The thesis takes as its starting point the importance of community in contemporary political societies across the world, most notably, for present purposes, the Third World. Community importantly determines questions of social inclusion, exclusion, identity, belonging and well-being. As is no surprise, the role and significance of community is well recognised in several academic disciplines today. Consider this one example. Recent literature on development has generally drawn attention to the potential benefits of participation in certain aspects of governance. More specifically, proposals for community participation have emerged in response to State failure, or now the pervasiveness of market exclusion. Community participation is motivated by several grievances, the most emphatic of which is the profound gap between the lived experiences of the poor and institutions that affect their lives. This gap between discourse and lived experience is more vividly evident in human rights practice, and this not only reflects the dominance, but also the inadequacies of State and market-based understandings alike. A fundamental aspect of this debate – largely overlooked by human rights discourse – is the role of community. Whilst there remain marginal references to community in certain aspects of human rights discourse, over all it has not sufficiently or comprehensively embraced community. More specifically, the Declaration of Right to Development, Rights-Based Approaches to Development and the World Bank‘s concept of good governance fail to offer an adequate role for community in human rights terms. Drawing from a range of literature in legal theory, political theory, philosophy and sociology, and developing its insights in the context of the supply of the – human right and – public good of electricity in Nigeria, the thesis offers a theory of community, which seeks to enable individuals, particularly, the poor and vulnerable, to organise themselves democratically, to claim ownership of the processes that determine their human rights.

Trade between Britain and China is rapidly expanding, and shipping law plays an important role in facilitating economic activity. This thesis provides an exemplification on the measure of damages in the carriage of goods by sea in both countries. It will help practitioners as well as scholars from both countries to understand the peculiar features and dynamics of the topic in the other’s shipping laws. The Chinese law of damages and shipping law are not as detailed or as well-structured as its English counterpart. Over the years, some articles in the Chinese Maritime Code (CMC) have been interpreted inconsistently, e.g., art.55, and there is contradiction among different laws on the said topic, resulting in considerable confusion about the law. Bizarre and arguably unjust applications of legal rules continue to surface in claims for damages. A large number of contradictory decisions have been produced in Chinese shipping cases. Similar heads of damages are accepted or rejected in a process which at times seems alarmingly random. It is time to revisit the CMC and the law of damages and to urge their reform. England is a well-established centre of shipping litigation and arbitration in the world and its shipping laws are more influential on Chinese maritime courts than those of any other country. Several senior Chinese scholars suggest that English law is the model on which the reformed CMC should be based. This thesis is written with a view to encouraging a revision of the defects in the CMC and to changing aspects of the current Chinese law of damages. It expounds on the English law part, provides a principled explanation for legal rules in cargo claims, reviews relevant Chinese law, makes comparisons between English and Chinese law at length, addresses the problems in Chinese shipping law and seeks a solution. It is hoped that this thesis can provide instructive recommendations to Chinese lawmakers and clarify the chaos inherent in interpreting the relevant law. In a few aspects, Chinese law seems fairer than the English position, which English scholars may find refreshing and enlightening. This thesis also proposes to increase the awareness of national decision-makers, especially the Chinese, of the international tenor of existing and proposed international maritime laws, as well as the concomitant duty to interpret and implement them as such.

Introduction: The product relaunch, in terms of the recycling of an existing product lifecycle, is a common marketing tool within the consumer goods industry. Cases like the reintroductionof Mondelēz Oreo cookie and the promotion of the facelift of the PorscheCayenne are examples how relaunch campaigns can successfully introduce existingproducts in a modified version and increase their sales and brand recall drastically.Advantages like lower flop risks, and lower research and development costs make thisalternative quite attractive when it comes to the decision between the introduction ofinnovations and revitalization of existing products.Method: In order to identify promising advertisement strategies, four potential successfactors has been stated, based on existing marketing communication models: media usage,message credibility, message appeal and scheduling pattern. Related to them, a survey wasconducted which asked the respondents to choose the applied alternatives within the fourdecision areas and indicate to which extent the set success goals were achieved. The surveycould give hints, which strategy alternatives are associated with the achievement of thecampaigns goals by using the correlation analysis. Furthermore, the frequency distributionwas used to identify handling patterns in practice.Results: The results of the survey, which was executed as self-completing questionnaire,revealed that two of the assumed success factors, namely media strategy and credibilitysource, indeed show a correlation to the perceived achievement of success goals. For thethird aspect, the decision about the message appeal, a clear usage pattern could beidentified in the non-durable goods industry. Finally, the two advertisement schedulingpatterns showed no correlation to the perceived success and there was also no preferredalternative identifiable in the durable and non-durable goods industry.Implications: Based on the study results it is to summarize that the usage of TV and onlineadvertisement, as well as POS material appears particularly appropriate for the durablegoods industry, whereas the application of Magazine advertisement showed a positiverelation to the perceived success of relaunch campaigns for non-durable goods. Regardingthe creation of awareness and trustworthiness, the link to the brand and or manufacturername seems more promising than the one to the previous product version, particularly forthe durable goods industry. Finally, the application of an emotional argumentation wasused by 80% of the non-durable goods firms, whereas the relaunch of durable goods wasequally communicated with emotional and informational messages.

The purpose of this study is to examine single facility warehouse location models. The need for such a study is primarily two-fold. First, single facility warehouse location models which determine an alleged optimum location through a coordinate system have been developed. Secondly, the need for additional research is necessary because the approaches involving linear programming, simulation, or heuristic programming do not by definition generate an optimal location.

