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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
101

Mécanique statistique des systèmes auto-gravitants / Statistical mechanics of self-gravitating systems

Champion, Maxime 29 June 2015 (has links)
L’étude des systèmes avec interactions gravitationnelles à l’aide des outils de la mécanique statistique repose jusqu’à présent sur l’utilisation d’une approximation de type champ moyen, qui néglige par construction les effets à courte portée de l’interaction. Pour commencer, je décris cette approximation dans son contexte historique, à savoir le modèle de la sphère isotherme. Puis, dans le cadre de la mécanique statistique du problème à N -corps, j’introduis un système de sphères dures massives, qui permet de s’affranchir de l’effondrement du système de points matériels. La validité de l’approche hydrostatique est discutée dans l’ensemble microcanonique, en introduisant une limite d’échelle adéquate.Cette étude permet de mettre en avant les critères de validité pour l’approche hydrostatique, et de constater qu’ils peuvent être mis en défaut dans les systèmes astrophysiques de type amas globulaire. Pour mieux les comprendre et les illustrer, je me concentre ensuite sur l’étude d’un modèle de bâtonnets durs massifs à une dimension, dont l’avantage est de permettre tous les calculs analytiques des différentes grandeurs statistiques. Ainsi, je mets en évidence comment l’approche de type champ moyen est mise en défaut pour certains états effondrés.Enfin, dans le but de tenter de décrire des amas globulaires, je développe un modèle comprenant des étoiles célibataires et des étoiles binaires. Ce modèle reproduit bien les effets qualitatifs attendus, et il constitue une première correction satisfaisante au modèle historique de la sphère isotherme. Je met aussi en évidence l’absence d’équilibre thermodynamique au sens strict pour les systèmes considérés. En conclusion, je réalise une discussion succincte de certains éléments dynamiques du problème. / The study of systems with gravitational interactions with the tools of mechanics statistics was based so far on the use of a mean-field approximation, which neglect by construction effects of the short-range interaction. To begin, I describe this approximation in its historical context, namely the model of isothermal sphere. Then, as part of statistical mechanics of many-body problem, I introduce a system of massive hard spheres, which overcomes the collapse of the point partcile system. The validity of the hydrostatic approach is discussed in the microcanonical ensemble, by introducing an appropriate scaling limit.This study helps to highlight conditions of validity of the the hydrostatic approach and show that those conditions may prove defective in astrophysical systems such globular clusters. To better understand and illustrate this point, I focus on the study of a model of massive hard sticks in one dimension, which has the advantage of allowing all analytical calculations of various statistical quantities. Thus, I highlight how the mean field type approach can be wrong for some collapsed states.Finally, in an attempt to describe globular clusters, I develop a model consisting of single stars and binaries stars systems. This model reproduces the expected qualitative effects, and is a good first correction of the historical model of the isothermal sphere. I also highlight the absence of thermodynamic equilibrium in the strict sense for the systems we study. In conclusion, I realize a brief discussion of some dynamical issues.
102

Recherche de signaux d'ondes gravitationnelles transitoires de longue durée avec les données des détecteurs advanced Virgo et advanced LIGO / Search for long duration transient gravitational waves using the data from advanced LIGO and advanced Virgo

