No description available.

Novel approaches to manipulating proteolysis in ensiled perennial ryegrass (PRG) were investigated. The effects of the following on nitrogen (N) distribution in silage were investigated: E- 64, a specific cysteine-peptidase inhibitor (CPI); pepstatin A a specific aspartic-peptidase inhibitor; cystamine dihyrochloride (CYS) and N-ethylmaleimide, general CPIs, and formic acid (FA). Treatment with FA or CPIs reduced total soluble N, as a result of reduced proteolysis, and FA and CYS treatments increased peptide N concentrations (determined using fluroescamine or ninhydrin assays, and by amino acid analysis) compared to the control. Pepstatin A had little or no effect on the N constituents of silage. Characterisation of silage peptides using Sephadex G-25 suggested that they were predominantly di and tripeptides, with a small proportion of longer peptides (>7 amino acid residues). Forty additional compounds were screened for their efficacy as inhibitors of proteolysis in aqueous extracts of PRG. Five selected compounds were applied to PRG at ensilage: TPCK, a non specific CPI; chelators, 1,10-phenanthroline and 8-hydroxyquinoline (8-HQ); bestatin, a metallo-peptidase inhibitor; and N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester (ATEE), a serine-peptidase inhibitor. When compared to the control, TPCK and 1,10- phenanthroline reduced total soluble N and increased peptide N concentrations; 8-HQ increased only peptide N concentrations. These chelators also restricted fermentation. The effects of Trypticase (peptides produced by enzymic hydrolysis of casein), silage extracts and N fractions prepared from silage extracts by cation exchange chromatography, as sources of N, on the growth of rumen bacteria, <I>Megasphaera elsdenii, Prevotella ruminicola</I> and <I>Selenomonas ruminantium, </I>supplied with glucose as an energy substrate <I>in vitro, </I>were investigated. No growth was observed on media containing extracts from silages produced in the presence of chelators but all bacteria grew on purified N fractions. Increasing silage peptide N therefore did not enhance microbial growth but for some treatments, silage N supported faster growth than Trypticase.

No description available.

No description available.

Beef cattle producers in the southeastern US often stockpile forage in late summer to extend the grazing season and reduce feeding costs. Three stockpiled grass-legume mixtures were evaluated for winter grazing. In addition, stockpiled forages were ensiled and evaluated as livestock feed. Four accumulation dates and seven harvest dates were randomized to small plots of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) -red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) -red clover, and orchardgrass-alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). The amount of grass and legume in the fescue-red clover mixture shifted from less than 30% grass and more than 60% legume in October to over 60% grass and less than 10% legume in April. All forage mixtures contained at least 15% CP from November to March. Fescue-red clover was higher in TNC and lower in NDF, ADF and cellulose in January and March than the orchardgrass-legume mixtures. Fescue-red clover was higher in yield than the orchardgrass-legume mixtures from November to February. Delaying stockpiling until September 1 or 15 increased (P <.05) legume content and decreased dead grass content in orchardgrass-clover and orchardgrass-alfalfa. Accumulating growth from September 15 increased percent CP in fescue-red clover and orchardgrass-clover, compared to August 15, and decreased percent NDF in all forage mixtures. Percent IVDMD increased in orchardgrass-clover when stockpiling was delayed until September 15. May yields decreased only in orchardgrass-alfalfa when stockpiling was delayed until September. Orchardgrass stockpiled on August 3 and September 3, and alfalfa stockpiled on September 3 were ensiled alone. Chemical composition of silages was determined after 90 d of fermentation. Silages averaged 16.0% CP and 44.7% NDF. Digestibility of the ensiled stockpiled forages was estimated using acid insoluble ash as a marker with 18 wether lambs. No differences were observed in DM or CP digestibility, but NDF digestibility was lower for alfalfa silage than for orchardgrass silages. All stockpiled grass-legume mixtures provided high quality winter grazing, and all silages were of good quality and digestibility. Fescue-red clover maintained both good quality and higher yield than the other mixtures. Ensiling stockpiled alfalfa and orchard grass provided a method of maintaining CP and digestibility for subsequent feeding. / Master of Science

