In South Africa 1 000 people die of AIDS everyday and 100 000 more people require ARVs every year. There is therefore an urgent need to provide access to ARVs andother essential medicines. The South African Constitution requires the government totake reasonable measures to ensure access to health care. The government has cited financial constraints as the major ohstacle to fulfilling this constitutional imperative. In an effort to stretch their budgetary resource other medium-income countries have used measures such as compulsory licences, voluntary licences and parallel importation. These measures, provided for in the TRIPS Agreement and the Doha Declaration, are available under South African legislation but have not been properly implemented due to a lack of political will. The proper use of compulsory licences by the South African government is vital because all twelve of the ARVs on the World Health Organisation's Essential Medicines List are protected in South Africa by our patent laws. However, in order to issue compulsory licences more easily and quickly the South African Legislature will need to pass legislation which clarifies the ambiguities contained in TRIPS and the Doha Declaration. Other methods to lower the price of medicines include the segmentation of the South African market in order to facilitate differential pricing. The State must balance its use of such measures with programmes to incentivise research and development into neglected diseases and HIV/AIDS. Such programmes will also assist the State's capacity to conduct its own research and development into new medicines, whilst bolstering its domestic pharmaceutical manufacturing capacity. The ultimate solution to South Africa's access to medicine problem is to create a pharmaceutical manufacturing industry capable of producing the most complex medicines, so as to lessen its dependence on drug manufacturers reducing their prices. The way to create a sophisticated pharmaceutical manufacturing capacity is to use the flexibilities in TRIPS and to uphold South Africa's high patent standards. The Constitutional Court's involvement is essential in order to force the State to implement its own policies so as to provide access to affordable medicines. / Thesis (LL.M.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2008.

One of the primary planning issues facing small rural communities today is balancing the need of economic growth with the preservation of local character and natural resources. Faced with increasing development pressures, these communities often are unequipped from a planning and ordinance standpoint to deal with accelerated demands for subdivision approval, infrastructure planning, and other legal issues that come with development. This can lead not only to loss of local and natural character, but also to long term community debt as small municipalities are obligated or agree to install infrastructure that the tax on the new construction will not pay for. This report examines the town of Pendleton, Indiana, and focuses on local character, historic, and natural resources to form the basis for future land use recommendations. The primary steps in this process are; 1) a contextual (visual) analysis of Pendleton and its surrounding area to identify the different neighborhoods, landmarks, nodes, edges, and circulation patterns based upon visual criteria, 2) analysis of Pendleton's zoning ordinances and land use controls, 3) determination of potential physical and fiscal impacts of development of available land according to existing zoning, and 4) development of future long term land use recommendations in the planning format of a comprehensive plan. / Department of Landscape Architecture

The thesis focuses on the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada's Guidelines on Women Refugee Claimants Fearing Gender-Related Persecution, released in 1993. The guidelines were designed to address a perceived shortcoming in international refugee law and its domestic applications, namely, the omission of gender-based persecution from the protection of the 1951 United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. The omission of gender from the UN Convention had resulted in gender inequalities in the evaluation of asylum claims, inequalities the Canadian guidelines were designed to correct. However, since the inception of the guidelines, critics have dismissed the directives as numerically ineffective, pointing to the low numbers of women requesting asylum on the basis of gender-related persecution. While such a numerical analysis may be useful, the thesis argues it is incomplete. The thesis centres instead on the vital consciousness-raising role played by the guidelines, both domestically and abroad, and on the concrete results engendered by this function in the international realm of women's human rights.

This thesis takes a critical approach to examine recent developments in European asylum and migration policy. Specifically, this research is interested in addressing the emerging paradigm of "migration management" and its impact on the nature of refugee protection and asylum in an integrated Europe. Two approaches are used in this analysis. First, from a functionalist perspective, this work considers how migration management has responded to contemporary realities of international migration. Secondly, from a critical theory perspective, the thesis analyzes how refugee protection becomes subsumed within the broader goals of migration management. This thesis will argue that the paradigm of migration management has effectively shifted the contours of the asylum debate by linking refugee and asylum policy with broader issues of labor migration, illegality and foreign relations. This has resulted in the separation of asylum from territoriality and more broadly, the submersion of the humanitarian considerations to the overarching goals of migration management.

