Grape pomace is a valuable waste product and various end-products have been obtained after treatments. Recently, these have been commercialized due to their health-promoting effects. Drying is a crucial part of these treatments. This study aimed to analyze the drying kinetics of grape pomace parts, which are seeds and skins. Two grape types were used in this study, namely Emir and Bogazkere varieties of Vitis Vinifera species. Seeds and skins of each variety were dried in a tray dryer at an air velocity of 1 m/s with four different air temperatures / 40, 50, 55 and 60&deg / C. The drying curves showed that the drying r ate increased with the air temperature. Six different drying models were selected from the literature and the best fitted model was determined by application of appropriate statistical methods. It was found that for Bogazkere seeds / Modified Two Term Model, for Bogazkere and Emir skins / Modified Page Model and for Emir skins / Logarithmic Model gave the best fit. The effective moisture diffusivities of each type were found for each temperature and were determined by two different approaches, experimental and estimation. The values and variation of Deff / L2 with temperature were calculated and were found to be increasing with temperature and that the Deff / L2 values were larger for grape skins than grape seeds. Arrhenius type equation was used in order to explain the temperature dependency of Deff / L2.

This diploma thesis deals with application of pressurized liquid extraction (PFE) on grape skins of Vitis vinifera cultivars Alibernet and Svatovavřinecké to gain extraction of anthocyanin pigments in the form of 3-monoglucosides. This thesis deals with comparison efficiency pressurized liquid extraction (PFE) for the range temperatures 40–120 °C and the Soxhlet extraction with four extraction solvents. The identification of the anthocyanin pigments by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC/DAD) based on Synergi C12 column separation (Phenomenex) was performed. The anthocyanin pigments were identified at wavelength 520 nm. The complete amount of anthocyanin pigments grape skins was depended on the extraction solvent and temperature in range 0,38–244,06 mg/g for cultivar Alibernet and 0,28–105,01 mg/g for cultivar Svatovavřinecké. The contents of anthocyanin pigments was determined in the samples of wine both cultivars in the range 3,83–2836,84 mg/l too. PFE followed by HPLC/DAD employing Synergi C12 column provides relatively fast, quantitative and reproducible determination of anthocyanins in grape skins and wines.

Qualité du fruit et la typicité des raisins de Bordeaux.La maturation de la pellicule du raisin est un phénomène complexe, caractérisé par de nombreux changements structuraux importants et par l’accumulation de composés œnologiques tels que les tannins. Malgré leurs propriétés biologiques et organoleptiques essentielles pour la qualité des fruits et des vins, peu de travaux concernent l’organisation et la localisation de ces composés au sein du tissu pelliculaire. Dans la pellicule, les tannins peuvent être plus ou moins liés aux constituants cellulaires modulant ainsi leur extractibilité lors des processus de vinification. Notre travail, basé sur des approches biochimiques, moléculaires et microscopiques, apporte des données nouvelles sur la biosynthèse, la localisation et l’organisation des tannins dans la pellicule. Au sein de ce tissu, nous avons souligné l’importance des tannins pariétaux et montré que leurs caractéristiques physico-chimiques dépendaient entre autre des changements structuraux des parois. Ainsi, cette organisation caractérise en partie la texture de la pellicule et conditionne la qualité du fruit. Pour appréhender l’évolution des critères de texture de la pellicule au cours de la maturation du raisin, l’analyse sensorielle des baies et la mesure par pénétrométrie s’avèrent être des outils pertinents. / Skin grape maturation is a complex phenomenon, characterized by an important number of structural changes as well as by phenolic compounds accumulation (i.e. tannins). Despite their biological and organoleptic properties in fruit and wine quality, few studies report both tannins organization and localization in skin tissue. In skins, tannins may be more or less related with cellular components, modulating their extractability during winemaking process.Our work, based on biochemical, molecular and microscopic approaches reveals new data on skin tannins biosynthesis, localization and organization. Within this tissue, we highlighted the parietal tannins importance, we evidenced that their physicochemical characteristics depend among other structural changes on cell walls. Thus, this organization partially characterized the skin texture and affects fruit quality. To understand the evolution criteria for skin texture during grape berry ripening, sensory analysis and measurements by penetrometer proved to be relevant tools.