Frey, Valentin 10 September 2018 (has links)
Cette thèse présente les résultats de la recherche de signaux d'ondes gravitationnelles transitoires de longue durée dans les données des deux premiers runs d'observation des détecteurs advanced LIGO et advanced Virgo. Ces ondes sont principalement émises par des étoiles à neutrons ou des trous noirs impliqués dans des phénomènes violents. Pour certaines sources, une modélisation impliquant une dynamique complexe et des instabilités hydrodynamiques peut prédire grossièrement la forme d'onde. Mais de manière générale, seulement l'information approximative sur la durée et la bande de fréquence est utilisée pour définir les limites de l'espace des paramètres de la recherche. Une méthode d'analyse temps-fréquence robuste aux incertitudes de la modélisation des signaux a donc été développé. En combinant les données de deux détecteurs de façon cohérente, la méthode permet de différencier les signaux recherchés du bruit de fond non gaussien des détecteurs. En l'absence de détection, nous avons placé des limites supérieures sur l'énergie émise et le taux attendu pour ces sources. Une recherche du signal attendu après la fusion de deux étoiles à neutrons observé en août 2017 (GW170817) a également était faite dans l'hypothèse où une étoile à neutrons supre-massive a été formée. Aucun signal n'a été identifié et j'ai montré que des détecteurs un ordre de grandeur plus sensibles auraient été nécessaires pour détecter un tel signal. / This thesis shows the results of the search of long duration transient gravitational waves using the data from the first two observation runs of advanced LIGO and advanced Virgo detectors. These long duration gravitational waves are mainly emitted by neutrons stars or black hole involved in extreme phenomena. For some sources, a modeling involving a complex dynamics and hydrodynamic instabilities can predict roughly the waveform. Nevertheless, for the general case, only a partial informations on the duration and frequency band are used to limits the parameters space. A time-frequency analysis, sturdy enough to modeling incertitude, has been developed and applied to the data. Combining data from two detectors in a coherent way, the analysis can distinguish between signal and detector's non gaussian background noise. In the absence of detection, we have placed upper limits on the energy emitted and the expected rate for these sources. A search for the expected signal emitted by the object created after the neutron stars coalescence and merger observed in August 2017 (GW170817) was also made assuming a supra-massive neutron star was created and survived hundred of seconds after the merger. No signal has been found and we have shown that detectors of an order of magnitude more sensible would have been required to detect a signal from this source.
103

Light propagation in the Solar System for astrometry on sub-micro-arcsecond level

Zschocke, Sven 02 September 2020 (has links)
We report on recent advancement in the theory of light propagation in the Solar System aiming at sub-micro-arcsecond level of accuracy: (1) A solution for the light ray in 1.5PN approximation has been obtained in the field of N arbitrarily moving bodies of arbitrary shape, inner structure, oscillations, and rotational motion. (2) A solution for the light ray in 2PN approximation has been obtained in the field of one arbitrarily moving pointlike body.
104

Toward understanding of the complete thermal history of the universe : probing the early universe by gravitation

Watanabe, Yuki 02 June 2010 (has links)
Gravitational waves are truly transparent to matter in the Universe and carry the information of the very early epoch. We show that the energy density spectrum of the primordial gravitational waves has characteristic features due to the successive changes in the relativistic degrees of freedom during the radiation era. Our calculations are solely based on the standard model of cosmology and particle physics, and therefore these features must exist. Our calculations significantly improve the previous ones which ignored these effects and predicted a smooth, featureless spectrum. Going back in time to the beginning of the radiation era, reheating of the Universe must have taken place after inflation for primordial nucleosynthesis to begin. We show that reheating occurs spontaneously in a broad class of inflation models with [scientific symbols] gravity (Ø is inflaton). The model does not require explicit couplings between Ø and bosonic or fermionic matter fields. The couplings arise spontaneously when Ø settles in the vacuum expectation value (vev) and oscillates. This mechanism allows inflaton quanta to decay into any fields which are not conformally invariant in [scientific symbols] gravity theories. Applying the above method, we study implications of the large-N species solution to the hierarchy problem, proposed by G. Dvali, for reheating after inflation. We show that, in this scenario, the decay rates of inflaton fields through gravitational decay channels are enhanced by a factor of N, and thus they decay into N species of the quantum fields very efficiently. Without violating energy conservation, cosmological consideration places non-trivial constraints on Dvali's solution to the hierarchy problem. Going back in time still further, we study the period just before the beginning of reheating, the era of coherent oscillation of scalar fields. We show that non-Gaussian primordial curvature perturbations appear temporarily in the coherent oscillation phase after multi-field inflation. We directly solve the evolution equation of non-Gaussianity on super-horizon scales caused by the non-linear influence of entropy perturbations on the curvature perturbations during this phase. We show that our approach precisely matches with the so-called "separate universe approach" or "δN formalism" by studying a simple quadratic two-field potential. / text
105

