En ökad infrastruktur är idag en av de största anledningarna till fragmentering av habitatvilket gör det svårare för vilt att röra sig över vägar utan risker. För att undersöka i vilkenutsträckning större vilt korsar vägar identifierades gröna stråk i Halmstad tätort därviltförekomst sedan undersöktes vintern 2015/2016. Tio lokaler valdes ut längs väg 600(Tylösandvägen), väg 610 (Kustvägen), riksväg 15, riksväg 25 och riksväg 26 där inventeringarutfördes i sju dagar fördelade under en tvåmånadersperiod. Viltförekomst av älg, rådjur,dovvilt, kronvilt, hare, vildsvin, grävling, rödräv, varg och lodjur undersöktes genomidentifiering av spårstämplar för att ta reda på om någon av lokalerna utgör en riskzon förviltolyckor och om det finns skillnader i viltförekomst nära och längre från vägen samt iskogsmark och öppen mark. Studiens resultat tillsammans med viltolycksstatistik visar attvissa av de undersökta stråken utgör riskzoner för större vilt; två närliggande lokaler ianslutning till riksväg 26 och en lokal i anslutning till riksväg 15. Det fanns ingen signifikantskillnad i viltförekomst på olika avstånd från vägen, vilket innebär att vilt följer de grönastråken och inte ser vägen som ett hinder. Det fanns heller ingen signifikant skillnad mellanviltförekomst i någon av marktyperna. / An increased infrastructure is one of today’s biggest reasons for the fragmentation ofhabitats, making it harder for wildlife to move without risks when crossing roads. To see inwhich extent larger mammals crosses roads greenways were identified in the urban parts ofHalmstad municipality, after which a study was made on the presence of wildlife duringwinter 2015/2016. Ten areas were chosen along road 600 (Tylösandsvägen), road 610(Kustvägen), trunk road 15, trunk road 25 and trunk road 26 where inventories were carriedout for a period of seven days distributed over a period of two months. Wildlife abundanceof moose, roe deer, fallow deer, red deer, hare, wild boar, badger, red fox, wolf and lynxwere investigated by identification of track stamps in order to find out if any of the tenplaces constitutes a danger zone for wildlife-vehicle accidents and if there are anydifferences in wildlife abundance close to and further from the road as well as in woodlandand open land. The result of the study along with wildlife accident statistics show that someof the investigated areas form danger zones for larger animals; two adjacent areas alongtrunk road 26 and one area along trunk road 15. There were no significant difference inwildlife abundance on different distances from the road which means that wildlife followsthe greenways and do not see the road as an obstacle, thus more likely to crossover. Therewere also no significant difference in wildlife abundance in woodland and open land,meaning wildlife-vehicle accidents are not more likely to occur in one type of land over theother.

Introdução: A forma como os assentamentos humanos são dispostos na paisagem influencia o funcionamento dos ecossistemas naturais e, consequentemente, a qualidade de vida das populações. A manutenção de conexões entre importantes elementos naturais em uma paisagem é um dos principais aspectos para a sustentabilidade na ocupação de um território, já que essas viabilizam a ocorrência dos fluxos de matéria e energia, que dão suporte aos serviços ambientais. Os corredores verdes podem ser utilizados como uma estratégia de planejamento para a manutenção da conectividade de uma paisagem. Entre os municípios brasileiros, os de pequeno porte, são aqueles que apresentam paisagens com menor grau de alteração pela ação humana; no entanto, não se verifica nesses locais o desenvolvimento de planejamentos territoriais que garantam a preservação de suas paisagens, segundo os aspectos mencionados. Objetivos: O objetivo principal desta pesquisa foi o desenvolvimento de uma abordagem que auxilie no planejamento de uma rede de corredores verdes, em municípios brasileiros de pequeno porte. Com a intenção de que a abordagem fosse efetiva para essa realidade, foram atendidos três requisitos fundamentais: utilizaram-se base de dados de domínio público, procedimentos de integração de dados simplificados e de fácil compreensão e promoveu-se a participação de atores locais no processo de planejamento, com o intuito de produzir um plano legítimo e de aumentar o grau de conscientização com relação à questão da sustentabilidade, em geral e dos corredores verdes, em especial. Método: A estratégia de pesquisa adotada foi a pesquisa construtiva, a qual requer três etapas para a sua condução: compreensão, desenvolvimento e reflexão. A primeira etapa teve como objetivo a compreensão dos temas: corredores verdes e ordenação da paisagem de municípios brasileiros de pequeno porte. A segunda etapa teve como foco a construção da abordagem, embasada pelos conhecimentos obtidos na primeira etapa. Por fim, foi realizada uma reflexão sobre os resultados obtidos. O Município de Feliz, localizado no Rio Grande do Sul, deu suporte ao desenvolvimento desta pesquisa. Resultados: A abordagem proposta incluiu três fases. A primeira foi dedicada à compreensão da paisagem de planejamento. Nessa fase foram confeccionados mapas temáticos e realizada uma oficina de planejamento, com a participação de atores locais. Nessa oficina, realizou-se a capacitação dos participantes para o desenvolvimento do plano e obtiveram-se informações complementares para dar suporte à proposição da rede de corredores. Na segunda fase da abordagem, foi desenvolvida, pelos participantes, a proposta para a rede de corredores, em escala municipal. A proposta foi desenvolvida em uma oficina de planejamento, a partir da aplicação de orientações definidas previamente à atividade. A terceira fase foi dedicada à avaliação e à complementação da proposta. Conclusões: As oficinas de planejamento promoveram ciclos de