This thesis spotlights eleven formative moments or ‘events' in the history of twentieth-century art music in Greece. They date from 1908 to 1979 and are ordered by two master narratives, the ‘Great Idea' and the ‘European Idea', concepts with multifarious implications for the making of contemporary Greece. The nature of the musical works presented during these events, the particular kind of reception they received, the debates they generated, and the role their composers hoped they would play in the construction of a contemporary Greek musical identity are some of the indicative issues that will be discussed, and always in relation to the prevailing political and social context. More specifically, I will try to show by way of these events how politics and culture were inextricably tied together. In some cases the events directly mirrored the political divisions and social tensions of their time, while in others they formed an easy (‘innocent') prey to political agendas – indigenous and foreign – that were at some remove from matters aesthetic. The discussion of these historical moments in the concert life of Greece is partly based on secondary sources, but it is also supported by extensive archival research. It is hoped that both the general approach and the new findings will enrich and update the existing literature in English, and that they may even serve to stimulate further research in the music history of other countries located in the so-called margins of Europe.

Greece experienced a musical revolution in the fifth century BC which modern scholars call the “New Music” movement. The movement was encouraged by Greek culture which embraced change and innovation. Under the “New Musicians,” those individuals involved in the movement, many traditional elements of music were changed or discarded. The most prominent place in which to understand the change in musical styles is the nomic and dithyrambic genres: both genres allowed musicians a great range in creativity to the extent that innovations in the nomoi made their way into the dithyramb. The change to traditional music was not always warmly accepted. Instead, while the demos enjoyed the new style of music the aristocracy derided its existence. The split between the demotic and aristocratic views of music may be seen especially in the attitude towards and purpose of the aulos and kithara in fifth-century Athens. Moreover, since the attitude of the aristocrats differed from that of the working-class musicians, we are able to see that the traditionally-minded aristocracy saw music as a gift from the gods while the working musicians saw the instruments and their musical sound as “tools.” The New Music movement was encouraged by Greek society which rewarded novelty and innovation. As Athens grew to become a cultural hot spot in the fifth century, more people saw the incentive to becoming professional musicians; original music would be rewarded either by fame and glory of the festivals or by financial remuneration. As a result, a primitive “entertainment industry” arose at Athens and propelled the new-style musicians to pursue their original compositions in their professional careers. The New Music movement also encouraged the study of music, particularly the study of musical ethics. In addition to having a status as a cultural hot spot, Athens also attracted numerous philosophers and other intellectuals. Those intellectuals contributed to the debate about the function and value of music. As the New Musicians’ popularity increased and the new style of music exerted an influence on the education system, emphasis was placed on the importance of the text and the development of the capacity to judge music. As a result, many philosophers and music theorists debated the moral aspect of music, now called the concept of musical ethos. The concept of musical ethos demonstrates that both philosophers and musicians studied music with a view to determining the most effective music for eliciting a response from the audience. Through a study of the ancient literature, most of which deals with music only incidentally, we will be able to understand how the New Music movement was encouraged by Greek culture, given an incentive by fifth-century society, and studied by some of the most brilliant philosophers and musicians Greek history has known. / February 2009

Greece experienced a musical revolution in the fifth century BC which modern scholars call the “New Music” movement. The movement was encouraged by Greek culture which embraced change and innovation. Under the “New Musicians,” those individuals involved in the movement, many traditional elements of music were changed or discarded. The most prominent place in which to understand the change in musical styles is the nomic and dithyrambic genres: both genres allowed musicians a great range in creativity to the extent that innovations in the nomoi made their way into the dithyramb. The change to traditional music was not always warmly accepted. Instead, while the demos enjoyed the new style of music the aristocracy derided its existence. The split between the demotic and aristocratic views of music may be seen especially in the attitude towards and purpose of the aulos and kithara in fifth-century Athens. Moreover, since the attitude of the aristocrats differed from that of the working-class musicians, we are able to see that the traditionally-minded aristocracy saw music as a gift from the gods while the working musicians saw the instruments and their musical sound as “tools.” The New Music movement was encouraged by Greek society which rewarded novelty and innovation. As Athens grew to become a cultural hot spot in the fifth century, more people saw the incentive to becoming professional musicians; original music would be rewarded either by fame and glory of the festivals or by financial remuneration. As a result, a primitive “entertainment industry” arose at Athens and propelled the new-style musicians to pursue their original compositions in their professional careers. The New Music movement also encouraged the study of music, particularly the study of musical ethics. In addition to having a status as a cultural hot spot, Athens also attracted numerous philosophers and other intellectuals. Those intellectuals contributed to the debate about the function and value of music. As the New Musicians’ popularity increased and the new style of music exerted an influence on the education system, emphasis was placed on the importance of the text and the development of the capacity to judge music. As a result, many philosophers and music theorists debated the moral aspect of music, now called the concept of musical ethos. The concept of musical ethos demonstrates that both philosophers and musicians studied music with a view to determining the most effective music for eliciting a response from the audience. Through a study of the ancient literature, most of which deals with music only incidentally, we will be able to understand how the New Music movement was encouraged by Greek culture, given an incentive by fifth-century society, and studied by some of the most brilliant philosophers and musicians Greek history has known.