Algèbres de Kac-Moody et théorie M/Kac-Moody Algebras in M-theory

de Buyl, Sophie 16 June 2006 (has links)
Ma thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre de l'unification des interactions fondamentales, dans lequel la théorie quantique de la gravitation devrait trouver une formulation cohérente. La piste la plus prometteuse dans cette voie semble être celle de la théorie M dont le groupe de symétrie a été conjecturé être le groupe de Kac-Moody. Diverses indications reliant cette théorie à des algèbres de Kac-Moody de type g++ proviennent de l’étude des théories de la gravitation couplée à des p-formes et des dilatons. En particulier, la dynamique du champs de gravitation à l’approche d’une singularité de type espace est contrôlée par le groupe de Weyl de ces algèbres (et interprétée comme le mouvement d’une particule libre sans masse sur un billard). Nous avons étudié la limite BKL dans le contexte des cosmologies homogènes en terme de billard einsteiniens. Notre analyse confirme la restauration du comportement chaotique du champ gravitationnel lorsque la métrique est non – diagonale, en toutes les dimensions D d’espace-temps telles que 4<D<11. Des sous - algèbres infini - dimensionnelles des algèbres g++ apparaissent naturellement dans ce cadre. En utilisant les propriétés des billards, nous avons déterminé la dimension maximale ainsi que le contenu en champs des théories de la gravitation qui, en D=3, se réduisent à la gravité couplée à une réalisation non linéaire du quotient G/K où G est un groupe de Lie simple non maximalement déployé et K son sous-groupe compact maximal. Les billards peuvent être de volume fini ou infini. Dans ce dernier cas, la dynamique asymptotique du champ de gravitation (et des dilatons) est chaotique. Si le billard est identifiable à la chambre fondamentale de Weyl d’une algèbre de Kac-Moody, le critère pour que la dynamique asymptotique soit chaotique est que l’algèbre de Kac-Moody soit hyperbolique. Nous avons identifié toutes les algèbres hyperboliques résultant d’une théorie de la gravitation couplée à des p-formes et des dilatons. Pour chacune de ces algèbres, nous avons écrit un Lagrangien en dimension maximale. On obtient des actions explicitement invariantes sous les groupes de Kac-Moody G++ (ou G+++) en copiant les modèles sigma décrivant un mouvement géodésique sur une variété homogène de type G++/K(G++) où K(G++) est le sous-groupe compact maximal de G++. Le lien entre cette construction et les théories de la gravitation couplée à des p-formes et dilatons n'est pas encore établi mais certaines connexions ont été mises en évidence. - Nous avons inclus les fermions dans les actions invariantes sous G++. De plus, nous nous sommes intéressés à vérifier la compatibilité des fermions avec les symétries cachées en D=3. Nous avons étudié le comportement des fermions la limite BKL dans le langage des billards. - Dans le cadre des théories invariantes sous G+++, les réflexions de Weyl peuvent s’interpréter comme des dualités entre théorie des cordes. Ces dualités peuvent changer la signature de l’espace-temps en des signatures exotiques ; nous avons obtenu toutes les signatures provenant ainsi d’une signature Lorentzienne.
106

