This work deals with the using and application of separation techniques for analysis of polymers degradation and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Thereby this work is separated to two special parts. In the first part, the degradation properties of synthetic biopolymers based on lactic acid, gylcolic acid and poly(ethyleneglycol) PLGA-PEG-PLGA and ITA-PLGA-PEG-PLGA-ITA (modified by itaconic acid) were studied. These copolymers (firstly their thermosensitive hydrogels) should be used for therapy of fractures in orthopedy (as adhesives). Therefore, the sol-gel and gel-sol phase diagrams were determinated for selected samples of copolymers. The samples forming gel at 37 C was used for other study. Polymer samples were depredated in phosphate buffer at 37°C. The degradation process of physical hydrogels was described by the decrease of molecular weight and the increase of concentration lactic acid and glycolic acid in phosphate buffer. The obtained results confirmed that the degradation of polymer modified by itaconic acid is faster process than no modified polymer and polymers with lower ratio PLGA/PEG degrade also faster than lower ration PLGA/PEG. The influence of pH it was also tested. The rate of degradation of polymers was follow pH 4,0

Yes / The sustained and controlled delivery of antimicrobial drugs has been largely studied using nanomaterials, like metal organic frameworks (MOFs), and various polymers. However, not much attention has been given to combining MOFs and biodegradable polymers towards the potentially more sustained release of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Herein, we report a comparative study of two widely used antimicrobial drugs, cephalexin and metronidazole, from zinc-based MOF-5 incorporated into biodegradable polycaprolactone (PCL) and poly-lactic glycolic acid (PLGA) composites. Cephalexin and metronidazole were separately loaded into MOF-5 post-synthetically, followed by their integration into biodegradable PLGA and PCL composites. The pristine MOF-5 and the loaded MOFs were thoroughly characterised using Fourier-transformed infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy studies were carried out to assess the release of the drugs in PBS for up to 72 h, showing a cumulative release of 24.95 wt% and 27.84 wt% for cephalexin and metronidazole, respectively. The antibacterial properties of the pristine MOF, pure drugs, drug-loaded MOFs and the loaded composites were assessed against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains, Staphylococcus aureus or Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli or Acinetobacter baumanii, respectively. A cephalexin-loaded MOF-5 composite of PCL (PCL-ceph@MOF-5) showed the best efficiency for the controlled release of drugs to inhibit the growth of the bacteria compared to the other composites. This study demonstrates that the combination of MOFs with biodegradable polymers can provide an efficient platform for the sustained release of antimicrobial drugs and can be a promising tool to manage antimicrobial resistance (AMR).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:16:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AliceRO_DISSERT.pdf: 2104659 bytes, checksum: 208850f5293dd4764037ec4c490d3636 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-19 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Methotrexate (MTX) is a drug used in the chemotherapy of some kind of cancers, autoimmune diseases and non inflammatory resistant to corticosteroids uveits. However, the rapid plasmatic elimination limits its therapeutic success, which leads to administration of high doses to maintain the therapeutic levels in the target tissues, occurring potential side effects. The aim of this study was to obtain spray dried biodegradable poly-lactic acid co-glycolic acid (PLGA) microparticles containing MTX. Thus, suitable amounts of MTX and PLGA were dissolved in appropriate solvent system to obtain solutions at different ratios drug/polymer (10, 20, 30 and 50% m/m). The physicochemical characterizing included the quantitative analysis of the drug using a validate UV-VIS spectrophotometry method, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared spectrophotometry (IR), thermal analyses and X-ray diffraction analysis. The in vitro release studies were carried out in a thermostatized phosphate buffer pH 7.4 (0.05 M KH2PO4) medium at 37?C ? 