TELLES, Margareth Maria. Características fermentativas e valor nutritivo de silagens de capim-elefante contendo subprodutos do urucum, caju e manga. 2006. 130 f. Tese (doutorado em Zootecnia)- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2006. / Submitted by Elineudson Ribeiro (elineudsonr@gmail.com) on 2016-04-19T19:32:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_tese_mmtelles.pdf: 612422 bytes, checksum: c80d63681a855fb7d8cbe000e31df740 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by José Jairo Viana de Sousa (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-05-27T17:42:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_tese_mmtelles.pdf: 612422 bytes, checksum: c80d63681a855fb7d8cbe000e31df740 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-27T17:42:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_tese_mmtelles.pdf: 612422 bytes, checksum: c80d63681a855fb7d8cbe000e31df740 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / This research was carried out at the Forage Research Sector – NPF/DZ/CCA/UFC. The chemical and fermentative characteristics elephant grass silages with increasing levels of annatto by-product processing (ABP) addition at ensiling were evaluated. The following treatments were used: T1 – Elephant grass silage, T2 - Elephant grass silage with 4% of annatto seed by-product processing (ABP), T3 - Elephant grass silage with 8% of ABP, T4 - Elephant grass silage with 12% of ABP and T5 - Elephant grass silage with 16% of ABP, on a fresh matter basis. A randomized completely design with four replicates was adopted. As experimental silos, plastic drums of 210 L were used. The dry matter (DM), the organic matter (OM), the crude protein (CP), the neutral detergent fiber (NDF), the acid detergent fiber (ADF), the hemicelluloses, the ether extract (EE), the total carbohydrates (TC), the non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC), the neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen (NDIN,% total N), the acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN, % total N), the pH values, the ammonia nitrogen (in percentage of the total nitrogen, N-NH3, % total N), the lactic acid, the acetic acid, the butyric acid and the propionic acid levels were determined. A linear increasing effect (P<0.01) of the ABP addition on the DM, OM, CP, EE, NFC, acid propionic levels and on the pH values was verified. There was no significant difference among the silages on the hemicellulose, NDIN (% total N), lactic acid,acetic acid and acid butyric levels. With regard to ADIN (% total N) and N-NH3 (% total N) there was a quadratic effect and to NDF, ADF and TC a decreasing linear effect of the ABP addition was observed. One concludes that ABP improves the chemical and fermentative characteristics of the silages, recommending 16% of addition, in a fresh matter basis, at the elephant grass ensilage. / Esta Pesquisa foi conduzida no Núcleo de Pesquisa em Forragicultura-NPF no Departamento de Zootecnia do Centro de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), em Fortaleza, CE. Avaliaram-se as características bromatológicas e fermentativas das silagens de capim-elefante contendo níveis crescentes de adição do subproduto do processamento do urucum (SPU), à ensilagem. Foram testados os seguintes tratamentos: T1 – silagem de capim-elefante, T2 – silagem de capimelefante com 4% de SPU, T3 – silagem de capim-elefante com 8% de SPU, T4 – silagem de capim-elefante com 12% de SPU e T5 – silagem de capim-elefante com 16% de SPU, com base na matéria natural. Utilizou-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições. Como silos experimentais, foram utilizados tambores plásticos de 210 L. Determinaram-se os teores de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), hemicelulose, extrato etéreo (EE), carboidratos totais (CHOT), carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF), nitrogênio insolúvel em detergente neutro (NIDN, % do N total), nitrogênio insolúvel em detergente ácido (NIDA, % do N total), os valores de pH e teores nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH3, % do N total), ácido lático, acético, propiônico e butírico. Verificou-se efeito linear crescente da adição de SPU sobre os teores de MS, MO, PB, EE, CNF, valor de pH e teor de ácido propiônico. Não foi verificada diferença significativa entre as silagens quanto aos teores hemicelulose, NIDN (% do N total), ácido lático, acético e butírico. Para NIDA (% do N total) e N-NH3 (% do N total) houve efeito quadrático e para FDN, FDA e CHOT observou efeito linear decrescente em função da adição do SPU. Conclui-se que o SPU melhora as características bromatológicas e fermentativas das silagens, recomendando-se a adição de 16%, na matéria natural, no momento da ensilagem do capim-elefante.