Public goods are goods that are non-rival and non-excludable. One person enjoying the benefits of a public good will not reduce the value of the good for others. And nobody within a particular population can be excluded from enjoying those benefits. While we often think of the relevant population being co-citizens of a state - national defence is taken to be the archetypal public good - in recent years the importance of public goods that benefit individuals across different countries has increasingly been recognised. We can refer to these as "global public goods". When global public goods are supplied, various costs and benefits are generated, and these costs and benefits can be shared among countries in different ways. This thesis explores how justice requires us to share them; I develop a theory of distributive justice for global public goods. I begin by developing two principles for assigning the costs and benefits of supplying public goods within a state, and then argue that these should, for the most part, also govern the distribution of costs and benefits arising from global public good production. Finally, I assess how certain private goods that the supply of public goods make possible should be shared among states. The fact that these goods rely for their production on the supply of global public goods, I argue, will affect the principles of distributive justice that should govern these.

Master of Science / Food Science Institute / Delores Chambers / The rising awareness of celiac disease, an intestinal intolerance to gluten, has increased the demand for gluten-free products. Gluten is a protein that provides structure to breads, cakes, cookies, and other wheat-flour based baked goods. When flour and water are combined and mixed, the proteins glutenin and gliaden present in wheat combine and a network of gluten is formed. In addition to providing structure and elasticity to dough, it also traps air within the matrix and allows baked goods to rise and maintain desirable characteristics such as an open and airy crumb structure and chewiness of bread products. Removing gluten from a baked good formulation affects the finished product in many ways. This review examines research conducted on the effects of many various ingredients on finished product quality of gluten-free baked goods. Quality parameters that are most greatly affected by the exclusion of gluten in baked goods include specific volume (a measure of the amount of air incorporated into the finished product), height, spread ratio (the ratio of diameter to thickness in cookies and like products), color, and hardness. Gluten-free baked goods are recognized to be denser, shorter in height, have a larger spread, have a different color, and be harder in texture than traditional wheat-based baked goods. Various gluten-free ingredients have been studied for their use in producing a finished product that exhibits quality parameters similar to wheat-based baked goods. These include rice, potato, tapioca, corn, and sorghum; pseudocereals such as buckwheat, amaranth, and quinoa; legumes; nuts; and waste from fruit and vegetable processing. The inclusion of additives such as hydrocolloids, protein concentrates, emulsifiers, and acidic ingredients are extensively utilized and studied in gluten-free baked good applications. Gluten-free baked goods commonly have a reduced shelf life as compared to wheat-based products. The weak association of water with the starches present in gluten-free baked goods allows moisture to migrate to the outside of the product and rapidly escape. Shelf life studies are also included in much of the research and are summarized in this review. Because consumers desire gluten-free products that taste like the gluten-containing products they replace, many studies pertaining to gluten-free ingredient research include sensory analysis. Some studies include a wheat-based product as a control, while others use only gluten-free formulations in the research. Future research using better sensory methods are needed in this product category. Food manufacturers who wish to compete in the still growing gluten-free market have many ingredient resources available to them to produce high quality gluten-free baked goods. Through research conducted on alternative flours, starches, hydrocolloids, emulsifiers, and other ingredients, gluten-free consumers can enjoy baked goods that exhibit the same desirable qualities as traditional wheat-flour based products.

Liability in International Maritime Transport Main aim of this thesis is a brief introduction to the maritime law, the applicable liability systems, impact of carriage of goods by sea on trade in the Czech Republic and possible future development of international trade. The relationships in the maritime area may be quite complicated and the purpose of this thesis is to present them in a reader-friendly, comprehensible manner. The original reason that led me into choice of this topic is my personal interest in both international trade and ships. International transport may be considered as subsidiary to the sale or exchange of goods but is of essential relevance for the conclusion of trade. Approximately 90% of non-bulk cargo is shipped via ocean. The importance of the international maritime transport is therefore enormous and together with broadening globalization, the legislation in the area of maritime transport gradually increases its effect on the Czech Republic. Moreover, the freight and other costs of shipping considerably influence purchase price of goods. Liability is then crucial when deciding who is to bear the costs of loss, damage to the goods, late delivery of the goods, insurance, bank payment fees, packaging, etc. The text is divided into six chapters. The introductory chapter opens the...

It is expected that the massive expansion of carriage of goods that went on in past couple of decades will soon resume after the worldwide recession. Due to its flexibility, speed, ability to deliver "door to door", low price and other positive qualities the most popular type of carriage is carriage of goods by road, which is also the type of carriage of goods that this thesis is mainly focused on. The goal of the thesis is to describe and explain legal aspects of international carriage of goods by road with a special focus on the liability of the carrier. The most important legal regulation that governs the area of international carriage of goods by road is the Convention on the Contract for the International Carriage of Goods by Road (hereinafter the CMR Convention) that has been signed on May 19, 1956. It is an exceptional piece of legislation, which is in effect for more then fifty years with only two minor changes since its adoption.

The purpose of this thesis is to offer an overview of current legislative situation in international carriage of goods. Special attention is dedicated to carrier's liability in international transport of goods. In a global world, it is vital to keep balance between the rights and duties of both the carrier and the shipper. Otherwise, international trade would become next to impossible to perform. Therefore, dealing with the topic of carrier's liability might clarify certain aspects and possibly bring benefits to both contracting parties. This thesis consists of nine chapters. The three initial chapters present private international law and its methods. Next, the question of liability is briefly introduced. Finally, basic terms such as the carrier and the shipper are defined. In one of its subdivisions, the third chapter also mentions national regulations relevant to the topic discussed. On the contrary, the thesis as a whole addresses rules contained in international treaties. The following chapters are targeted on individual modes of transport, in order of appearance: carriage by rail, carriage by road, carriage by air, carriage by sea, carriage by inland waterways. However, not all of them are granted equal attention. The chapters covering carriage by road and by sea are essential. The reason for...

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