0.2 ?C. The in vitro release date was subjected to different kinetics release models. The MTX-loaded PLGA microparticles showed a spherical shape with smooth surface and high level of entrapped drug. The encapsulation efficiency was greater then 80%. IR spectroscopy showed that there was no chemical bond between the compounds, suggesting just the possible occurrence of hydrogen bound interactions. The thermal analyses and X-ray diffraction analysis shown that MTX is homogeneously dispersed inside polymeric matrix, with a prevalent amorphous state or in a stable molecular dispersion. The in vitro release studies confirmed the sustained release for distinct MTX-loaded PLGA microparticles. The involved drug release mechanism was non Fickian diffusion, which was confirmed by Kornmeyer-Peppas kinetic model. The experimental results demonstrated that the MTX-loaded PLGA microparticles were successfully obtained by spray drying and its potential as prolonged drug release system. / O metotrexato (MTX) ? um f?rmaco utilizado na quimioterapia de alguns tipos de c?ncer, doen?as autoimunes e uve?tes n?o inflamat?rias resistentes aos corticoster?ides. No entanto, sua r?pida elimina??o plasm?tica limita o sucesso terap?utico, levando ? necessidade de altas doses para manuten??o da concentra??o efetiva no tecido alvo, ocasionando o potencial surgimento de rea??es adversas. O objetivo principal desse estudo foi obter um sistema microparticulado biodegrad?vel ? base de ?cido poli (?cido l?tico-co-?cido glic?lico) (PLGA) por spray drying para libera??o prolongada do MTX. Para isso, quantidades distintas de MTX e PLGA foram dissolvidas em sistema solvente adequado para obter solu??es com diferentes propor??es de f?rmaco em rela??o ao pol?mero (10, 20, 30 e 50% m/m). A caracteriza??o f?sicoqu?mica incluiu an?lise quantitativa do f?rmaco incorporado na matriz polim?rica por espectrofotometria UV-VIS em 303nm previamente validada, microscopia eletr?nica de varredura (MEV), espectrofotometria de infravermelho (IV), an?lises t?rmicas e difra??o de raios-X (DRX). O perfil de libera??o in vitro do f?rmaco nas micropart?culas foi realizado em tamp?o fosfato (0.05 M KH2PO4) em banho termostatizado 37 ?C ? 0.2 ?C. Os dados obtidos do estudo de libera??o in vitro foram submetidos a diferentes modelos cin?ticos de libera??o. As micropart?culas de PLGA contendo o MTX apresentaram a forma esf?rica, uniforme, com superf?cie aparentemente lisa. O n?vel de efici?ncia de encapsula??o foi superior a 80%. A espectroscopia na regi?o do infravermelho demonstrou que n?o ocorreu liga??o qu?mica entre os componentes dos sistemas, no entanto foi observado forte intera??o entre o MTX e PLGA indicando prov?vel ocorr?ncia de pontes de hidrog?nio. An?lise XII t?rmica e DRX demonstraram que o MTX est? distribu?do na matriz polim?rica com a preval?ncia do estado amorfo ou em dispers?o molecular. O estudo de libera??o in vitro confirmou o perfil de libera??o prolongada para as diferentes micropart?culas. O mecanismo de libera??o envolvido foi por difus?o n?o Fickiana, ao qual foi determinado a partir do modelo cin?tico de Kornmeyer- Peppas. Os resultados experimentais demonstraram o sucesso na obten??o das micropart?culas de PLGA contendo o MTX por spray drying e seu potencial como sistema de libera??o prolongada do f?rmaco.

Submitted by Pedro Silva Filho (pfsilva@ipen.br) on 2017-11-23T12:28:11Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-23T12:28:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / A Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) relata o câncer como uma das principais causas de morte no mundo. O câncer de próstata é o segundo tipo de câncer mais prevalente em homens, com cerca de 1,1 milhão de casos diagnosticados em 2012. Braquiterapia com iodo-125 é uma método de radioterapia que consiste na introdução de sementes com material radioativo no interior do órgão a ser tratado. As sementes de iodo-125 podem ser inseridas soltas ou em cordas poliméricas bioabsorvíveis, mais comumente o poli(ácido lático-co-ácido glicólico) (PLGA). A função do polímero é reduzir a possibilidade de migração das sementes, o que poderia ser prejudicial para órgãos e tecidos saudáveis. De modo a reduzir os custos do tratamento, a síntese dos dímeros L-lactídeo e glicolídeo, para posterior utilização para preparação do PLGA, por meio da polimerização por abertura de anel, é proposta neste trabalho. Adicionalmente, propõe-se a utilização do amino-alcóxido tris(fenolato) de zircônio (IV) como alternativa ao usual octanoato de estanho (SnOct2), uma vez que a toxicidade do estanho permanece como obstáculo na produção do PLGA para aplicações biomédicas. Embora o iniciador de zircônio seja mais lento do que o SnOct2, massas molares relativamente elevadas foram obtidas quando razões monômero/iniciador (M/I) de 1000/1 (24 h), e 5000/1 (48 h) foram utilizadas. Considerando que as unidades glicolila (GA) são mais reativas do que as unidades lactila (LA), tempos longos de reação são necessários para atingir uma razão LA/GA próxima do objetivo do trabalho (85/15). O grau de racemização também depende do iniciador utilizado. As reações de polimerização realizadas com o iniciador de zircônio mostraram um maior grau de racemização, quando comparadas com aquelas realizadas com o SnOct2. Também foi observado um ligeiro aumento na racemização com o tempo. Considerando os resultados obtidos na síntese e purificação dos dímeros, e na síntese do PLGA em condições semelhantes às industriais, foi possível preparar o polímero de alta massa molar com um custo dezenas de vezes inferior ao custo do PLGA no mercado internacional. Os efeitos da radiação gama no PLGA também foram estudados. Doses normalmente aplicadas para esterilizar materiais para aplicações biomédicas foram empregadas: 10, 18, 25 e 50 kGy. A massa molar de todas as amostras irradiadas diminuiu de uma forma proporcional à dose até 56% de perda para 10 