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2002-11-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:45:18Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_jmn_dr_jabo.pdf: 226978 bytes, checksum: b750d41fae4be269e3578a4ae3813b74 (MD5) / Objetivou-se estudar o valor nutritivo e desenvolvimento de fungos e de Listeria spp. no capim-Tifton 85 (híbrido de Cynodon, PI 290884 originário da África do Sul com o Tifton 68 (Cynodon nlemfuensis) ensilado sem emurchecimento (umidade 60-70%), submetido a pré-secagem (umidade 40-50%) e com adição ou não de polpa cítrica (5% do peso verde). As amostras foram colhidas na abertura dos silos e aos 15 e 30 dias após a abertura, para avaliação da ocorrência de Listeria spp e de fungos, do padrão de fermentação (pH, N amoniacal, ácidos orgânicos), teores de matéria seca, de proteína bruta, de nitrogênio associado a parede celular, dos constituintes da parede celular e digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS). Os dados foram analisados segundo o delineamento em blocos completos casualisados, em esquema de parcela subdividida, sendo que nas parcelas foram avaliadas as silagens submetidas ao emurchecimento e uso ou não de polpa cítrica e nas subparcelas os períodos de exposição ao ar, com quatro repetições. Constatou-se a presença de Listeria spp em 65,6% das silagens de alta matéria seca, sendo que destas 10% foram positivas para Listeria monocytogenes. As silagens de alta matéria seca apresentaram pouca estabilidade aeróbia, tendo sido registrado aumento na ocorrência dos fungos Penicillium, Fusarium e Pithomyces com o prolongamento do período de exposição ao ar. Esses resultados evidenciaram o risco potencial que silagens de gramíneas com alto conteúdo de matéria seca pode representar para a saúde dos animais e humanos. Em termos de padrão de fermentação observou-se baixos teores de ácidos orgânicos e de N amoniacal, altos valores de pH, provavelmente devido aos elevados conteúdos de matéria seca causados pelo emurchecimento e adição de polpa cítrica... / This research was conducted to evaluate the nutritive value and fungal and Listeria spp. occurrence of the no wilted (60 to 70% of moisture) and wilted (40 to 50% of moisture) Tifton 85 ensiled with or without citrus pulp (5.0% of the wet weight). The high dry matter silage were harvested, immediately after the silos opening, also 15 and 30 days after the air exposition. It was evaluated the Listeria and fungal occurrences, fermentation characteristics (pH, amoniacal nitrogen, organic acids), values of dry matter, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen (NDIN), acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD). The data were analyzed according to a randomized block design in split plot scheme, being the silages studied in plots and the periods of air exposure in the split plots, with four replications. It was observed Listeria spp in 65.6% of the high dry matter silage samples, and Listeria monocytogenes occurred in 10.0% of these samples. The high dry matter silage was air unstable and Penicillium, Fusarium e Pithomyces occurrence increased during the air exposition period. These data showed the potential risk that the high dry matter grass silage could represent to the animal and human health. In relation to the fermentation characteristics, it was observed lowest values of amoniacal nitrogen, organic acid, and highest pH values, probably due to the high dry matter content of the silage. The high dry matter silage showed lowest N-NH3/N total values, preserving the crude protein content, probably caused by the low Clostridium activity. The NDIN and ADIN contents increased during the air exposition periods, in function of the microorganism's activity, resulted in high temperature of the high dry matter silage... (Complete abstract, access undermentioned eletronic address)

Resumo: Objetivou-se estudar o valor nutritivo e desenvolvimento de fungos e de Listeria spp. no capim-Tifton 85 (híbrido de Cynodon, PI 290884 originário da África do Sul com o Tifton 68 (Cynodon nlemfuensis) ensilado sem emurchecimento (umidade 60-70%), submetido a pré-secagem (umidade 40-50%) e com adição ou não de polpa cítrica (5% do peso verde). As amostras foram colhidas na abertura dos silos e aos 15 e 30 dias após a abertura, para avaliação da ocorrência de Listeria spp e de fungos, do padrão de fermentação (pH, N amoniacal, ácidos orgânicos), teores de matéria seca, de proteína bruta, de nitrogênio associado a parede celular, dos constituintes da parede celular e digestibilidade "in vitro" da matéria seca (DIVMS). Os dados foram analisados segundo o delineamento em blocos completos casualisados, em esquema de parcela subdividida, sendo que nas parcelas foram avaliadas as silagens submetidas ao emurchecimento e uso ou não de polpa cítrica e nas subparcelas os períodos de exposição ao ar, com quatro repetições. Constatou-se a presença de Listeria spp em 65,6% das silagens de alta matéria seca, sendo que destas 10% foram positivas para Listeria monocytogenes. As silagens de alta matéria seca apresentaram pouca estabilidade aeróbia, tendo sido registrado aumento na ocorrência dos fungos Penicillium, Fusarium e Pithomyces com o prolongamento do período de exposição ao ar. Esses resultados evidenciaram o risco potencial que silagens de gramíneas com alto conteúdo de matéria seca pode representar para a saúde dos animais e humanos. Em termos de padrão de fermentação observou-se baixos teores de ácidos orgânicos e de N amoniacal, altos valores de pH, provavelmente devido aos elevados conteúdos de matéria seca causados pelo emurchecimento e adição de polpa cítrica... