No description available.

The spatio-temporal attributes of intracellular calcium (Ca2+) transients activate various biological functions. These Ca2+ signaling events are triggered extracellularly through different stimuli and controlled intracellularly by the major Ca2+ storage organelle and by numerous Ca2+ pumps, channels, and Ca2+ binding proteins. Ca2+ transients can be significantly altered as a result of defects with signal modulation, leading to different diseases. Because of the fragility and intricacy of the Ca2+ signaling system, with the endo- and sarcoplasmic reticulum at the center, genetically-encoded Ca2+ probes that have been optimized for mammalian expression and fast kinetics are needed to observe global and local Ca2+ changes in different cells. Here, we first report the crystal structure determination of our genetically-encoded Ca2+ sensor CatchER which utilizes EGFP as the scaffold protein. Crystal structures of CatchER were resolved in the Ca2+-free, Ca2+-loaded, and gadolinium-loaded forms at 1.66, 1.20, and 1.78 Å, respectively. Analysis of all three structures established conformational changes in T203 and E222 produce the varying ratios of the neutral and anionic chromophore reflected in the absorbance spectrum where Ca2+ stabilizes the anionic chromophore and enhances the optical output. Since CatchER has miniscule fluorescence when expressed at 37˚C in mammalian cells, we enhanced its brightness by improving the folding at 37˚C, facilitating better chromophore formation. The resulting mutants are the CatchER-T series of Ca2+ sensors with CatchER-T’ having the most improvement in brightness at 37˚C. We also introduced the N149E mutation in the binding site to alter the Kd along with the brightness mutations. The resulting mutants were characterized and found to have weaker Kds compared to wild-type CatchER, similar quantum yields, and altered ratios of the neutral and anionic chromophore in the apo form. Then, CatchER-T’ was applied in situ to monitor Ca2+ changes globally in the ER/SR of C2C12, HEK293, and Cos-7 cells. A new construct consisting of CatchER-T’ and JP-45 was created to monitor local Ca2+ dynamics in the SR lumen of skeletal muscle cells. The results showed a difference between global and local SR Ca2+ release. We also examined the potential and spectroscopic properties to utilize some of our sensors in T cells to monitor the magnesium (Mg2+) flux in immune cells with faulty MagT1 receptors to understand the role of Mg2+ in the immune response.

Software sensors are a potent tool to improve biotechnological real time process monitoring and control. In the current project, algorithms for six partly novel, software sensors were established and tested in a microbial reactor system. Eight batch and two fed-batch runs were carried out with a recombinant Escherichia coli to investigate the suitability of the different software sensor models in diverse cultivation stages. Special respect was given to effects on the sensors after recombinant protein expression was initiated by addition of an inducer molecule. It was an objective to figure out influences of excessive recombinant protein expression on the software sensor signals. Two of the developed algorithms calculated the biomass on-line and estimated furthermore, the specific growth rate by integration of the biomass changes with the time. The principle of the first was the application of a near infrared probe to obtain on-line readings of the optical density. The other algorithm was founded on the titration of ammonia as only available nitrogen source. The other two sensors analyzed for the specific consumption of glucose and the specific production of acetate and are predicted on an in-line HPLC system. The results showed that all software sensors worked as expected and are rather powerful to estimate important state parameters in real time. In some stages, restrictions may occur due to different limitation affects in the models or the physiology of the culture. However, the results were very convincing and suggested the development of further and more advanced software sensor models in the future.

<p>Software sensors are a potent tool to improve biotechnological real time process monitoring and control. In the current project, algorithms for six partly novel, software sensors were established and tested in a microbial reactor system. Eight batch and two fed-batch runs were carried out with a recombinant <em>Escherichia coli</em> to investigate the suitability of the different software sensor models in diverse cultivation stages. Special respect was given to effects on the sensors after recombinant protein expression was initiated by addition of an inducer molecule. It was an objective to figure out influences of excessive recombinant protein expression on the software sensor signals.</p><p>Two of the developed algorithms calculated the biomass on-line and estimated furthermore, the specific growth rate by integration of the biomass changes with the time. The principle of the first was the application of a near infrared probe to obtain on-line readings of the optical density. The other algorithm was founded on the titration of ammonia as only available nitrogen source. The other two sensors analyzed for the specific consumption of glucose and the specific production of acetate and are predicted on an in-line HPLC system.</p><p>The results showed that all software sensors worked as expected and are rather powerful to estimate important state parameters in real time. In some stages, restrictions may occur due to different limitation affects in the models or the physiology of the culture. However, the results were very convincing and suggested the development of further and more advanced software sensor models in the future.</p>