kGy e 72% para 50 kGy porém, são menos pronunciadas para doses mais elevadas. Alterações nas propriedades térmicas, tais como temperatura de fusão, temperatura de transição vítrea e a entalpia de cristalização e fusão foram também observadas após a irradiação. / Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Annually, about 80,000 people die in the United Kingdom due to myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, stroke, or from other diseases related to blood vessels. The current gold standard treatment for replacing the damaged blood vessel is by autograft procedure, during which the internal mammary artery (IMA) graft or saphenous vein graft (SVG) are usually employed. However, some limitations are associated with this type of treatment, such as lack of donor site and post-surgery problems that could negatively affect the patient’s health. Therefore, this present work aims to fabricate a synthetic blood vessel that mimics the natural arteries and to be used as an alternative method for blood vessel replacement. Polymeric materials intended to be used for this purpose must possess several characteristics including: (1) Polymers must be biocompatible; (2) Biodegradable with adequate degradation rate; (3) Must maintain its structural integrity throughout intended use; (4) Must have ideal mechanical properties; and (5) Must encourage and enhance the proliferation of the cells. The feasibility of using synthetic biodegradable polymers such as poly (ε- caprolactone) (PCL) and poly (lactide-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) for fabricating tubular vascular grafts was extensively investigated in this work. Many fundamental experiments were performed to develop porous tissue- engineered polymeric membranes for vascular graft purposes through electrospinning technique to achieve the main aim. Electrospinning was selected since the scaffolds produced by this method usually resemble structural morphology similar to the extracellular matrix (ECM). Hence, four 6mm in diameter tubular shape vascular grafts PCL only, PLGA only, coaxial (core-PCL and shell-PLGA), and bilayer (inner layer-PCL and outer layer-PLGA) was designed and fabricated successfully. The structure and properties of each scaffold membrane were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and these scaffolds were fully characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), water contact angle measurements, mechanical tensile test, as well as cell culture studies were carried out by seeding human umbilical vein cells (HUVEC) and human vascular Fibroblast cells (HVF). Moreover, all polymeric grafts underwent degradation process, and the change in their morphological structure properties was studied over 12 weeks at room temperature. All scaffolds were also exposed to a controlled temperature of 37°C for four weeks, in phosphate-buffered saline solution (pH, 7.3). It was found that all scaffolds displayed exceptional fibre structure and excellent degradability with adequate steady weight-loss confirming the suitability of the fabricated scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. The coaxial and bilayer scaffolds degraded at a much slower (and steadier) rate than the singular PCL and PLGA tubular scaffolds. Coaxial grafts fabricated via coaxial needle showed an increase in their fibre diameter and pore size volume than other membranes, but also showed to have significant tensile strength, elongation at fracture, and Young’s modulus. To conclude, all scaffolds have demonstrated to be reliable to adhere and proliferate HUVEC, and HVF cells, but these cells were attracted to the PLGA membrane more than other fabricated membranes.

Despite the recent development in PLA and PLGA based medical devices, there are still needs to further improve the mechanical performance of bioresorbable medical implants and their bioactivity. This is normally done by optimizing the filler compositions in selected groups ofbiodegradable polymer matrices. In this study, the effects of various filler levels on mechanical strength and thermal properties of PLA and PLGA composites were investigated. Composites containing different dosage of osteoconductive HAp with various particles size (0-5μm, 0-50 μm, nano size), β-TCP, bioactive glass and biodegradable Poly-L-lactide and Polylactide-glycolic acid was manufactured with melt blending, using a twin-screw extruder.The samples were investigated by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), viscometer, three points bending machine, and Optical Microscopy (OM). The Extruder produced a porous profile. The result from TGA and SEM indicated that there was homogenous filler dispersion in the matrix after compounding.The result from DSC and Viscometer shows that there was some degradation duringcompounding. Mechanical properties of composites were modified by adding filler to matrix. The addition of Bioactive glass, as a filler, increases the degradation of the polymer matrix. The best filler that was applied is 0-5μm and nano HAp. Also in in-vitro degradation part of this thesis work, the effects of calcium phosphate materialsare investigated on degradation process.