I detta kandidatexamensarbete framställdes ettberäkningsverktyg för ett gravitationsfundament. Ettgravitationsfundament förankrar vindkraftverk i jordoch utnyttjar sin egentyngd för att hålla sig på plats.Syftet med arbetet var att ta fram ett beräkningsverktygsom senare kan användas vid optimering. Målet medarbetet var att implementera fyra kontrollpunkter iberäkningsverktyget som sätter grunden fördimensionering av ett gravitationsfundament.Kontrollpunkterna består av 1) stjälpning, 2) marktryck,3) glidning och vridning samt 4) rotationsstyvhet.Arbetet baserades på parametrisk design vilket är endatadriven process som möjliggör att programmeravisuellt. Ett delmål var att visa möjligheten attmodellera gravitationsfundament parametriskt medhjälp av parametrisk design. Rhinoceros är ett programför ytmodellering som med hjälp av plug-inprogrammet Grasshopper användes vid framtagning avberäkningsverktyget. Grasshopper möjliggör attprogrammera visuellt och parametrisera geometrier. Enfördjupning över hur gravitationsfundamentdimensioneras med hänsyn på de fyrakontrollpunkterna utfördes. Kontrollpunkternaimplementerades i Grasshopper. Arbetet resulterade iett beräkningsverktyg och visar att det går attparametrisera ett gravitationsfundament. / n this bachelor's thesis, a calculation tool for a gravityfoundation was produced. A gravity foundationanchors wind turbines in the ground and uses its ownweight to stay in place. The purpose of the work was todevelop a calculation tool that can later be used foroptimization. The aim of the work was to implementfour control points in the calculation tool that lay thefoundation for dimensioning of a gravitationalfoundation. The control points consist of 1) safetyagainst overturning, 2) ground pressure, 3) sliding andtorsion and 4) rotational stiffness. The work was basedon parametric design, which is a data-driven processthat makes it possible to program visually. Anintermediate goal was to show the possibility ofmodeling gravity foundations parametrically with thehelp of parametric design. Rhinoceros is a program forsurface modeling that was used with the help of theplug-in program Grasshopper in the development ofthe calculation tool. Grasshopper makes it possible toprogram visually and parameterize geometries. An in-depth study of how gravitational foundations aredimensioned with regard to the four control points wasperformed. The control points were implemented inGrasshopper. The work resulted in a calculation tooland shows that it is possible to parameterize a gravityfoundation.

Parametrisk design är en process baserad på algoritm där parametrar och regler styr och definierar utformningen av geometriska former. Denna metod att generera och modifiera geometri har länge använts inom arkitekturen på grund av möjligheten att snabbt skapa mycket komplexa och innovativa strukturer. Förutom skapandet av komplicerad geometri erhålls en värdefull vinst i form av tidsbesparing. Det här examensarbetet genomförs tillsammans med WSP Östersund och avser att undersöka möjligheterna med parametrisk design vid projektering av hallbyggnader. Målet är att med hjälp av parametrisk design skapa en modell som gestaltar konstruktionen av en hallbyggnad och vars utformning kan styras med parametrar. Syftet är att automatisera moment i projekteringen som innefattar repetitiva uppgifter och ändringar och på så sätt effektivisera delar ur projekteringsprocessen. Arbetet omfattar dels litteraturstudier som behandlar parametrisk design och projektering av hallbyggnader. I arbetet ingår också framtagning av en parameterstyrd modell med hjälp av programmering i Grasshopper. Resultatet av studien visar att det är fullt möjligt att med hjälp av parametrisk design skapa en modell av en hallbyggnad vars utformning styrs av parametrar. Användningsmöjligheterna för den framtagna modellen bedöms vara störst i projekteringens tidiga skeden. Anledningen till detta är att modellen inte är speciellt detaljerad och att ändringar i parametrarna bara bestämmer hallens utformning i stort. Bestämmelser som dessa fastslås i projekteringens tidiga skeden. Studien genererade ett resultat som med fördel kan verka som underlag för fortsatta arbeten inom parametrisk design. Modellen har utvecklingspotential, både gällande detaljering och användningsområden. Huruvida användandet av modellen kan effektivisera delar ur projekteringens tidiga skeden har i rapporten inte bevisats, utan resonerats fram med hjälp av diskussionsmaterial gällande modellen. Vidare studier inom området behövs för att styrka detta. / Parametric design is a process based on algorithm where parameters and rules manipulate, define and encode the creation of geometry. This way to generate and modify geometry has long been used by architects due to its ability to create complex and innovative structures very quickly. This final project is a collaboration with WSP Ostersund and intends to investigate the capability of parametric design in the process of modeling an industry hall. By using parametric design, the aim is to create a model of an industry hall whose formation can be modified by parameters. The purpose is to make the process of modeling more effective by automate parts of the process that include repetitive and modification work. The project includes reviews of literature within the subject of parametric design and the process of designing industry halls. It also includes the creation of a parametric model through visual programming in Grasshopper. The results of this project proved that parametric design is a solution to manage create a parametric model that present the structure of an industry hall. Because this model exclusively includes the buildings framework and parameters merely adjust the formation in general, the model is most likely useful in the early stages of project planning. The results of this study can advantageously serve as a basis for futured project within the theme parametric design, and the model can furthermore be developed in many ways. This study does not show any evidence that the use of this model can automate and streamline the early stages of the design process, it´s more an assumption established on the result. Further studies are required to prove that the model can lead to an efficiency of the modeling process. / <p>Betyg 210118</p>