aprendizado que permitiram o refinamento da abordagem proposta. Os procedimentos utilizados atenderam aos requisitos definidos e são considerados replicáveis a outros contextos de planejamento, pois não foram desenvolvidos especificamente para o objeto empírico. / Introduction: The way in which human settlements are spread in the landscape affects the functioning of natural ecosystems and the quality of life of populations. The maintenance of connections between important elements in natural landscapes is a key aspect for sustainable land use, since connections allow the ocurrence of flows of matter and energy, that support ecosystem services. Greenways can be used in spatial planning as a strategy for maintaining connectivity of a landscape. Amongst the Brazilian municipalities, the small ones, are those that present landscapes with lower degree of alteration by human action; although, there is no development in these locations of any spatial planning that ensure the preservation of their landscapes, according to the mentioned aspects. Objectives: The aim of this research was to develop an approach to assist the planning of a network of greenways, in small Brazilian municipalities. As the approach is intended to be applied to the reality of these municipalities, three fundamental requirements were sought: the data base used was of public domain, procedures for data integration were simplified and easiness of comprehension and participation of local stakeholders were included in the planning process, in order to produce a legitimate plan and to increase the level of awareness regarding the issue of sustainability, in general and of greenways, in particular. Method: The research strategy adopted was the constructive research. This strategy involves three main stages of research: understanding, development and reflection. The first stage aimed at understanding some issues, like: greenways and the arrangement of small Brazilian municipalities’ landscapes. The second stage focused on the construction of the approach, which was based on the knowledge obtained in the first stage. The last stage was carried out to reflect on the results. The Municipality of Feliz, located in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, was chosen to be the empirical subject studied for the development of this research. Results: The proposed approach includes three phases. The first phase focused on the comprehension of the landscape of planning. In this phase, thematic maps were prepared and a planning workshop, with the participation of local stakeholders, was held. The workshop sought to enable local stakeholders to develop the plan and to obtain additional information to support the proposition of the greenway network, in the local landscape. The second phase focused on the proposition of the greenway network, at the municipal level. The proposal was developed with the inclusion of local stakeholders, in a second workshop. The local group applied proposed guidelines for the location of connections, on a synthesis map. The third phase included the assessment and the complementation of the proposal developed by the local group. Conclusions: The workshops promoted learning cycles that enable the refinement of the proposed approach. The procedures used met the defined requirements and are considered replicable to other planning contexts, once they were not specifically developed for the empirical object.

published_or_final_version / Urban Planning / Master / Master of Science in Urban Planning

Greenways offer multiple social, environmental, and economic benefits to communities, which has led to their increasing popularity. Social benefits include increased recreational opportunities; alternative transportation options and connectivity; preservation of historical and cultural landmarks; and access to nature. Environmental benefits include cleaner air due to less automobile congestion; increased awareness of environmental issues; improved ecological balance; and disaster mitigation. Economic benefits include reduced natural disaster damage and costs; increased activity, tourism and business opportunities; and revitalization of the area. Implementing greenways, however, also face many challenges, such as funding, public support, land acquisition, political will, planning and maintenance. This report looks at three case study cities: Greenville, SC, Chattanooga, TN, and Austin, TX to examine their successful greenway projects and learn best practices and implementation strategies. The lessons learned from these case study cities are then used to recommend best practices to the City of Asheville, NC, as they embark on an ambitious riverfront greenway plan of their own. / text

Canada is considered to be a multicultural country with a long history of cultural diversity. Yet in the field of landscape architecture, we have been shying away from this facet of society, perhaps due to the politically correct movement or other concerns, and focussing more on environmental issues. This thesis proposes a multicultural approach to landscape design, taking into consideration such issues as cultural diversity, federal multiculturalism, grassroots multiculturalism, narrative, history, sublimation, cultural forms, ethnicity, etc. After historical research about cultural diversity and multiculturalism in Canada and a precedent study of multicultural landscape design, these issues are implemented in the landscape design of a greenway system, specifically t he Ontario-Carrall Greenway System. The greenway has four significant nodes: Old Arrival, Multicultural Theatre, Fig Garden and New Arrival. All of these nodes incorporate multicultural, sublimated forms that unite diverse cultures, while the greenway itself interweaves physically and culturally diverse sites within a framework of multicultural landscape design.