Estudos epidemiológicos e experimentais têm sugerido que fatores de risco cardiovasculares podem ser parcialmente atribuídos às influências do ambiente em que vive o indivíduo, e que a nutrição materna influencia na programação de alterações metabólicas e cardiovasculares no indivíduo adulto e que caracterizam a síndrome metabólica (SM). Em contrapartida, estudos prévios de nosso laboratório demonstram que o extrato da casca de uva Vitis labrusca (GSE) possui efeito vasodilatador, antihipertensivo e antioxidante. Desta forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do tratamento oral com GSE (200mg/kg/dia), sobre as alterações cardiovasculares e metabólicas e estresse oxidativo observados na prole adulta (fêmea e machos) com 3 e 6 meses, cujas mães foram submetidas a uma dieta rica em gordura (hiperlipídica) durante a lactação. Quatro grupos de ratas foram alimentados com dietas experimentais: controle (7% de gordura); controle + GSE (7% de gordura + GSE), hiperlipídica (24% de gordura); hiperlipídica + GSE (24% de gordura + GSE) durante a lactação. Após o desmame, todos os filhotes passaram a ser alimentados com uma dieta controle e foram sacrificados aos 3 ou 6 meses de idade. A pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) foi medida por pletismografia de cauda e o efeito vasodilatador da acetilcolina (ACh) foi avaliado em leito arterial mesentérico (LAM) perfundido. Foram avaliados o peso corporal, adiposidade (intra-abdominal e gonadal), níveis plasmáticos de colesterol total, triglicerídeos, glicose e insulina, e a resistência à insulina (RI) foi calculada pelo índice de HOMA IR. As expressões do IRS-1, Akt e GLUT-4 foram determinadas em músculo soleus. O dano oxidativo, níveis de nitritos e a atividade das enzimas antioxidantes: superóxido dismutase, catalase e glutationa peroxidase foram dosados no plasma e homogenato de LAM. A PAS e tecido adiposo foram aumentados nas proles adultas de ambos os sexos e idades do grupo hiperlipídico e revertidos pelo tratamento com o GSE. A resposta vasodilatadora à ACh em LAM não foi diferente entre os grupos de ambos os sexos, mas foram reduzidas com o envelhecimento. Nas proles fêmeas e machos do grupo hiperlipídico também foram observados o aumento dos níveis de triglicerídeos, de glicose e RI em ambas as idades e foram reduzidos pelo GSE. No grupo hiperlipídico houve redução nas expressões de IRS-1, Akt e GLUT-4 e o GSE reverteu estas expressões. Os níveis plasmáticos de malondialdeído estavam aumentados e os níveis de nitrito diminuídos no grupo hiperlipídico, de ambos os sexos e idades e foram revertidos pelo GSE. As atividades das enzimas antioxidantes no plasma e no mesentério foram reduzidas no grupo hiperlipídico e restauradas pelo GSE. Em conclusão, O GSE parece proteger as proles fêmeas e machos, cujas mães foram expostas a uma dieta hiperlipídica durante a lactação, dos fatores de riscos cardiovasculares, proporcionando uma fonte alternativa nutricional para a prevenção da SM. / Epidemiological and experimental studies have suggested that cardiovascular risk factors can be partly attributed to the influences of the environment in which the individual lives, and that maternal nutrition influences the programming of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases in adults characterizing the metabolic syndrome. On the other hand, previous studies from our laboratory show that the skin extract of grape Vitis labrusca (GSE) has antihypertensive, antioxidant and vasodilator effects. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of oral treatment with GSE (200mg/kg/day) on the cardiovascular and metabolic disorders and oxidative stress observed in adult offspring (female and male) at 3 or 6 months whose mothers were fed a high fat diet (HF) during lactation. Four groups of rats were fed experimental diets: control (7% fat), control + GSE (7% fat + GSE), diet (24% fat), HF + GSE (24% fat + GSE) during lactation. After weaning, all pups have become fed a control diet and were sacrificed at 3 or 6 months of age. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured by plethysmography and the vasodilator effect of acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in perfused mesenteric arterial bed (MAB). We determined the body weight, adiposity, plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, insulin, and insulin resistance was calculated by HOMA IR. The expression of IRS-1, Akt and GLUT-4 were determined in soleus muscle. Oxidative damage, nitrite levels and antioxidant enzyme activity: superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase were measured in plasma and homogenate of mesentery bed. The SBP and adipose tissue were increased in adult offspring of both sex and ages of the HF group and reversed by treatment with GSE. The vasodilator response to ACh was not different between groups of both sex, but was reduced by aging. In offspring females and males of the HF group were also observed increased levels of triglycerides, glucose and insulin resistance in both ages and those changes were reduced by GSE. HF group showed a reduction in expression of IRS-1, Akt and GLUT-4 which was reversed by GSE. The malondialdehyde levels were increased and nitrite levels were decreased in the HF group of both sex and ages and those changes were reversed by GSE. The activities of antioxidant enzymes in plasma and mesentery were lower in HF group and restored by the GSE. In conclusion, GSE appears to protect the female and male offspring whose mothers were exposed to a high fat diet during lactation, against the cardiovascular risk factors, providing an alternative source of food for the prevention of metabolic syndrome.