A proposta deste trabalho é a padronização do método de eletroporação direta (utilizando eletrodos) em músculo sóleo de ratos wistar. Deste processo físico, pudemos variar a voltagem, o número de pulsos e duração do pulso. O objetivo principal foi à busca de um parâmetro ideal onde deveria haver a menor lesão tecidual com a maior quantidade de expressão do GFP. Métodos de análise (fluorescência e histologia) foram utilizados para a determinação da eficiência de transferência de genes, onde se considerou a razão entre as fibras musculares sadias emissoras fluorescência e o número total de fibras sadias. Como resultado, atingimos a taxa de eficiência de (50,3 ± 20%) em transferência de genes, utilizando a voltagem de 25 V, trem de 8 pulsos com duração de 20ms e freqüência de 1Hz. A possibilidade de interferir na função deste músculo abre a perspectiva de se estudar o papel de certos genes na plasticidade muscular esquelética, especialmente no crescimento muscular longitudinal. / The use of electrical pulses for gene transfer has been successfully used to reach significant levels of gene expression in vitro and in vivo. Therefore electroporation can be considered an important device to get further insight on biological mechanisms and also to treatment. The aim of the present work is to achieve a high level of gene transfer throughout electroporation in the soleus muscle of Wistar rats. The muscle was surgically accessed, injected with Hyaluronidase and subsequently injected with a plasmid expressing GFP (Green Fluorescence Protein). Observation of fluorescence produced in situ and also HE (Hematoxilin-eosin) preparations revealed that the best gene transfer efficiency (50, 3 ± 20%) was achieved with 25 V and 8 pulses (1Hz) lasting 20ms. These results point to a potential use of electroporation as a tool for investigating cellular and molecular aspects of skeletal muscle plasticity, especially those that can be approached only in soleus muscle, such as longitudinal growth.

A proposta deste trabalho é a padronização do método de eletroporação direta (utilizando eletrodos) em músculo sóleo de ratos wistar. Deste processo físico, pudemos variar a voltagem, o número de pulsos e duração do pulso. O objetivo principal foi à busca de um parâmetro ideal onde deveria haver a menor lesão tecidual com a maior quantidade de expressão do GFP. Métodos de análise (fluorescência e histologia) foram utilizados para a determinação da eficiência de transferência de genes, onde se considerou a razão entre as fibras musculares sadias emissoras fluorescência e o número total de fibras sadias. Como resultado, atingimos a taxa de eficiência de (50,3 ± 20%) em transferência de genes, utilizando a voltagem de 25 V, trem de 8 pulsos com duração de 20ms e freqüência de 1Hz. A possibilidade de interferir na função deste músculo abre a perspectiva de se estudar o papel de certos genes na plasticidade muscular esquelética, especialmente no crescimento muscular longitudinal. / The use of electrical pulses for gene transfer has been successfully used to reach significant levels of gene expression in vitro and in vivo. Therefore electroporation can be considered an important device to get further insight on biological mechanisms and also to treatment. The aim of the present work is to achieve a high level of gene transfer throughout electroporation in the soleus muscle of Wistar rats. The muscle was surgically accessed, injected with Hyaluronidase and subsequently injected with a plasmid expressing GFP (Green Fluorescence Protein). Observation of fluorescence produced in situ and also HE (Hematoxilin-eosin) preparations revealed that the best gene transfer efficiency (50, 3 ± 20%) was achieved with 25 V and 8 pulses (1Hz) lasting 20ms. These results point to a potential use of electroporation as a tool for investigating cellular and molecular aspects of skeletal muscle plasticity, especially those that can be approached only in soleus muscle, such as longitudinal growth.

No description available.