Kinematics and Dynamics of Giant Stars in the Solar Neighbourhood

Famaey, Benoit 29 September 2004 (has links)
We study the motion of giant stars in the Solar neighbourhood and what they tell us about the dynamics of the Galaxy: we thus contribute to the huge project of understanding the structure and evolution of the Galaxy as a whole. We present a kinematic analysis of 5952 K and 739 M giant stars which includes for the first time radial velocity data from an important survey performed with the CORAVEL spectrovelocimeter at the Observatoire de Haute Provence. Parallaxes from the Hipparcos catalogue and proper motions from the Tycho-2 catalogue are also used. A maximum-likelihood method, based on a bayesian approach, is applied to the data, in order to make full use of all the available stars, and to derive the kinematic properties of the subgroups forming a rich small-scale structure in velocity space. Isochrones in the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram reveal a very wide range of ages for stars belonging to these subgroups, which are thus most probably related to the dynamical perturbation by transient spiral waves rather than to cluster remnants. A possible explanation for the presence of young group/clusters in the same area of velocity space is that they have been put there by the spiral wave associated with their formation, while the kinematics of the older stars of our sample has also been disturbed by the same wave. The emerging picture is thus one of "dynamical streams" pervading the Solar neighbourhood and travelling in the Galaxy with a similar spatial velocity. The term "dynamical stream" is more appropriate than the traditional term "supercluster" since it involves stars of different ages, not born at the same place nor at the same time. We then discuss, in the light of our results, the validity of older evaluations of the Solar motion in the Galaxy. We finally argue that dynamical modeling is essential for a better understanding of the physics hiding behind the observed kinematics. An accurate axisymmetric model of the Galaxy is a necessary starting point in order to understand the true effects of non-axisymmetric perturbations such as spiral waves. To establish such a model, we develop new galactic potentials that fit some fundamental parameters of the Milky Way. We also develop new component distribution functions that depend on three analytic integrals of the motion and that can represent realistic stellar disks.
107

MEASURING NEUTRON STAR RADII VIA PULSE PROFILE MODELING WITH NICER

Özel, Feryal, Psaltis, Dimitrios, Arzoumanian, Zaven, Morsink, Sharon, Bauböck, Michi 18 November 2016 (has links)
The Neutron-star Interior Composition Explorer is an X-ray astrophysics payload that will be placed on the International Space Station. Its primary science goal is to measure with high accuracy the pulse profiles that arise from the non-uniform thermal surface emission of rotation-powered pulsars. Modeling general relativistic effects on the profiles will lead to measuring the radii of these neutron stars and to constraining their equation of state. Achieving this goal will depend, among other things, on accurate knowledge of the source, sky, and instrument backgrounds. We use here simple analytic estimates to quantify the level at which these backgrounds need to be known in order for the upcoming measurements to provide significant constraints on the properties of neutron stars. We show that, even in the minimal-information scenario, knowledge of the background at a few percent level for a background-to-source countrate ratio of 0.2 allows for a measurement of the neutron star compactness to better than 10% uncertainty for most of the parameter space. These constraints improve further when more realistic assumptions are made about the neutron star emission and spin, and when additional information about the source itself, such as its mass or distance, are incorporated.
108

Gravitation conforme

Bouchami, Jihène January 2007 (has links)
Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.
109

Giant graviton oscillators

Mathwin, C. R. 30 July 2013 (has links)
A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science. 14 May 2013 / We study the action of the dilatation operator on restricted Schur polynomials labeled by Young diagrams with p long columns or p long rows. A new version of Schur-Weyl duality provides a powerful approach to the computation and manipulation of the symmetric group operators appearing in the restricted Schur polynomials. Using this new technology, we are able to evaluate the action of the one loop dilatation operator. The result has a direct and natural connection to the Gauss Law constraint for branes with a compact world volume. Generalzing previous results, we find considerable evidence that the dilatation operator reduces to a decoupled set of harmonic oscillators. This strongly suggests that integrability in N = 4 super Yang-Mills theory is not just a feature of the planar limit, but extends to other large N but non-planar limits.
110

The simplest gauge-string duality

Nkumane, Lwazi Khethukuthula January 2015 (has links)
A dissertation submitted to the University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Science in ful lment of the academic requirements of the degree of Master of Science. Johannesburg, 2015. / The gauge/gravity correspondence is a conjectured exact duality between quantum eld theories and theories of quantum gravity. A very simple gauge/string duality, claims an equivalence between the Gaussian matrix model and the topological A-model string theory on P1. In this dissertation we study this duality, proposing concrete operators in the matrix model that are dual to gravitational descendants of the puncture operator of the topological string theory. We test our proposal by showing that a large number of matrix model correlators are in complete agreement with correlators in the dual topological string theory. Contact term interactions, as proposed by Gopakumar and Pius, play an interesting and non-trivial role in the duality.

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