Estudos epidemiológicos e experimentais têm sugerido que fatores de risco cardiovasculares podem ser parcialmente atribuídos às influências do ambiente em que vive o indivíduo, e que a nutrição materna influencia na programação de alterações metabólicas e cardiovasculares no indivíduo adulto e que caracterizam a síndrome metabólica (SM). Em contrapartida, estudos prévios de nosso laboratório demonstram que o extrato da casca de uva Vitis labrusca (GSE) possui efeito vasodilatador, antihipertensivo e antioxidante. Desta forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do tratamento oral com GSE (200mg/kg/dia), sobre as alterações cardiovasculares e metabólicas e estresse oxidativo observados na prole adulta (fêmea e machos) com 3 e 6 meses, cujas mães foram submetidas a uma dieta rica em gordura (hiperlipídica) durante a lactação. Quatro grupos de ratas foram alimentados com dietas experimentais: controle (7% de gordura); controle + GSE (7% de gordura + GSE), hiperlipídica (24% de gordura); hiperlipídica + GSE (24% de gordura + GSE) durante a lactação. Após o desmame, todos os filhotes passaram a ser alimentados com uma dieta controle e foram sacrificados aos 3 ou 6 meses de idade. A pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) foi medida por pletismografia de cauda e o efeito vasodilatador da acetilcolina (ACh) foi avaliado em leito arterial mesentérico (LAM) perfundido. Foram avaliados o peso corporal, adiposidade (intra-abdominal e gonadal), níveis plasmáticos de colesterol total, triglicerídeos, glicose e insulina, e a resistência à insulina (RI) foi calculada pelo índice de HOMA IR. As expressões do IRS-1, Akt e GLUT-4 foram determinadas em músculo soleus. O dano oxidativo, níveis de nitritos e a atividade das enzimas antioxidantes: superóxido dismutase, catalase e glutationa peroxidase foram dosados no plasma e homogenato de LAM. A PAS e tecido adiposo foram aumentados nas proles adultas de ambos os sexos e idades do grupo hiperlipídico e revertidos pelo tratamento com o GSE. A resposta vasodilatadora à ACh em LAM não foi diferente entre os grupos de ambos os sexos, mas foram reduzidas com o envelhecimento. Nas proles fêmeas e machos do grupo hiperlipídico também foram observados o aumento dos níveis de triglicerídeos, de glicose e RI em ambas as idades e foram reduzidos pelo GSE. No grupo hiperlipídico houve redução nas expressões de IRS-1, Akt e GLUT-4 e o GSE reverteu estas expressões. Os níveis plasmáticos de malondialdeído estavam aumentados e os níveis de nitrito diminuídos no grupo hiperlipídico, de ambos os sexos e idades e foram revertidos pelo GSE. As atividades das enzimas antioxidantes no plasma e no mesentério foram reduzidas no grupo hiperlipídico e restauradas pelo GSE. Em conclusão, O GSE parece proteger as proles fêmeas e machos, cujas mães foram expostas a uma dieta hiperlipídica durante a lactação, dos fatores de riscos cardiovasculares, proporcionando uma fonte alternativa nutricional para a prevenção da SM. / Epidemiological and experimental studies have suggested that cardiovascular risk factors can be partly attributed to the influences of the environment in which the individual lives, and that maternal nutrition influences the programming of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases in adults characterizing the metabolic syndrome. On the other hand, previous studies from our laboratory show that the skin extract of grape Vitis labrusca (GSE) has antihypertensive, antioxidant and vasodilator effects. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of oral treatment with GSE (200mg/kg/day) on the cardiovascular and metabolic disorders and oxidative stress observed in adult offspring (female and male) at 3 or 6 months whose mothers were fed a high fat diet (HF) during lactation. Four groups of rats were fed experimental diets: control (7% fat), control + GSE (7% fat + GSE), diet (24% fat), HF + GSE (24% fat + GSE) during lactation. After weaning, all pups have become fed a control diet and were sacrificed at 3 or 6 months of age. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured by plethysmography and the vasodilator effect of acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in perfused mesenteric arterial bed (MAB). We determined the body weight, adiposity, plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, insulin, and insulin resistance was calculated by HOMA IR. The expression of IRS-1, Akt and GLUT-4 were determined in soleus muscle. Oxidative damage, nitrite levels and antioxidant enzyme activity: superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase were measured in plasma and homogenate of mesentery bed. The SBP and adipose tissue were increased in adult offspring of both sex and ages of the HF group and reversed by treatment with GSE. The vasodilator response to ACh was not different between groups of both sex, but was reduced by aging. In offspring females and males of the HF group were also observed increased levels of triglycerides, glucose and insulin resistance in both ages and those changes were reduced by GSE. HF group showed a reduction in expression of IRS-1, Akt and GLUT-4 which was reversed by GSE. The malondialdehyde levels were increased and nitrite levels were decreased in the HF group of both sex and ages and those changes were reversed by GSE. The activities of antioxidant enzymes in plasma and mesentery were lower in HF group and restored by the GSE. In conclusion, GSE appears to protect the female and male offspring whose mothers were exposed to a high fat diet during lactation, against the cardiovascular risk factors, providing an alternative source of food for the prevention of metabolic syndrome.