Greece experienced a musical revolution in the fifth century BC which modern scholars call the “New Music” movement. The movement was encouraged by Greek culture which embraced change and innovation. Under the “New Musicians,” those individuals involved in the movement, many traditional elements of music were changed or discarded. The most prominent place in which to understand the change in musical styles is the nomic and dithyrambic genres: both genres allowed musicians a great range in creativity to the extent that innovations in the nomoi made their way into the dithyramb. The change to traditional music was not always warmly accepted. Instead, while the demos enjoyed the new style of music the aristocracy derided its existence. The split between the demotic and aristocratic views of music may be seen especially in the attitude towards and purpose of the aulos and kithara in fifth-century Athens. Moreover, since the attitude of the aristocrats differed from that of the working-class musicians, we are able to see that the traditionally-minded aristocracy saw music as a gift from the gods while the working musicians saw the instruments and their musical sound as “tools.” The New Music movement was encouraged by Greek society which rewarded novelty and innovation. As Athens grew to become a cultural hot spot in the fifth century, more people saw the incentive to becoming professional musicians; original music would be rewarded either by fame and glory of the festivals or by financial remuneration. As a result, a primitive “entertainment industry” arose at Athens and propelled the new-style musicians to pursue their original compositions in their professional careers. The New Music movement also encouraged the study of music, particularly the study of musical ethics. In addition to having a status as a cultural hot spot, Athens also attracted numerous philosophers and other intellectuals. Those intellectuals contributed to the debate about the function and value of music. As the New Musicians’ popularity increased and the new style of music exerted an influence on the education system, emphasis was placed on the importance of the text and the development of the capacity to judge music. As a result, many philosophers and music theorists debated the moral aspect of music, now called the concept of musical ethos. The concept of musical ethos demonstrates that both philosophers and musicians studied music with a view to determining the most effective music for eliciting a response from the audience. Through a study of the ancient literature, most of which deals with music only incidentally, we will be able to understand how the New Music movement was encouraged by Greek culture, given an incentive by fifth-century society, and studied by some of the most brilliant philosophers and musicians Greek history has known.

The extant ancient Greek treatises on music show very striking similarities regarding the explanation of music theory, although they span a time period of seven centuries. The aim of this thesis is to prove that these similarities were not caused by the missing development of music, but rather by the habit of ancient musicologists, who seem to have preferred the information contained in their sources, however old they were, to the description of real musical practice. In this respect Aristides Quintilianus, an author of the 3rd century AD, who wrote three books On music, was not different. This thesis includes an explanation of the development of music as it is depicted by contemporary non-musicological writers and notational diagrams, then presents the work of Aristides Quintilianus per se as well as in the context of the other ancient Greek musicological research. There is also a translation and a commentary on Aristides's first book, where the musical changes should be present. Finally, by a comparison of some parallel passages found in Aristides's first book and in the rest of the extant musicological treatises, Aristides's sources are exposed.

