Modular building systems that use only prefabricated parts, sometimes known as building “kits”, first emerged in the 1830s and 1840s in the form of glass and iron roof systems for urban transportation and distribution centers and multi-storey facade systems. Kit systems are still used widely today in the form of curtain wall assemblies for office and condominium towers, yet in all this time the formal flexibility of these systems (their ability to form complex shapes) has not increased greatly. This is in large part due to the fact that the systems still rely on mass-produced components. This lack of flexibility limits the degree to which these systems can be customized for particular contexts and optimized for such things as daylighting or energy efficiency. Digital design and fabrication tools now allow us to create highly flexible building facade systems that can be customized for different contexts as well as optimized for particular performance objectives. This thesis develops a prototype for a flexible facade system using parametric modeling tools. The first part of the thesis looks at how parametric modeling can be used to facilitate building customization and optimization by integrating the acts of design, analysis, fabrication and construction. The second part of the thesis presents the facade system prototype and documents key aspects of its development. The facade system is modeled in Grasshopper 3D, a parametric modeling plug-in for Rhinoceros 3D. The model has built-in analysis tools to help the user optimize the facade for daylighting, energy efficiency, or views within any given context, as well as tools that alert the designer when fabrication or construction constraints are being violated.

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Modular building systems that use only prefabricated parts, sometimes known as building “kits”, first emerged in the 1830s and 1840s in the form of glass and iron roof systems for urban transportation and distribution centers and multi-storey facade systems. Kit systems are still used widely today in the form of curtain wall assemblies for office and condominium towers, yet in all this time the formal flexibility of these systems (their ability to form complex shapes) has not increased greatly. This is in large part due to the fact that the systems still rely on mass-produced components. This lack of flexibility limits the degree to which these systems can be customized for particular contexts and optimized for such things as daylighting or energy efficiency. Digital design and fabrication tools now allow us to create highly flexible building facade systems that can be customized for different contexts as well as optimized for particular performance objectives. This thesis develops a prototype for a flexible facade system using parametric modeling tools. The first part of the thesis looks at how parametric modeling can be used to facilitate building customization and optimization by integrating the acts of design, analysis, fabrication and construction. The second part of the thesis presents the facade system prototype and documents key aspects of its development. The facade system is modeled in Grasshopper 3D, a parametric modeling plug-in for Rhinoceros 3D. The model has built-in analysis tools to help the user optimize the facade for daylighting, energy efficiency, or views within any given context, as well as tools that alert the designer when fabrication or construction constraints are being violated.

N/A / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

The Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona is a peer-reviewed monograph series sponsored by the School of Anthropology. Established in 1959, the series publishes archaeological and ethnographic papers that use contemporary method and theory to investigate problems of anthropological importance in the southwestern United States, Mexico, and related areas.

This thesis is a study of the developmental stages of two species of grasshopper. The primary aims have been to establish the number of nymphal instars in each species, to describe and illustrate the anatomical differences between these instars (both within each species and between the two species), and to report any information obtained on the life histories, habitat preferences and the duration of the egg and nymphal stages of the two species selected. Grasshoppers of the family Acrididae occur throughout New Zealand from sea-level to over 7,000 ft. The known fauna comprises twelve species belonging to six genera. Eleven of these species belong to the endemic genera Sigaus (5 species), Brachaspis (2 species), Paprides (2 species) and Alpinacris (2 species). The genus Phaulacridium is represented by one endemic species, P.marginale, which is closely related to the Australian species P.vittatum (Key, pers. comm.). The only species which is not endemic is the cosmopolitan Locusta migratoria. In this thesis the two species selected for study were Phaulacridium marginale (Walk.) and Sigaus campestris (Hutt.).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2003. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 121 p. : ill., maps (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

This thesis is a study of the developmental stages of two species of grasshopper. The primary aims have been to establish the number of nymphal instars in each species, to describe and illustrate the anatomical differences between these instars (both within each species and between the two species), and to report any information obtained on the life histories, habitat preferences and the duration of the egg and nymphal stages of the two species selected. Grasshoppers of the family Acrididae occur throughout New Zealand from sea-level to over 7,000 ft. The known fauna comprises twelve species belonging to six genera. Eleven of these species belong to the endemic genera Sigaus (5 species), Brachaspis (2 species), Paprides (2 species) and Alpinacris (2 species). The genus Phaulacridium is represented by one endemic species, P.marginale, which is closely related to the Australian species P.vittatum (Key, pers. comm.). The only species which is not endemic is the cosmopolitan Locusta migratoria. In this thesis the two species selected for study were Phaulacridium marginale (Walk.) and Sigaus campestris (Hutt.).

The variability of prehistoric settlements and settlement systems (settlement variability) is a result of the kinds of activities conducted (functional variability) and how long and intensively settlements were occupied (occupational variability). Previous studies of settlement variability, especially in the American Southwest, have emphasized primarily functional variability. This study explores the implications of both functional and occupational variability in contributing to settlement variability and how these factors in turn influence our ability to reconstruct past settlement systems. In investigating the effects of functional and occupational variability on settlement variability, an attempt was made to control the effects of other variables that might possibly contribute to settlement variability. Accordingly, the experimental design for this study required that a sufficient number of archaeological sites of the same developmental stage and cultural affiliation occurring in the same homogeneous environment be located. These design requirements were fulfilled by the discovery of the Pitiful Flats locality located midway between Grasshopper and Cibecue in east-central Arizona. The surface material of 34 archaeological sites (12 lithic sites, 22 ceramic sites) on Pitiful Flats was systematically collected to ensure data comparability. To control further for the effects of functional variability, interpretation-free units of analysis were developed for the lithic and ceramic assemblages by means of taxonomically based typologies. Typological and metric variation in these units of analysis, as well as variation in non-assemblage measurements (site size, density, and distribution of occupational debris), is used as evidence to support conclusions about site-type differences in lithic technology and settlement function, and to develop an occupational history of each Pitiful Flats site. These site-specific inferences provide a basis for reconstructing the structure of an extinct settlement system in the Grasshopper area. This reconstruction suggests that prior to the appearance of masonry architecture in the Grasshopper area, the basic regional settlement system consisted of a small number of "home bases" (permanently occupied habitations) and numerous sporadically occupied "work camps." The home base and work camps were spatially exclusive; the work camps were tethered to a particular home base. The tether settlement system explains many of the facts of the regional archaeological record. It also provides a basis for advancing the hypothesis that a modified form of swidden agriculture (non-slash and burn as opposed to slash and burn) was practiced. This form of cultivation was a non-labor-intensive technique for transforming a marginally productive environment for agricultural purposes. The demographic and social implications of the tether settlement model and the non-slash swidden hypothesis for understanding regional Grasshopper prehistory are also discussed.

SIGRADI 2010. XIV Congreso de la Sociedad Iberomaericana de Gráfica Digital, desarrollados los días 17, 18 y 19 de Noviembre del 2010. Bogotá, Colombia / Since 2008 the preference for using different programming methods (Rhinoscript) had been analyzed using blogs. Searching for answers to explain the negative tendency of this year (from 48,063 to 16,332), a second repository was created (Grasshopper) featuring interactive methods and techniques. It has been discovered that of the five geographic regions analyzed Latin America is the only one that preferred the interactive interface (18% over programming). This shows that we are still keeping a strong dependency on the use of stable and safe technologies over disruptive ones that proved to be more efficient in design and fabrication.