype Cp3OGT but the mutant had optimum activity at 60°C and broadened substrate acceptance to include the flavanone naringenin. S290C+S319A mutant protein retained 40% activity with quercetin relative to WT, and had an optimum pH shift. H154Y+Q87I mutant protein was only 10% active with quercetin relative to WT. Docking analysis revealed that H154, Q87 and S20 could be involved in orienting the acceptor molecules within the acceptor binding site whereas S319 and S290 residues are involved in maintaining the active site conformation.

Glucosylation is a common alteration reaction in plant metabolism and is regularly associated with the production of secondary metabolites. Glucosylation serves a number of roles within metabolism including: stabilizing structures, affecting solubility, transport, and regulating the bioavailability of the compounds for other metabolic processes. The enzymes that lead to glucoside formation are known as glucosyltransferases (GTs), and characteristically accomplish this task by transferring a UDP-activated glucose to a corresponding acceptor molecule. GTs involved in secondary metabolism share a conserved 44 amino acid residue motif (60–80% identity) known as the plant secondary product glucosyltransferase (PSPG) box, which has been demonstrated to include the UDP-sugar binding moiety. Among the secondary metabolites, flavonoid glycosides and limonoid glycosides affect taste characteristics in citrus making the associated glucosyltransferases particularly interesting targets for biotechnology applications in these species. The research focus of our lab is to establish the function of putative secondary product glucosyltransferase clones identified from Citrus paradisi. In the present study, we report on the activity and biochemical characterization of two clones, PGT 7 (Flavonol-3-O-GT) and PGT8 (Limonoid GT) which were expressed in Pichia pastoris.

Glucosyltransferases (GTs) are enzymes that expedite the incorporation of UDP-activated glucose to a corresponding acceptor molecule. This enzymatic reaction stabilizes structures and affects solubility, transport, and bioavailability of flavonoids for other metabolic processes. Flavonoid glycosides affect taste characteristics in citrus making the associated glucosyltransferases particularly interesting targets for biotechnology applications. Custom design of enzymes requires understanding of structure/function of the protein. The present study focuses on creating mutant flavonol-3-O-glucosyltransferase (F-3-O-GT) proteins using site directed mutagenesis and testing the effect of each mutation on substrate specificity, regiospecificity and kinetic properties of the enzyme. Mutations were selected on the basis of sequence similarity between grapefruit F-3- O-GT, an uncharacterized GT gene in blood orange (98%), and grape F3GT (82%). Grapefruit F-3-O-GT prefers flavonol as a substrate whereas the blood orange sequence is annotated to be a flavonoid 3GT and the grape GTs could glucosylate both flavonols and anthocyanidins. Mutants of F-3-O-GT were generated by substituting N242K, E296K and N242K+E296K and proteins were expressed in Pichia pastoris using the pPICZA vector. Analysis of these mF-3-O-GTs showed that all of them preferred flavonols over flavanone, flavone, isoflavones, or anthocyanidin substrates and showed decrease in enzyme activity of 16 to 51% relative to the wild type F-3- O-GT.