La thèse examine la relation entre geste et écriture dans les 32 Pièces pour piano (1940) de Skalkottas. Après identification des nombreuses influences perceptibles dans le corpus, une étude approfondie de la notation pianistique particulière du compositeur est proposée. Pourquoi les 32 Pièces pour piano sont-elles peu jouées ? La réponse argumentée repose sur la difficulté technique. L’interrogation sur le geste pianistique approprié est ainsi rendue légitime. Le terme procédé compositionnel est proposé pour rendre compte d’habitudes d’écriture dont le compositeur hérite des grands maitres du passé ; ces procédés ne sont pas en eux-mêmes notables, mais le deviennent quand ils sont combinés au geste pianistique pour l’articulation formelle des pièces. La problématique que nous proposons d’élucider, à travers l’analyse combinée des gestes pianistiques et des procédés compositionnels, est sous-tendue par l'évolution de la relation entre l’aspect physique et l’écriture, l'une ou l'autre dimension prenant le dessus. Les symboles proposés par Sandor, dans sa méthode, sont récupérés et complétés par d’autres symboles, afin de permettre une analyse gestuelle des 32 Pièces. Ils sont ensuite combinés à des symboles proposés par l’auteure, rendant compte des procédés compositionnels relevés. L’analyse d’un choix de pièces culmine à la proposition du terme distillation, mettant l’accent sur l’assimilation organique des influences de la part de Skalkottas. La question d'une éventuelle organisation cyclique de l’œuvre est aussi traitée. Le Vol. II propose une édition critique complète des 32 Pièces, fondée sur la comparaison détaillée des deux manuscrits existants. Des entretiens avec des pianistes ayant interprété les pièces complètent le travail. / The thesis examines the relationship between gesture and composition in the 32 Piano Pièces (1940) by Skalkottas. Following the identification of the various influences perceptible in the corpus, a thorough study of the pianistic notation of the composer is undertaken. Why are the 32 Piano Pièces not often performed? The answer is their technical difficulty. The legitimacy of an in-depth study of the appropriate pianistic gesture for their interpretation is thus confirmed. The term compositional procedure is proposed to describe composing techniques in Skalkottas’s work, which can be traced back to great masters of the past. These are not noteworthy per se, but become so when they are combined with pianistic gestures for the formal articulation of the pieces. The research question we propose to examine, through the combined analysis of pianistic gestures and compositional procedures, is supported by the evolution of the relationship between the two dimensions, the physical and the written aspect. The symbols in Sandor’s pianistic method are retrieved, completed by other symbols and applied in a gestural analysis of the 32 Piano Pieces. They are then combined with new symbols proposed by the author, designating compositional procedures. A selection of pieces is analyzed, culminating in the suggestion of the term distillation, to highlight how Skalkottas organically assimilated various influences. The question of whether the corpus constitutes a pianistic cycle or not, is also examined. Vol. II contains a complete critical edition of the 32 Piano Pieces, based on the detailed comparison of the two existing autograph manuscripts. The thesis is accompanied by interviews with pianists who have performed the pieces.

This thesis offers a technically informed examination of Plato's pervasive, though not innocent, use of musical theory, practice and musical concepts more generally within the ambitious ethical project outlined in many of his dialogues: fostering the ‘excellence' of the soul. Starting from Republic 3, Chapter 1 will focus specifically on music stricto sensu in order to assess Plato's interpretation of the basic ‘building blocks' of musical performances, creating a core repertoire of musical concepts that will prepare the way to analyse Plato's use of musical terms or categories in areas that, at first sight, do not appear to be immediately connected to this art, such as politics, ethics and psychology. Chapter 2 examines a selection of passages from Laws 2 concerning the concept of musical beauty and its role in ethical education, demonstrating how Plato's definition is far from being moralistic and, instead, pays close attention to the technical performative aspects of dramatic musical representations. Chapter 3 looks first at the harmonic characterisation of the two central virtues of the ideal city, sophrosyne and dikaiosyne, showing how their musical depictions are not purely metaphoric: on the contrary, Plato exploited their cultural implications to emphasise the characteristics and the functions of these virtues in the ideal constitution. The second half of Chapter 3 analyses the Platonic portrayal of musical παρανομία, studying both its educational and psychological repercussions in the dialogue and in relations to contemporary Athenian musical practices. Chapter 4 looks at how different types of music may be used to create an inner harmonic order of passions in the soul in different contexts: the musical-mimetic education outlined in the Republic, the musical enhancement of the psychological energies in the members of the Chorus of Dionysus in the Laws, and finally the role of the aulos in the Symposium.