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This research was conducted to evaluate the nutritive value and fungal and Listeria spp. occurrence of the no wilted (60 to 70% of moisture) and wilted (40 to 50% of moisture) Tifton 85 ensiled with or without citrus pulp (5.0% of the wet weight). The high dry matter silage were harvested, immediately after the silos opening, also 15 and 30 days after the air exposition. It was evaluated the Listeria and fungal occurrences, fermentation characteristics (pH, amoniacal nitrogen, organic acids), values of dry matter, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen (NDIN), acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and "in vitro" dry matter digestibility (IVDMD). The data were analyzed according to a randomized block design in split plot scheme, being the silages studied in plots and the periods of air exposure in the split plots, with four replications. It was observed Listeria spp in 65.6% of the high dry matter silage samples, and Listeria monocytogenes occurred in 10.0% of these samples. The high dry matter silage was air unstable and Penicillium, Fusarium e Pithomyces occurrence increased during the air exposition period. These data showed the potential risk that the high dry matter grass silage could represent to the animal and human health. In relation to the fermentation characteristics, it was observed lowest values of amoniacal nitrogen, organic acid, and highest pH values, probably due to the high dry matter content of the silage. The high dry matter silage showed lowest N-NH3/N total values, preserving the crude protein content, probably caused by the low Clostridium activity. The NDIN and ADIN contents increased during the air exposition periods, in function of the microorganism's activity, resulted in high temperature of the high dry matter silage... (Complete abstract, access undermentioned eletronic address) / Orientador: Ruben Pablo Schocken-Iturrino / Coorientador: Ricardo Andrade Reis / Banca: Luis Roberto de Andrade Rodrigues / Banca: Mauro Dal Secco de Oliveira / Banca: Ciniro Costa / Banca: Luciano de Almeida Corrêa / Doutor

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Esta Pesquisa foi conduzida no NÃcleo de Pesquisa em Forragicultura-NPF no Departamento de Zootecnia do Centro de CiÃncias AgrÃrias da Universidade Federal do Cearà (UFC), em Fortaleza, CE. Avaliaram-se as caracterÃsticas bromatolÃgicas e fermentativas das silagens de capim-elefante contendo nÃveis crescentes de adiÃÃo do subproduto do processamento do urucum (SPU), à ensilagem. Foram testados os seguintes tratamentos: T1 â silagem de capim-elefante, T2 â silagem de capimelefante com 4% de SPU, T3 â silagem de capim-elefante com 8% de SPU, T4 â silagem de capim-elefante com 12% de SPU e T5 â silagem de capim-elefante com 16% de SPU, com base na matÃria natural. Utilizou-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetiÃÃes. Como silos experimentais, foram utilizados tambores plÃsticos de 210 L. Determinaram-se os teores de matÃria seca (MS), matÃria orgÃnica (MO), proteÃna bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente Ãcido (FDA), hemicelulose, extrato etÃreo (EE), carboidratos totais (CHOT), carboidratos nÃo fibrosos (CNF), nitrogÃnio insolÃvel em detergente neutro (NIDN, % do N total), nitrogÃnio insolÃvel em detergente Ãcido (NIDA, % do N total), os valores de pH e teores nitrogÃnio amoniacal (N-NH3, % do N total), Ãcido lÃtico, acÃtico, propiÃnico e butÃrico. Verificou-se efeito linear crescente da adiÃÃo de SPU sobre os teores de MS, MO, PB, EE, CNF, valor de pH e teor de Ãcido propiÃnico. NÃo foi verificada diferenÃa significativa entre as silagens quanto aos teores hemicelulose, NIDN (% do N total), Ãcido lÃtico, acÃtico e butÃrico. Para NIDA (% do N total) e N-NH3 (% do N total) houve efeito quadrÃtico e para FDN, FDA e CHOT observou efeito linear decrescente em funÃÃo da adiÃÃo do SPU. Conclui-se que o SPU melhora as caracterÃsticas bromatolÃgicas e fermentativas das silagens, recomendando-se a adiÃÃo de 16%, na matÃria natural, no momento da ensilagem do capim-elefante / This research was carried out at the Forage Research Sector â NPF/DZ/CCA/UFC. The chemical and fermentative characteristics elephant grass silages with increasing levels of annatto by-product processing (ABP) addition at ensiling were evaluated. The