Le Druzisme représente un courant philosophico-religieux qui peut être considéré comme une doctrine d'apparence religieuse, de pensée philosophique et systématique, de référence gnostique dans l'histoire de l'Islam. Ses adeptes vivent en communauté hermétique, ses sages (šeiẖs) se retirent dans des réclusions (ẖalwāt) en s'isolant comme des mystiques, ils se livrent à une retraite spirituelle sans pratique religieuse, ils ne se réfèrent à aucune tradition précédente des religions monothéistes, de par leurs écrits ou leurs pratiques. Ils conservent une tradition et une éthique avec un code de conduite et des interdits culinaires. En revanche, le Druzisme est né au sein de l'Isma`ilisme, il établit un lien intellectuel et spirituel avec la philosophie antique et avec le néoplatonisme tout en assimilant des éléments des religions d'orient avec des éléments grecs helléniques. Peut-on alors parler d'une secte de l'Islam, du moment où il n'y a aucun lien avec ce dernier sinon le milieu historique dans lequel celle-ci est vu le jour? Peut-on parler de religion, quand il n'y a aucune religiosité ou pratique religieuse exprimée ou vécue? S'agit-il de dire que l'on est face à une théosophie alors que le lien entre les membres de la communauté n'est pas fondé sur la philosophie et que le commun des Druzes n'est pas philosophe? Comment qualifier ce phénomène d'une communauté dont le lien est une foi qui n'est pas exprimée religieusement, et une doctrine dont le contenu n'est pas révélé, à laquelle s'attachent des membres qui ne le connaissent qu'une fois initiés? En somme, qui sont les Druzes et qu'est-ce que le Druzisme? Existe-t-il un lien entre cette doctrine et la gnose? / Druzism is a philosophico-religious movement which may be considered primarily as a doctrine but with a religious appearance, a systematic and philosophical thinking, with some reference to Gnosticism in the history of Islam. Its adherents live in a community of hermits, its wisemen (šeiẖs) retire in seclusion (ẖalwāt) by isolating themselves like mystics, as they deliver themselves to living in a spiritual retreat, without any religious practice ; they refer to no previous religious traditions even among the monotheistic ones, whether in reference to their sacred writings or religious practice. The Druze adheres to a tradition and a code of ethics and behaviour, as well as to culinary prohibitions. Druzism itself however, was born in the heart of Ismailism, while establishing an intellectual and a spiritual link with both ancient philosophies and neoplatonism, all the while assimilating various element of mid and far-eastern religions, mixed with Greek and Hellenistic ideas. Can we therefore speak of the Druze as if forming a sect of Islam? Can we even speak of a religion where in fact there is no trace of religiosity or religious practice either expressed or lived? Is it possible that we are facing theosophy where the link between the members of the community is certainly not founded on a philosophy? How can one qualify this phenomenon of a community where the main tenet is that of a faith which is not expressed in a religious manner, and a held doctrine the contents of which are not revealed, to which its members adhere, not knowing it fully unless once initiated? In summary, who are the Druzes, and what is Druzism? Is there a link between its doctrine and that of Gnosticism?

<p>Since the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) that causes Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) was discovered in the 1980s, the condom has scientifically proven to be the only technological device that can prevent transmission of the virus during sexual intercourse. This technical approach to the HIV has strongly emphasized that prevention is only possible if the condom is properly used. However, as a technological artifact the condom has shown that its use is laden with values. The question of values on condoms has brought in a heated debate on the moral justifications of its use. In Malawi, just as in other African countries, the Faith Community has rejected the Governmentsplea to promote condoms as the preventive measure against the virus.The Faith Community has emphasized on abstinence and mutual faithfulness as the only reliable means to the prevention of HIV/AIDS. The main argument from the Faith Community is that condoms promote promiscuity. Nevertheless, the Government agrees with the Faith Community on abstinence and mutual faithfulness, but still insists on condom use as a preventive measure against the virus. The Government argues that the condom is the only proven technical approach to the HIV prevention and therefore it should be promoted. T</p><p>he main purpose of this study is to attempt an ethical analysis of the arguments for and againstcondom use as the preventive measure against HIV. In this case, the study tries to analyse the Government and Faith Community stands on condoms. In relation to the arguments for and againstcondom use, the study also touches such areas as: the concept of rights and condom use, ethics of condom advertisement, African cultural values versus condom use and the implications of condom use on behaviour change. From the study, it has been argued that condoms should be promoted. The argument comes from that understanding that AIDS has plundered Africa than any war or disease in human history, and therefore, it needs to be stopped. In this case, such theories as, Utility, Love, Autonomy, Rights and umunthu moral conscience have been used to support the argument.</p>