The Mud Bay, British Columbia study site is located on eastern shores of Mud Bay, south of the Serpentine River, west of the King George & 99 highways, and north of the Nicomekl River in the Vancouver suburb of Surrey. The site consists of approximately 400 hectares of land. The site is bordered by a growing community on Panama Ridge to the north and Crescent Beach to the south who are exploring the study area. The site is also a rich biologically productive area that lies on the Pacific Flyway route for migratory birds. With the increasing population and the rich ecological significance of the site, it seems natural to explore the possibilities for a greenway on the site. This is further proven when looking at a map. One notices that Mud Bay sits as a greenway gap in Boundary Bay. To the east is the Boundary Bay Park Network, and to the south is Crescent Beach. If Mud Bay were to become a greenway, then one could potentially follow the Boundary Bay shore and walk from Blaine to Point Roberts USA and would form part of a border to border trail. Currently, when one reaches Mud Bay, one must leave the shore and travel far inland to regain the waterside trail. A Mud Bay greenway would fill in the gap for a greenway corridor along Boundary Bay. A Mud Bay greenway would also fill in the gap that the Serpentine Fen Nature Reserve has with Mud Bay. Currently, the Serpentine Fen Nature Reserve is separated from the Bay. With the creation of a Mud Bay greenway that is designed for the sensitive habitat, Serpentine Fen would be better connected with the bay and it would help maintain the site as important feeding and resting ground along the Pacific Flyway. These are the issues and factors that were considered in the project. The project developed a greenway that is sensitive to wildlife while allowing for recreation to take place within it. The greenway design is structured so that it can be implemented over a period of time to form the final design.

Introdução: A forma como os assentamentos humanos são dispostos na paisagem influencia o funcionamento dos ecossistemas naturais e, consequentemente, a qualidade de vida das populações. A manutenção de conexões entre importantes elementos naturais em uma paisagem é um dos principais aspectos para a sustentabilidade na ocupação de um território, já que essas viabilizam a ocorrência dos fluxos de matéria e energia, que dão suporte aos serviços ambientais. Os corredores verdes podem ser utilizados como uma estratégia de planejamento para a manutenção da conectividade de uma paisagem. Entre os municípios brasileiros, os de pequeno porte, são aqueles que apresentam paisagens com menor grau de alteração pela ação humana; no entanto, não se verifica nesses locais o desenvolvimento de planejamentos territoriais que garantam a preservação de suas paisagens, segundo os aspectos mencionados. Objetivos: O objetivo principal desta pesquisa foi o desenvolvimento de uma abordagem que auxilie no planejamento de uma rede de corredores verdes, em municípios brasileiros de pequeno porte. Com a intenção de que a abordagem fosse efetiva para essa realidade, foram atendidos três requisitos fundamentais: utilizaram-se base de dados de domínio público, procedimentos de integração de dados simplificados e de fácil compreensão e promoveu-se a participação de atores locais no processo de planejamento, com o intuito de produzir um plano legítimo e de aumentar o grau de conscientização com relação à questão da sustentabilidade, em geral e dos corredores verdes, em especial. Método: A estratégia de pesquisa adotada foi a pesquisa construtiva, a qual requer três etapas para a sua condução: compreensão, desenvolvimento e reflexão. A primeira etapa teve como objetivo a compreensão dos temas: corredores verdes e ordenação da paisagem de municípios brasileiros de pequeno porte. A segunda etapa teve como foco a construção da abordagem, embasada pelos conhecimentos obtidos na primeira etapa. Por fim, foi realizada uma reflexão sobre os resultados obtidos. O Município de Feliz, localizado no Rio Grande do Sul, deu suporte ao desenvolvimento desta pesquisa. Resultados: A abordagem proposta incluiu três fases. A primeira foi dedicada à compreensão da paisagem de planejamento. Nessa fase foram confeccionados mapas temáticos e realizada uma oficina de planejamento, com a participação de atores locais. Nessa oficina, realizou-se a capacitação dos participantes para o desenvolvimento do plano e obtiveram-se informações complementares para dar suporte à proposição da rede de corredores. Na segunda fase da abordagem, foi desenvolvida, pelos participantes, a proposta para a rede de corredores, em escala municipal. A proposta foi desenvolvida em uma oficina de planejamento, a partir da aplicação de orientações definidas previamente à atividade. A terceira fase foi dedicada à avaliação e à complementação da proposta. Conclusões: As oficinas de planejamento promoveram ciclos de aprendizado que permitiram o refinamento da abordagem proposta. Os procedimentos utilizados atenderam aos requisitos definidos e são considerados replicáveis a outros contextos de planejamento, pois não foram desenvolvidos especificamente para o objeto empírico. / Introduction: The way in which human settlements are spread in the landscape affects the functioning of natural ecosystems