Partendo da un punto di vista lessicale, la ricerca si ripropone di investigare la presenza di elementi musicali all’interno della produzione epigrammatica del periodo ellenistico, con riferimenti, talora, anche ad autori più tardi. Sono stati analizzati due tipi di fonti: epigrammi di tradizione letteraria (che includono componimenti dall’Anthologia Palatina, dal Nuovo Posidippo, e dal materiale raccolto da Gow e Page) ed epigrafi (che comprendono iscrizioni dagli Steinepigramme aus dem Griechischen Osten e dalle Inscriptions métriques de l’Égypte greco-romain), in modo tale da poter agire su un campo di indagine coerente e bilanciato. Il materiale è stato articolato in due sezioni principali, “Mousikà stoikheia” e “Organikè mousa”, rispettivamente dedicate alle categorie musicali e agli strumenti musicali. L’analisi, partendo dalla ricostruzione della potenzialità semantica di ogni termine, basata sull’origine etimologica e sullo sviluppo letterario e teorico, e procedendo attraverso l’interpretazione delle occorrenze più significative all’interno dei testi epigrammatici, evidenzia una particolare sensibilità verso la componente musicale, richiamando sia la terminologia specifica musicale sia, più spesso, il tradizionale trattamento di alcuni temi appartenenti alla tradizione letteraria. Il presente lavoro include anche una Appendice finale, nella quale sono indicizzati i termini emersi durante l’indagine testuale. / Starting from a lexical point of view, this research aims at investigating the presence of musical elements within the epigrammatic production of the Hellenistic period, with references also to later authors. Two kinds of sources have been analysed: literary epigrams (including poems from the Greek Anthology, the New Posidippus, and the material collected by Gow-Page) and epigraphic epigrams (including inscriptions from Steinepigramme aus dem Griechischen Osten and Inscriptions métriques de l’Égypte greco-romain), in order to have a coherent and balanced field of investigation. The material has been divided into two main parts, “Mousikà stoikheia” and “Organikè mousa”, referred to musical categories and musical instruments. The analysis, starting from the reconstruction of the potential musical meaning of each term, based on etymology and literary and theoretical development, and going on through the interpretation of the most relevant occurrences of the term in epigrammatic texts, shows a particular sensibility towards the musical element, recalling both the terminology of musical theory and, more often, the traditional treatment of some themes belonging to the literary tradition. A final Appendix provides an index with the terms found during the textual investigation.

[ES] En la presente investigación hemos planteado como objetivo mostrar el proceso de composición de música propia del autor de la tesis, basada en la práctica y el conocimiento de la música tradicional griega. Para llevar a cabo este trabajo, se precisa conocer la música tradicional y sus procesos de creación según la transmisión oral. La notación de la música clásica europea, aunque es una herramienta imprescindible, no es suficiente para describir por completo los procesos interpretativos y las características sonoras y plurimodales de la música griega, empleadas en las presentes composiciones. Cada ejemplo musical compuesto para esta tesis se acompaña por una grabación. Para realizar estas composiciones, se ha seguido un proceso investigativo que ha englobado varias etapas metodológicas: investigación teórica basada en fuentes bibliográficas y audiovisuales, conocimiento del proceso de la transmisión oral mediante el contacto directo con informantes e inmersión en la praxis musical de la música tradicional griega. Las composiciones se han realizado empleando ritmos y modos de la música tradicional griega y se han clasificado en cuatro categorías. 1. composición musical con instrumentos atemperados, influenciada por la música tradicional. 2. composición musical con instrumentos temperados, influenciadas por la música tradicional. 3. composición de música basada en las características, formas y estructuras musicales de la música tradicional. 