Contemporary liberal democratic societies currently enact immigration policies that are morally indefensible from a liberal autonomy and social justice perspective. In a world characterized by stark inequalities in individual opportunities to lead autonomous lives, and in which many individuals lack the basic conditions for autonomous functioning, I argue that contemporary immigration regimes that distinguish between desirable immigrants---who are typically from similarly wealthy countries---and undesirable one ---who are typically members of the global poor---conflict with liberal commitments to individual autonomy and equality of opportunity. I advocate that such commitments should lead wealthy countries to change their criteria for immigration, so that they admit proportionally many more of the global poor than they currently do. Such redistributive immigration policies are a way for rich countries to fulfill their global distributive justice duties. The thesis examines two major objections to formulating immigration policies on grounds of global distributive justice. First, some theorists posit a moral distinction between compatriots and non-compatriots, and argue that duties of redistribution should be restricted to compatriots. Second, some theorists fear that redistributive immigration schemes will have negative consequences on the conditions of social justice in host communities. This fear derives from the assumptions that social solidarity and social trust will be eroded by the greater ethno-cultural heterogeneity that is likely to result from the implementation of redistributive immigration policies. In response I show, first, that social solidarity is not circumscribed by national boundaries; the empirical evidence does not support claims that solidaristic acts rely on a predefined idea of community. Second, drawing on the Canadian case study, I find that institutional trust rather than interpersonal trust is key to motivating compliance with social welfare policies, and that this kind of trust can be sustained under conditions of ethno-cultural heterogeneity.

This study examines Hawaiʻi government's role in Japanese ownership of Hawaiʻi hotel, 1970 through 1990. In particular, two questions are analyzed. The two questions are: (1) were Hawaii's government policies immaterial in motivating Japanese hotel investment and (2) were Hawaii's government policies counterproductive to Hawaii's overall economy. With the vast number of state-sponsored studies and with the State Plan becoming law, it would appear that the State was very active in promoting tourism development and the Hawaiʻi economy. However, the research indicates that the Japanese investors were motivated by other factors than by the actions of the State of Hawaiʻi. Although the state's economy grew, the individual tourism worker's income was less than the income in other industries in the state. Thus, the study addresses the effect of tourism on the residents of Hawaiʻi. Even though the State Plan mentioned the importance of the residents, the growth of tourism in the State had negative consequences on many residents. These problems were seen not only in income levels but also in the sociocultural and environmental impacts on the residents. In sum, this study found that the State's policies were inconsequential to Japanese hotel investment, and while the State promoted positive consequences from tourism, there were negative consequences, especially in the long run. / Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 236-264). / Also available by subscription via World Wide Web / x, 264 leaves, bound ill. 29 cm

Bibliography: leaves 378-400. / x, 400 leaves ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Studies the development of national employment policy in wartime Australia. This experience encouraged the establishment of a centrally controlled employment service as a lynch pin of Australian federal government's post-war reconstruction policy. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of History, 2000?

Bibliography: leaves 378-400. / x, 400 leaves ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Studies the development of national employment policy in wartime Australia. This experience encouraged the establishment of a centrally controlled employment service as a lynch pin of Australian federal government's post-war reconstruction policy. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of History, 2000?

edited by Richard L. Gordon, Henry D. Jacoby, and Martin B. Zimmerman. / Includes index. / Bibliography: p. [343]-367.

Bibliography: leaves 378-400. Studies the development of national employment policy in wartime Australia. This experience encouraged the establishment of a centrally controlled employment service as a lynch pin of Australian federal government's post-war reconstruction policy.