The purpose of this research was to study grammatical categories in the Tagalog mental lexicon using lexical decision tasks. Some linguists question whether words in Tagalog can be classified as nouns and verbs (Foley, 1998; Kaufman, 2011) because most root words can be inflected for any grammatical function and because verbs cannot be used in their uninflected form. Previous studies with English and German (Kauschke and Stenneken 2008) have shown that participants respond differently to nouns and verbs in lexical decision tasks. These studies have also shown that participants respond differently to transitive and intransitive verbs in lexical decision tasks. It was assumed that if nouns and verbs exist in Tagalog, response times to Tagalog lexical decision tasks will show similar patterns to those performed in English and German. Two experiments were performed to examine whether words are classified as nouns and verbs in the Tagalog mental lexicon and whether other factors affected that classification. For the experiments, native speakers of Tagalog participated in lexical decision tasks and response times were measured. The first experiment tested the classification of root nouns and verbs. Contrary to findings in other languages, there was no significant difference between response times to nouns and verbs. However, there were differences in response times to nouns from different semantic categories and to verbs with different morphosyntactic structures. The second experiment examined the classification of inflected nouns and verbs. Again, the results showed no difference between response times to nouns and verbs. There was also no difference between transitive and intransitive verbs. However, there was a slight difference between verbs of different voice inflections. The results of the experiments suggest the while the grammatical classes of nouns and verbs may not be the most important features of words in the Tagalog mental lexicon, they may still play a role since different features, semantics or morphosyntactics, did affect the responses to words from the different categories.

It is understood that children learn the use of grammatical categories in their native language, and previous models have only been partially successful in describing this acquisition. The present study uses an adaptation selection algorithm to continue the work in addressing this question. The input for the computer model is child-directed speech towards three children, ages ranging from 1;1 to 5;1 during the course of sampling. The output of the model consists of the input words labeled with a grammatical category. This output data was evaluated at regular intervals through its ability to correctly identify the grammatical categories of language of the target child. The findings suggest that the use of this type of model is effective in categorizing words into grammatical categories in both accuracy and completion.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 273-280). / Microfiche. / xiii, 280 leaves, bound 29 cm