<p>Katarismen är en gammal religion och livsfilosofi som hade sin storhetstid under medeltiden. Minst 500 år vet man att den existerade. Den hade sitt centrum i Frankrike med en geografisk halvmåne som sträckte sig genom Italien upp mot Flandern, Tyskland och området kring Rhendalen. De hämtade sin livsfilosofi från gnosticismen. De som brukade denna religion och livsåskådning kallades för katarer och kättare av katolska kyrkan. Oliktänkande som de var gentemot katolska kyrkan så skulle de förgöras och detta skedde också på ett mycket grymt sätt, genom att bli brända på bål.</p><p>Katarerna var och är än i dag kända för sin starka tro på det gudomliga i naturen. De ser en helhet i naturen, att allt har en själ och att det finns en ande i allt. Dessa trodde på att människan hade en fallen ängels själ i sin kropp, och att den kunde återvända till himmelen om man levde efter ett visst sätt. Sättet att leva efter hittade de i sina böner och riter. Deras tro kallades för katarism. Idag finns det olika rörelser som hämtar inspiration från katarismen bland annat Rosenkorsorden och Den urkristliga levnadsskolan. Båda dessa finns verksamma i Sverige i vår tid och de ser sig själva som ett komplement till den kyrka som vi har.</p>

<p>Den här uppsatsen handlar om modern gnosticism, tolkat utifrån fyra nygnostiska rörelser jag fann på Internet. Efter att ha läst dessa valda rörelsers texter slog det mig att en fundamental förändring hade skett, med tanke på texter om antik gnosticism. Framför allt hade den mörka synen på materian förändrats, och därmed synen på de feminina och maskulina aspekterna samt ondskan också. Om man går på linjen att de var materia- och kvinnofientliga samt ville undfly reinkarnation. De här aspekterna, materian, människan och ondska, reflekteras dock fortfarande i ljuset av de antika gnostiska myterna. Myter som bär upp denna andliga filosofis ramverk kring människans existentiella villkor. Grundtemat är på så sätt detsamma, men tolkningarna om universum, livet och människans livsvillkor är modifierad från äldre skrifters beskrivning av och om gnostikernas världsbild.</p><p>Syftet med uppsatsen var att undersöka några nygnostiska rörelser i det sekulära väst, och hitta likheter och skillnader speglat mot den antika gnosticismen. Sättet att finna dem gick via Internet och synliggörandet av dem, och deras mytiska världsbild, gick via deras myter om materian, människan och ondska.</p>

Since the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) that causes Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) was discovered in the 1980s, the condom has scientifically proven to be the only technological device that can prevent transmission of the virus during sexual intercourse. This technical approach to the HIV has strongly emphasized that prevention is only possible if the condom is properly used. However, as a technological artifact the condom has shown that its use is laden with values. The question of values on condoms has brought in a heated debate on the moral justifications of its use. In Malawi, just as in other African countries, the Faith Community has rejected the Governmentsplea to promote condoms as the preventive measure against the virus.The Faith Community has emphasized on abstinence and mutual faithfulness as the only reliable means to the prevention of HIV/AIDS. The main argument from the Faith Community is that condoms promote promiscuity. Nevertheless, the Government agrees with the Faith Community on abstinence and mutual faithfulness, but still insists on condom use as a preventive measure against the virus. The Government argues that the condom is the only proven technical approach to the HIV prevention and therefore it should be promoted. T he main purpose of this study is to attempt an ethical analysis of the arguments for and againstcondom use as the preventive measure against HIV. In this case, the study tries to analyse the Government and Faith Community stands on condoms. In relation to the arguments for and againstcondom use, the study also touches such areas as: the concept of rights and condom use, ethics of condom advertisement, African cultural values versus condom use and the implications of condom use on behaviour change. From the study, it has been argued that condoms should be promoted. The argument comes from that understanding that AIDS has plundered Africa than any war or disease in human history, and therefore, it needs to be stopped. In this case, such theories as, Utility, Love, Autonomy, Rights and umunthu moral conscience have been used to support the argument.

Katarismen är en gammal religion och livsfilosofi som hade sin storhetstid under medeltiden. Minst 500 år vet man att den existerade. Den hade sitt centrum i Frankrike med en geografisk halvmåne som sträckte sig genom Italien upp mot Flandern, Tyskland och området kring Rhendalen. De hämtade sin livsfilosofi från gnosticismen. De som brukade denna religion och livsåskådning kallades för katarer och kättare av katolska kyrkan. Oliktänkande som de var gentemot katolska kyrkan så skulle de förgöras och detta skedde också på ett mycket grymt sätt, genom att bli brända på bål. Katarerna var och är än i dag kända för sin starka tro på det gudomliga i naturen. De ser en helhet i naturen, att allt har en själ och att det finns en ande i allt. Dessa trodde på att människan hade en fallen ängels själ i sin kropp, och att den kunde återvända till himmelen om man levde efter ett visst sätt. Sättet att leva efter hittade de i sina böner och riter. Deras tro kallades för katarism. Idag finns det olika rörelser som hämtar inspiration från katarismen bland annat Rosenkorsorden och Den urkristliga levnadsskolan. Båda dessa finns verksamma i Sverige i vår tid och de ser sig själva som ett komplement till den kyrka som vi har.