and the quality of life of populations. The maintenance of connections between important elements in natural landscapes is a key aspect for sustainable land use, since connections allow the ocurrence of flows of matter and energy, that support ecosystem services. Greenways can be used in spatial planning as a strategy for maintaining connectivity of a landscape. Amongst the Brazilian municipalities, the small ones, are those that present landscapes with lower degree of alteration by human action; although, there is no development in these locations of any spatial planning that ensure the preservation of their landscapes, according to the mentioned aspects. Objectives: The aim of this research was to develop an approach to assist the planning of a network of greenways, in small Brazilian municipalities. As the approach is intended to be applied to the reality of these municipalities, three fundamental requirements were sought: the data base used was of public domain, procedures for data integration were simplified and easiness of comprehension and participation of local stakeholders were included in the planning process, in order to produce a legitimate plan and to increase the level of awareness regarding the issue of sustainability, in general and of greenways, in particular. Method: The research strategy adopted was the constructive research. This strategy involves three main stages of research: understanding, development and reflection. The first stage aimed at understanding some issues, like: greenways and the arrangement of small Brazilian municipalities’ landscapes. The second stage focused on the construction of the approach, which was based on the knowledge obtained in the first stage. The last stage was carried out to reflect on the results. The Municipality of Feliz, located in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, was chosen to be the empirical subject studied for the development of this research. Results: The proposed approach includes three phases. The first phase focused on the comprehension of the landscape of planning. In this phase, thematic maps were prepared and a planning workshop, with the participation of local stakeholders, was held. The workshop sought to enable local stakeholders to develop the plan and to obtain additional information to support the proposition of the greenway network, in the local landscape. The second phase focused on the proposition of the greenway network, at the municipal level. The proposal was developed with the inclusion of local stakeholders, in a second workshop. The local group applied proposed guidelines for the location of connections, on a synthesis map. The third phase included the assessment and the complementation of the proposal developed by the local group. Conclusions: The workshops promoted learning cycles that enable the refinement of the proposed approach. The procedures used met the defined requirements and are considered replicable to other planning contexts, once they were not specifically developed for the empirical object.

Introdução: A forma como os assentamentos humanos são dispostos na paisagem influencia o funcionamento dos ecossistemas naturais e, consequentemente, a qualidade de vida das populações. A manutenção de conexões entre importantes elementos naturais em uma paisagem é um dos principais aspectos para a sustentabilidade na ocupação de um território, já que essas viabilizam a ocorrência dos fluxos de matéria e energia, que dão suporte aos serviços ambientais. Os corredores verdes podem ser utilizados como uma estratégia de planejamento para a manutenção da conectividade de uma paisagem. Entre os municípios brasileiros, os de pequeno porte, são aqueles que apresentam paisagens com menor grau de alteração pela ação humana; no entanto, não se verifica nesses locais o desenvolvimento de planejamentos territoriais que garantam a preservação de suas paisagens, segundo os aspectos mencionados. Objetivos: O objetivo principal desta pesquisa foi o desenvolvimento de uma abordagem que auxilie no planejamento de uma rede de corredores verdes, em municípios brasileiros de pequeno porte. Com a intenção de que a abordagem fosse efetiva para essa realidade, foram atendidos três requisitos fundamentais: utilizaram-se base de dados de domínio público, procedimentos de integração de dados simplificados e de fácil compreensão e promoveu-se a participação de atores locais no processo de planejamento, com o intuito de produzir um plano legítimo e de aumentar o grau de conscientização com relação à questão da sustentabilidade, em geral e dos corredores verdes, em especial. Método: A estratégia de pesquisa adotada foi a pesquisa construtiva, a qual requer três etapas para a sua condução: compreensão, desenvolvimento e reflexão. A primeira etapa teve como objetivo a compreensão dos temas: corredores verdes e ordenação da paisagem de municípios brasileiros de pequeno porte. A segunda etapa teve como foco a construção da abordagem, embasada pelos conhecimentos obtidos na primeira etapa. Por fim, foi realizada uma reflexão sobre os resultados obtidos. O Município de Feliz, localizado no Rio Grande do Sul, deu suporte ao desenvolvimento desta pesquisa. Resultados: A abordagem proposta incluiu três fases. A primeira foi dedicada à compreensão da paisagem de planejamento. Nessa