4. proceso de la improvisación, tal como surgió en tres grabaciones audiovisuales en las que participó el autor como intérprete. Además, se han estudiado composiciones tradicionales a través de transcripciones realizadas por el autor de la tesis, anotando las ornamentaciones y las notas atemperadas. La presente investigación se divide en dos partes: la primera parte constituye la base teórica sobre la música tradicional griega y se halla dividida en siete capítulos; la segunda parte consiste en el análisis de la música propia compuesta por el autor de la tesis y la clasificación de esta en cuatro categorías. Como fruto de esta investigación, se han extraído varias conclusiones referentes a los procesos creativos empleados para las composiciones presentadas y se han definido tres métodos compositivos según el uso de la notación y el empleo de las características de la transmisión oral: - Composición sin el uso de la notación: improvisación sobre un pedal o una secuencia o composición realizada de forma mental sobre el instrumento musical. - Composición con el uso de notación básica: la notación es un esquema melódico para coordinar a los intérpretes durante la interpretación de música en conjunto. Precisa conocer las características de la música tradicional como son las ornamentaciones, el estilo empleado, variaciones instrumentales y notas atemperadas. - Composición con el uso de notación detallada: música compuesta para ser interpretada de forma literal. Un método compositivo proporcionando música distinta a la música tradicional. Las ornamentaciones y las variaciones melódicas en las repeticiones de melodías están anotadas. El autor de la tesis ha compuesto ritmos de amalgama basados en ritmos tradicionales que proporcionan una nueva dinámica compositiva. El uso y el conocimiento de la sonoridad, timbre y técnica de los instrumentos tradicionales no temperados puede otorgar características del “espíritu” tradicional en la realización de una composición. La variabilidad del material interpretado es un rasgo primordial observado en la praxis realizada por músicos tradicionales, en la que cada repetición de una melodía se realiza casi siempre de forma diferente. La improvisación es una práctica indispensable perteneciente al carácter de la música tradicional y se puede emplear para acompañar la danza, realizar respuestas instrumentales al canto o crear nueva música. La armonización de las melodías modales se puede observar a través del estudio del trabajo de los guitarristas griegos en grabaciones de los años 30, tal como se presenta mediante transcripciones realizadas especialmente para esta tesis. Como futura línea de trabajo, se seguirá investigando la síntesis entre la música tradicional griega y el conocimiento de la música clásica europea. / [CA] En la present investigació hem plantejat com a objectiu, presentar el procés de composició de música pròpia de l'autor de la tesi, basada en la pràctica i el coneixement de la música tradicional grega. Per dur a terme aquest treball, cal conéixer la música tradicional i els seus processos de creació segons la transmissió oral. La notació de la música clàssica europea, tot i que és una eina imprescindible, no és suficient per a descriure completament els processos interpretatius i les característiques sonores i plurimodales de la música grega emprades en les presents composicions. Cada exemple musical compost per a aquesta tesi s'acompanya d'un enregistrament. Per realitzar aquestes composicions, s'ha seguit un procés investigatiu que ha englobat diverses etapes metodològiques: investigació teòrica basada en fonts bibliogràfiques i audiovisuals, coneixement del procés de la transmissió oral mitjançant el contacte directe amb informants i immersió en la praxi musical de la música tradicional grega. Les composicions s'han realitzat emprant ritmes i maneres de la música tradicional grega i s'han classificat en quatre categories. 1. composició musical amb instruments temperats, influenciada per la música tradicional. 2. composició musical amb instruments temperats, influenciades per la música tradicional. 3. composició de música basada en les característiques, formes i estructures musicals de la música tradicional. 4. procés de la improvisació, tal com va sorgir en tres enregistraments audiovisuals en què va participar l'autor com a intèrpret. A més, s'han estudiat composicions tradicionals a través de transcripcions realitzades per l'autor de la tesi, anotant les ornamentacions i les notes temperades. La present investigació es divideix en dues parts: la primera part constitueix la base teòrica sobre la música tradicional grega i es troba dividida en set capítols; la segona part consisteix en l'anàlisi de la música pròpia composta per l'autor de la tesi i la classificació d'aquesta en quatre categories.Com a fruit d'aquesta investigació, s'han extret diverses conclusions referents als processos creatius emprats per a les composicions presentades i s'han definit tres mètodes compositius segons l'ús de la notació i l'ocupació de les característiques de la transmissió oral: - Composició sense l'ús de la notació: improvisació sobre un pedal o una seqüència o composició realitzada de forma mental sobre l'instrument musical. - Composició amb l'ús de notació bàsica: la notació és un esquema melòdic per coordinar als intèrprets durant la interpretació de música en conjunt. Necessita conéixer les característiques de la música tradicional com són les ornamentacions, l'estil emprat, variacions instrumentals i notes temperades. - Composició amb l'ús de notació detallada: música composta per a ser interpretada de manera literal. Un