Cranial and post-cranial non-metric variants are used to examine 664 individuals from the Grasshopper Pueblo skeletal series. The pueblo was inhabited from the 12th to the 14th century A.D. A variety of statistical analyses are utilized to examine patterns of morphological variation which can be used to assess whether biological differences can be demonstrated on the basis of non-metric trait frequencies. All traits are examined for frequency of occurrence, and trait frequencies are then tested to determine if they vary by side of the body, sex, age, type of cranial deformation or association with one another. A series of skeletons are re-tested in order to test intra- and inter-observer reliability. A refined list of traits developed from these analyses is then used to examine trait frequency distributions among the three major room blocks at the site. The full battery of traits used in this study are found to be free of the effects of side of the body, sex, type of cranial deformation and associations with one another, but are affected slightly by age. Intra- and inter-rater reliability are low for this sample and battery of traits. The conclusion is that individuals from the Pueblo do not aggregate into groups which are distinguishable on the basis of non-metric traits.

No description available.

Differently from other regions in the Planet, since 2010, in Latin America textual programming language (Rhinoscripting) is being replaced by its visual equivalent (Grasshopper). This is a consequence of our preference for an interactive platform, and because our design problems are not as complex, so we aim to control geometrical problems or aspects belonging to an product scale instead of an architectural one. Problems emerging when creating code could be improved by modifying and reusing existing solutions as a starting point, since learning would not be centered in the object but in the process of creating it, using a suitable instrument.

Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on Feb 18, 2010). The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Thesis advisor: Dr. Mark R. Ryan and Mike Hubbard. Includes bibliographical references.

No description available.

This paper presents research on isolated human remains from Grasshopper Pueblo and analyzes the processes by which bone becomes displaced from burials. Isolated human bone has never been systematically examined, which represents a significant gap in the study of the prehistoric American Southwest. This research is important because it is the first determination of the pattern of isolated bone found at an archaeological site and the formation processes that are responsible. It is also relevant for the creation of a standard isolated bone methodology and because it enables a better understanding of burial assemblages and anomalous assemblages of culturally modified bone.Subadults dominate the assemblage and larger elements are better represented than smaller elements. Most of the modifications present are postmortem but perimortem breakage and toolmarks are also present. This research produced a baseline of detailed data on isolated human bone in which patterns and anomalies can be inferred; the results suggest multiple causes of the isolation of the specimens, including prehistoric cultural disturbance, rodent disturbance, and the process of excavation.

Byggbranschen tampas idag med problem inom bland annat effektivisering, underbyggande av beslut och kommunikation. Under en detaljplaneprocess ska flera aktörer samarbeta för att tillsammans komma fram till ett förslag som uppfyller en mängd krav på bästa sätt. Traditionella arbetsmetoder gör framtagning av analyser tidskrävande och svårförstått. Parametriska designverktyg tillåter snabb, interaktiv modellering och skulle avsevärt kunna underlätta byggbranschens utmaningar men det saknas idag utredning om vilket behov på sådana verktyg som finns och hur dessa behov borde uppfyllas.  Syftet med examensarbetet är att öka förståelsen för varför ett parametriskt designverktyg behövs i utvecklingen av byggprocessen samt utforska hur ett sådant verktyg kan utformas. Målet är att fylla en del av den kunskapslucka som finns för hur parametriska designverktyg upplevs av aktörer med yrkesrollen arkitekt, beställare och kommun samt vilket behov som finns för parametriska designverktyg. Därtill är målet också att producera ett förslag till fortsatt utveckling av parametriska designverktyg. För att uppnå målen genomfördes en fallstudie av verktyget Volymskissaren. Studien är en induktiv, kvalitativ fallstudie med utforskande art där de olika aktörerna intervjuades för att undersöka behov och utvecklingspotential med parametriska designverktyg. Kvaliteten på intervjuerna säkerställdes genom att först utföra en intervjumetodikstudie. Intervjuerna hölls sedan via videosamtal. Intervjudata transkriberades och analyserades.  Resultatet konstaterar att det finns ett behov av parametriska designverktyg i detaljplaneprocessen. Framförallt är det behov av att snabbt och enkelt kunna producera multipla skisser med tillhörande analyser för att kunna underbygga beslut, kunna ändra dessa interaktivt och ett behov av bättre kommunikation än traditionella metoder. Aktörerna anser i dagsläget att verktyget är väl lämpat för att möta behov av bland annat förbättrad kommunikation, iteration, analysering och kunskapsutbyte men att verktyget är något begränsande och att det finns ett motstånd till denna typ av arbetsmetod. Föreslagen utformning utgår från det aktuella verktyget och inkluderar ett antal utvecklingssteg såsom fler tekniska element, analyser och utökad möjlighet för kommunikation och förståelse. En förändring av arbetsprocessen föreslås också för optimal användning av parametriska designverktyg i detaljplaneprocessen.