Den här uppsatsen handlar om modern gnosticism, tolkat utifrån fyra nygnostiska rörelser jag fann på Internet. Efter att ha läst dessa valda rörelsers texter slog det mig att en fundamental förändring hade skett, med tanke på texter om antik gnosticism. Framför allt hade den mörka synen på materian förändrats, och därmed synen på de feminina och maskulina aspekterna samt ondskan också. Om man går på linjen att de var materia- och kvinnofientliga samt ville undfly reinkarnation. De här aspekterna, materian, människan och ondska, reflekteras dock fortfarande i ljuset av de antika gnostiska myterna. Myter som bär upp denna andliga filosofis ramverk kring människans existentiella villkor. Grundtemat är på så sätt detsamma, men tolkningarna om universum, livet och människans livsvillkor är modifierad från äldre skrifters beskrivning av och om gnostikernas världsbild. Syftet med uppsatsen var att undersöka några nygnostiska rörelser i det sekulära väst, och hitta likheter och skillnader speglat mot den antika gnosticismen. Sättet att finna dem gick via Internet och synliggörandet av dem, och deras mytiska världsbild, gick via deras myter om materian, människan och ondska.

The thesis describes the relationship between the ancient Gnosticism as we know it from the Nag Hammadi library and as it is described in the works of early church fathers and New Testament. It outlines basic topics similar to all versions of a classical cosmogenic Gnostic myth. The subject of the faith in the resurrection of Jesus Christ and its relationship to the establishing a Church structure is discussed. Another topic is the problem of human free will and that of good and evil and its consequences for human morale. The ways of different understanding to it are presented, based on Old Testament story of Adam and Eve as reffered to in the book of Genesis.

Text in English / Summary: This work aims at establishing Jung's importance as a Nietzsche commentator. Although Jung's work is generally unacknowledged by the mainstream of Nietzsche scholarship, a number of philosophers have joined him in recognizing the relevance of Iranian religious lore to Nietzsche; the visionary nature of Nietzsche's experiences of Zarathustra; and the link between these experiences and his criticism of ethics. Jung sees Nietzsche as something of a kindred spirit, "and refers to that philosopher again and again throughout his writings. In his seminar on Nietzsche's Also sprach Zarathustra, Jung analyzes that work much as he would a patient's dream. While this approach allows Jung to project his own views onto Nietzsche, it also succeeds in restoring essential aspects of Nietzsche's thought which other, less foolhardy commentators fail to capture. Nietzsche and Jung both speak of going "beyond good and evil" (jenseits von Gut und Bose) as an integral part of their respective conceptions of human fulfillment. The notion that we ought to try to transcend the distinction between good and evil, rather than obstinately cling to the good, potentially constitutes an immense, fundamental challenge to our ordinary beliefs about ethics. At the same time, Jung's elaboration of this into a more general form of nonduality suggests a solution to that most basic problem of ethics--which Nietzsche raised most forcefully--namely that of how ethical standards might be justified without falling prey to such basic obstacles as the "is/ought" problem. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / D.Litt. et Phil. (Philosophy)

Clementine scholarship acknowledges Clement's doctrine of the Incarnation and generally maintains that for Clement the divine Logos assumed human flesh. However, because of Clement's complex logology and three passages suggesting a docetic interpretation of Christ's flesh, scholars tend to move away from addressing the Incarnation and treat either the metaphysics of the multiple logoi theory or the question of Clement's Docetism, or both. Because of this diversion in research, there remains a gap in the literature around Clement's teachings about the Incarnation. This thesis begins to fill the gap by explaining Clement's view of the Incarnation, which he connects to the emergent ‘exchange' doctrine, envisaged as a divine mission. It situates Clement as an heir of the apostolic tradition while he engages with Greek philosophy and Gnostic belief. The research delineates Clement's gnostic tradition, which he considered faithful to the Old Testament and to the teachings of the apostles. The investigation collates Clement's usage of John 1:14 and the term ginomai linked with Logos, anthropos, and sarx. It examines Clement's discussion in Stromateis VII.2, where he claims the Logos assumed flesh susceptible to suffering, emotions, and physical sensibilities. In Clement's teachings, the Logos became both anthropos and sarx so that anthropos might become theos. This thesis outlines Clement's usage of the terms parousia and epiphaneia (appearing), showing they are consequential to the Incarnation. Clement presents the Logos as Saviour, who conquers malevolent powers and death to release humankind from corruption through his sufferings from birth to the cross. Clement also presents the Logos as a Teacher, who during his parousia, interprets precisely the Old Testament, and in his appearing, discloses true gnosis, which guides anthropos to godliness. The evidence demonstrates that Clement bases his path for assimilation to God upon the Incarnation of the Logos.