mètode compositiu proporcionant música diferent de la música tradicional. Les ornamentacions i les variacions melòdiques en les repeticions de melodies estan anotades. L'autor de la tesi ha compost ritmes d'amalgama basats en ritmes tradicionals que proporcionen una nova dinàmica compositiva, i ha transcrit per a aquesta tesi enregistraments dels anys 30 de guitarristes grecs per estudiar l'harmonització de les melodies modals. . L'ús i el coneixement de la sonoritat, timbre i tècnica dels instruments tradicionals temperats pot atorgar característiques de l ' "esperit" tradicional a la realització d'una composició. La variabilitat de l'material interpretat és un tret primordial observat en la praxi realitzada per músics tradicionals, en què cada repetició d'una melodia es realitza gairebé sempre de forma diferent. Finalment, la improvisació és indispensable en la música tradicional i es pot emprar per acompanyar la dansa, realitzar respostes instrumentals a el cant o crear nova música. / [EN] In this research we have established the objective of presenting the process of composing the author's own music, based on the practice and knowledge of traditional Greek music. To carry out this work, it is necessary to have knowledge of traditional music and its creation processes according to oral transmission. The notation of European classical music, although it is an essential tool, is not sufficient to fully describe the interpretive processes and the sonic and multimodal characteristics of Greek music used in the present compositions. Each musical example composed for this thesis is accompanied by a recording. In order to create these compositions, a research process has been followed that has encompassed several methodological stages: theoretical research based on bibliographic and audiovisual sources, knowledge of the process of oral transmission through direct contact with informants and immersion in the musical praxis of traditional music Greek. The compositions have been made using rhythms and modes of traditional Greek music and have been classified into four categories. 1. musical composition with tempered instruments, influenced by traditional music. 2. musical composition with tempered instruments, influenced by traditional music. 3. composition of music based on the characteristics, forms and musical structures of traditional music. 4. improvisation process, as it arose in three audiovisual recordings in which the author participated as a performer. In addition, traditional compositions have been studied through transcriptions made by the author of the thesis, noting ornamentation and tempered notes. This research is divided into two parts: the first part constitutes the theoretical basis on traditional Greek music and is divided into seven chapters; The second part consists of the analysis of the own music composed by the author of the thesis and the classification of this in four categories. As a result of this research, several conclusions have been reached regarding the creative processes used for the compositions presented and therefore three compositional methods have been defined according to the use of notation and the use of the characteristics of oral transmission: - Composition without the use of notation: improvisation on a pedal or a sequence or composition performed mentally on the musical instrument. - Composition with the use of basic notation: the notation is a melodic scheme to coordinate the interpreters during the performance of music together. It¿s important to know the characteristics of traditional music such as ornamentation, the style used, instrumental variations and tempered notes. - Composition with the use of detailed notation: music composed to be interpreted literally. A compositional method providing music different from traditional music. The ornamentations and melodic variations in the melody repetitions are noted. The author of the thesis has composed amalgam rhythms based on traditional rhythms that provide new routes of composition, and has transcribed for this thesis recordings from the 30s by Greek guitarists in order to study the harmonization of modal melodies. The use and knowledge of the sound, timbre and technique of tempered traditional instruments can provide characteristics of the traditional "spirit" in the realization of a composition. The variability of the material played is a primary feature observed in the practice performed by traditional musicians, in which each repetition of a melody is almost always performed differently. Finally, improvisation is indispensable in traditional music and can be used to accompany dance, perform instrumental responses to singing, or create new music. / Kaniaris, S. (2021). Ritmos y modos de la música tradicional griega en la creación musical: investigación a través de la práctica y la composición [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/171757