For most taxa, maximizing fitness depends on maintaining access to adequate resources. Territories provide exclusive use of resources for an individual or a family group, thus facilitating successful reproduction. The economic defensibility of a territory depends on the quality, abundance, and distribution of its resources as well as the amount of competition that an individual must endure to maintain exclusive access. The benefits of defense must outweigh the costs for territoriality to be profitable. Territory owners may benefit from territories with high quality resources, but they also may incur greater costs defending these resources from competitors. In contrast, territories with poor quality resources provide fewer benefits to an owner but also may have fewer competitors vying for those resources. Resource quality may change over time, especially in habitats in which periodic ecological disturbances, such as fire, occur. As a result, the cost-benefit equation of defensibility also changes over time. The Florida Grasshopper Sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum floridanus), an Endangered subspecies, is a habitat specialist endemic to the Florida dry prairie, a pyrogenic ecosystem found only in south-central Florida. As a result A. s. floridanus has evolved with frequent fires and its demography is strongly influenced by the structural habitat characteristics, such as sparse woody vegetation and large amounts of bare ground that occur with frequent fire. The objective of my study was to determine what factors associated with fire (i.e. habitat structure and prey abundance) affected the "decisions" of male A. s. floridanus to defend a territory. I hypothesized that fire and the resources resulting from fire would have an impact on territory size and placement. I predicted that territories in more recently burned habitat would be of higher quality and that sparrows would avoid areas with a longer time since fire. I conducted my study at Kissimmee Prairie Preserve State Park in Okeechobee County, FL. One half of my 100-ha study plot had experienced two growing seasons since the last fire and the remaining half had experienced only a single growing season since fire at the start of my study. I mapped territories of all males within my study plot twice over the breeding season; once during the early season (nest building and incubation) and once during the late season (nestling and fledgling stages). In addition, during each survey I collected arthropods and surveyed vegetation composition within territories and at random, unoccupied points within the study plot. I compared the differences between the habitat characteristics of territories and unoccupied areas, the differences between the territories of the males that occupied the two-year rough and those in the one-year rough, males that abandoned their territories mid-season and those that remained in the study plot, and the seasonal changes in territory characteristics between the early and late season territories of males that persisted. My results indicate that A. s. floridanus selects certain habitat characteristics in which to place territories. Males preferred areas with fewer shrubs and more bare ground, which is consistent with previous studies. Prey biomass did not differ between territories and unoccupied areas. Nonetheless, although the mean mass of individual arthropods was larger in unoccupied areas, the numerical abundance of orthopterans, damselflies, and spiders was significantly higher in territories than in unoccupied areas. Sparrows were more likely to abandon their territories if they occurred in the two-year rough as opposed to the one-year rough. Territories in the two-year rough were significantly larger, had poorer quality habitat, and tended to have less prey than those in the one-year rough. The sparrows that persisted throughout the season significantly increased their territory size in the late season; however, very little spatial shift occurred, suggesting that they merely increased their territory size rather than moved to new sites. Early-season territories in the one-year rough were completely exclusive, but late season territories showed considerable overlap, suggesting lack of defense and a shift toward home ranges as opposed to exclusive territories. The habitat quality in late-season territories decreased (more shrubs, less bare ground) from the early season. Unexpectedly, however, the biomass of prey increased. This increase coincides with an increased demand for prey because sparrows are provisioning young. It seems likely that the costs of defense increase at this time because time and energy spent in defense come at the expense of time spent provisioning young. Because prey increases in the late season, the need to defend exclusive territories may decline.