following treatments were used: T1 â Elephant grass silage, T2 - Elephant grass silage with 4% of annatto seed by-product processing (ABP), T3 - Elephant grass silage with 8% of ABP, T4 - Elephant grass silage with 12% of ABP and T5 - Elephant grass silage with 16% of ABP, on a fresh matter basis. A randomized completely design with four replicates was adopted. As experimental silos, plastic drums of 210 L were used. The dry matter (DM), the organic matter (OM), the crude protein (CP), the neutral detergent fiber (NDF), the acid detergent fiber (ADF), the hemicelluloses, the ether extract (EE), the total carbohydrates (TC), the non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC), the neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen (NDIN,% total N), the acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN, % total N), the pH values, the ammonia nitrogen (in percentage of the total nitrogen, N-NH3, % total N), the lactic acid, the acetic acid, the butyric acid and the propionic acid levels were determined. A linear increasing effect (P<0.01) of the ABP addition on the DM, OM, CP, EE, NFC, acid propionic levels and on the pH values was verified. There was no significant difference among the silages on the hemicellulose, NDIN (% total N), lactic acid,acetic acid and acid butyric levels. With regard to ADIN (% total N) and N-NH3 (% total N) there was a quadratic effect and to NDF, ADF and TC a decreasing linear effect of the ABP addition was observed. One concludes that ABP improves the chemical and fermentative characteristics of the silages, recommending 16% of addition, in a fresh matter basis, at the elephant grass ensilage

O experimento teve por objetivo avaliar diferentes estratégias de manejo para ensilagem do capim Xaraés (Brachiaria brizantha, Stapf., cv Xaraés), considerando os reflexos destas sobre a composição químico-bromatológica e estabilidade aeróbia das silagens obtidas. Os tratamentos foram assim definidos: Controle - corte e ensilagem; Em - ceifa, emurchecimento (5 horas) e ensilagem; Glifosato 0h+Em - aplicação de glifosato (3 mL/1,5L H2O), ceifa, emurchecimento (5 horas) e ensilagem; Glifosato 24h+Em - aplicação de glifosato, ceifa após aproximadamente 24 horas da aplicação, emurchecimento (5 horas) e ensilagem; Glifosato 72h+Em - aplicação de glifosato, ceifa 72 horas após a aplicação, emurchecimento (5 horas) e ensilagem; Glifosato 72h - aplicação de glifosato, corte 72 horas após a aplicação, e ensilagem. Confirmando a tendência típica de gramíneas tropicais a forragem apresentou, originalmente, baixo teor de MS e de carboidratos solúveis. Características como produtividade, PB, fração fibrosa e digestibilidade apontam para sua utilização como silagem através de alternativas capazes de contornar os problemas relativos a alta umidade. Em relação às características das silagens obtidas, os tratamentos não se mostraram efetivos na elevação do teor de MS aos níveis preconizados, resultando em silagens com alto teor de N-NH3, AGV’s, e redução sensível das frações solúveis em favor das fibrosas. Como conseqüência disto, a estabilidade aeróbia das silagens foi alta, com degradação evidente apenas nas frações fibrosas. De forma geral, o emurchecimento determinou melhoria nas silagens quando comparadas as silagens não emurchecidas (P<0,05), mesmo não tendo sido atingido o teor de MS planejado. A aplicação do glifosato não determinou alterações consistentes em relação às variáveis analisadas (P>0,05), com exceção para a redução da proteólise durante a fermentação. / The trial focused on the management strategies to ensile Xaraés grass (Brachiaria brizantha, Stapf. cv Xaraés) considering side effects on chemical composition and aerobic stability of silages. Treatments were described as follows: Control - cut and ensiled; Em - chopped, wilted (5 hours) and ensiled; Gly0h+EM - glyphosate (3mL/1,5L H2O), chopped, wilted (5 hours) and ensiled; Gly24h+EM - glyphosate, chopped 24 h latter, wilted (5 hours) and ensiled; Gly72h+EM - glyphosate, chopped 72 h latter, wilted (5 hours) and ensiled; Gly72h - glyphosate, cut 72 h latter and ensiled. Forage samples showed low content of DM and soluble carbohydrate which was typical. DM yield, CP, fiber fraction and digestibility, however demonstrated a interesting potential for this forage source which need alternative strategy to overcome the problems related with excessive moisture content. Treatments studied were not effective to improve DM content as planned, resulting in silages containing higher levels of N-NH3, VFA’s, fiber fractions and marked decrease in soluble fractions. Generally, the wilting resulted in better silage quality as compared with the wet silages, even though. The DM goal was not achieved. Glyphosate did not determined, consistent changes on the studied variables, with exception to lower level of proteolysis on the treated silages.