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-05-06Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:55:27Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 candido_fm_me_arafcl.pdf: 676521 bytes, checksum: 580c9e0d445ea04ddf1e6ef8524e4ea6 (MD5) / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar os diferentes padrões das construções nas quais o pois está inserido, visto que, como se observa, as gramáticas tradicionais fazem uma descrição superficial e inadequada do comportamento desse elemento. Analisa-se, também, essas construções sob a ótica da gramaticalização, a fim de verificar quais dessas construções estão mais gramaticalizadas. A gramaticalização é uma ferramenta de descrição lingüística por meio da qual é possível depreender mudanças semânticas e categoriais de um item ou uma construção. Pode ser analisada a partir de duas perspectivas: (i) diacrônica, que investiga a origem das formas gramaticais, descrevendo os caminhos que essa forma percorre durante o processo de mudança; e (ii) sincrônica, na qual é possível investigar os usos lingüísticos do ponto de vista dos padrões fluidos da linguagem, dentro de um determinado recorte de tempo. São sob esses enfoques que se analisam os usos do pois encontrados nos corpora. Para alcançar esse objetivo, adotam-se alguns critérios sintáticos e semânticos propostos por Bally (1965), além dos critérios que foram aplicados ao pois nos estudos lingüísticos descritivos de Guimarães (2007), Vogt (1978) e na discussão de Carone (1991) sobre coordenação e subordinação. A respeito dos pressupostos da gramaticalização, recorre-se às propostas de Traugott (1982), Traugott e König (1991) e Sweetser (1990) que focalizam a mudança semântico-pragmática, às hipóteses de Heine et al. (1991) e aos critérios de Hopper (1991), com o objetivo de verificar o grau de gramaticalidade das construções encontradas nos corpora. Com relação aos corpora, eles estão divididos quanto ao grau de formalidade e são compostos por textos epistolares e oratórios do século XVI ao XX, organizados por Barbosa (2008). Por essa investigação... / This research aims at investigating the different patterns in constructions presenting the word “pois”, taking into account that the description of this element’s behavior, in traditional grammars, is superficial and inadequate. Such constructions are also analyzed under the perspective of grammaticalization in order to verify which constructions are more grammaticalized. The grammaticalization is a tool used in linguistic description through which is possible to infer semantic and categorical changes suffered by an item or a construction. It can be analyzed considering two perspectives: (i) diachronic, that investigates the origin of the grammatical forms, describing all changes that such form has passed; and (ii) synchronic, in which is possible investigate the linguistic applications through the point of view of the language fluid patterns for a specific period of time. It is under this focus that the applications related to “pois” found in the corpora are analyzed. Besides the criteria applied to “pois” in the descriptive linguistic studies of Guimarães (2007), Vogt (1978) and the Carone’s discussion (1991) about coordination and subordination, some syntactic and semantic criteria proposed by Bally (1965) are also utilized in order to achieve the objective of this work. In respect to the grammaticalization’s presuppositions, the Traugott’s proposals (1982), Traugott and Konig (1991) and Sweetser (1990) who focus semantic-pragmatic change, the hypotheses of Heine el al. (1991) and the Hopper’s criteria (1991) are applied with the purpose of verifying the degree of grammaticality of the constructions found in the corpora. Related to the corpora, they are divided taking the degree of formality into account and they are composed of epistolary and oratory texts from the XVI and XX centuries, organized by Barbosa (2008). In this research, it was possible... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Rosane de Andrade Berlinck / Banca: Sanderléia R. Longhin-Thomazi / Banca: Flávia B. de Menezes Hirata-Vale / Resumo: Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar os diferentes padrões das construções nas quais o pois está inserido, visto que, como se observa, as gramáticas tradicionais fazem uma descrição superficial e inadequada do comportamento desse elemento. Analisa-se, também, essas construções sob a ótica da gramaticalização, a fim de verificar quais dessas construções estão mais gramaticalizadas. A gramaticalização é uma ferramenta de descrição lingüística por meio da qual é possível depreender mudanças semânticas e categoriais de um item ou uma construção. Pode ser analisada a partir de duas perspectivas: (i) diacrônica, que investiga a origem das formas gramaticais, descrevendo os caminhos que essa forma percorre durante o processo de mudança; e (ii) sincrônica, na qual é possível investigar os usos lingüísticos do ponto de vista dos padrões fluidos da linguagem, dentro de um determinado recorte de tempo. São sob esses enfoques que se analisam os usos do pois encontrados nos corpora. Para alcançar esse objetivo, adotam-se alguns critérios sintáticos e semânticos propostos por Bally (1965), além dos critérios que foram aplicados ao pois nos estudos lingüísticos descritivos de Guimarães (2007), Vogt (1978) e na discussão de Carone (1991) sobre coordenação e subordinação. A respeito dos pressupostos da gramaticalização, recorre-se às propostas de Traugott (1982), Traugott e König (1991) e Sweetser (1990) que focalizam a mudança semântico-pragmática, às hipóteses de Heine et al. (1991) e aos critérios de Hopper (1991), com o objetivo de verificar o grau de gramaticalidade das construções encontradas nos corpora. Com relação aos corpora, eles estão divididos quanto ao grau de formalidade e são compostos por textos epistolares e oratórios do século XVI ao XX, organizados por Barbosa (2008). Por essa investigação... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This research aims at investigating the different patterns in constructions presenting the word "pois", taking into account that the description of this element's behavior, in traditional grammars, is superficial and inadequate. Such constructions are also analyzed under the perspective of grammaticalization in order to verify which constructions are more grammaticalized. The grammaticalization is a tool used in linguistic description through which is possible to infer semantic and categorical changes suffered by an item or a construction. It can be analyzed considering two perspectives: (i) diachronic, that investigates the origin of the grammatical forms, describing all changes that such form has passed; and (ii) synchronic, in which is possible investigate the linguistic applications through the point of view of the language fluid patterns for a specific period of time. It is under this focus that the applications related to "pois" found in the corpora are analyzed. Besides the criteria applied to "pois" in the descriptive linguistic studies of Guimarães (2007), Vogt (1978) and the Carone's discussion (1991) about coordination and subordination, some syntactic and semantic criteria proposed by Bally (1965) are also utilized in order to achieve the objective of this work. In respect to the grammaticalization's presuppositions, the Traugott's proposals (1982), Traugott and Konig (1991) and Sweetser (1990) who focus semantic-pragmatic change, the hypotheses of Heine el al. (1991) and the Hopper's criteria (1991) are applied with the purpose of verifying the degree of grammaticality of the constructions found in the corpora. Related to the corpora, they are divided taking the degree of formality into account and they are composed of epistolary and oratory texts from the XVI and XX centuries, organized by Barbosa (2008). In this research, it was possible... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

The diploma thesis concerns about the presentation of gramatical verbal categories, mostly verbal aspect, mood and tense. First part follows the verbal aspect. Its presentation in grammar, text and activity books for foreigners is not neither sufficient nor comprehensive or systematic. The second section deals with verbal mood. The way of its explanation in lessons is not sufficient either, for example different explanation of imperative formation, the absence of description of using conditional in communication etc. The third chapter observes verbal tense as well in grammar, text and activity books for foreigners. Its description is also unsatisfactory. The questionnaire is addressed to teachers of Czech as a foreign language with different degree of experience and it conducts a survey of differences, difficulties of explanation, different point of view of educational materials and necessity to complete them. We formulate linguistic-didactic recommendation for explanation of those three grammatical verbal categories on the basis of found difficulties and contradictions. Those recommendations as well as with the questionnaire survey is the target of this thesis. Key words: Czech for foreigners, verbal aspect, verbal mood, verbal tense, grammar books, textbooks, activity books for foreigners,...