fase foram confeccionados mapas temáticos e realizada uma oficina de planejamento, com a participação de atores locais. Nessa oficina, realizou-se a capacitação dos participantes para o desenvolvimento do plano e obtiveram-se informações complementares para dar suporte à proposição da rede de corredores. Na segunda fase da abordagem, foi desenvolvida, pelos participantes, a proposta para a rede de corredores, em escala municipal. A proposta foi desenvolvida em uma oficina de planejamento, a partir da aplicação de orientações definidas previamente à atividade. A terceira fase foi dedicada à avaliação e à complementação da proposta. Conclusões: As oficinas de planejamento promoveram ciclos de aprendizado que permitiram o refinamento da abordagem proposta. Os procedimentos utilizados atenderam aos requisitos definidos e são considerados replicáveis a outros contextos de planejamento, pois não foram desenvolvidos especificamente para o objeto empírico. / Introduction: The way in which human settlements are spread in the landscape affects the functioning of natural ecosystems and the quality of life of populations. The maintenance of connections between important elements in natural landscapes is a key aspect for sustainable land use, since connections allow the ocurrence of flows of matter and energy, that support ecosystem services. Greenways can be used in spatial planning as a strategy for maintaining connectivity of a landscape. Amongst the Brazilian municipalities, the small ones, are those that present landscapes with lower degree of alteration by human action; although, there is no development in these locations of any spatial planning that ensure the preservation of their landscapes, according to the mentioned aspects. Objectives: The aim of this research was to develop an approach to assist the planning of a network of greenways, in small Brazilian municipalities. As the approach is intended to be applied to the reality of these municipalities, three fundamental requirements were sought: the data base used was of public domain, procedures for data integration were simplified and easiness of comprehension and participation of local stakeholders were included in the planning process, in order to produce a legitimate plan and to increase the level of awareness regarding the issue of sustainability, in general and of greenways, in particular. Method: The research strategy adopted was the constructive research. This strategy involves three main stages of research: understanding, development and reflection. The first stage aimed at understanding some issues, like: greenways and the arrangement of small Brazilian municipalities’ landscapes. The second stage focused on the construction of the approach, which was based on the knowledge obtained in the first stage. The last stage was carried out to reflect on the results. The Municipality of Feliz, located in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, was chosen to be the empirical subject studied for the development of this research. Results: The proposed approach includes three phases. The first phase focused on the comprehension of the landscape of planning. In this phase, thematic maps were prepared and a planning workshop, with the participation of local stakeholders, was held. The workshop sought to enable local stakeholders to develop the plan and to obtain additional information to support the proposition of the greenway network, in the local landscape. The second phase focused on the proposition of the greenway network, at the municipal level. The proposal was developed with the inclusion of local stakeholders, in a second workshop. The local group applied proposed guidelines for the location of connections, on a synthesis map. The third phase included the assessment and the complementation of the proposal developed by the local group. Conclusions: The workshops promoted learning cycles that enable the refinement of the proposed approach. The procedures used met the defined requirements and are considered replicable to other planning contexts, once they were not specifically developed for the empirical object.

The green wedges of Stockholm are meant to support a high level of biodiversity as well as cultural and recreational services but evaluating the spatial development of the wedges is difficult because their delineation has changed since they were first used in a regional development plan. This study examines a part of the Hanveden and Tyresta wedges in southern Stockholm, with the goal to use robust ecological theory to evaluate the development of the wedges from 1992 until today with focus on conserving a high level of biodiversity. Using an already existing GIS-based method of identifying connectivity weaknesses in the wedges, more weaknesses were found in 2010 than in 1992 although the total area of the wedges had only declined 3.3%. The shape of the wedges had also changed, with more narrow parts in 2010 than in 1992. To more effectively compare the development of factors in the landscape that are relevant for biodiversity, this study proposes a new method using the common shrew and hazel grouse as surrogate species. The total area loss for the common shrew was 2.96% from 1991 to 2013 and 2.23% for the hazel grouse. Fragmentation increased for both species. A large part of the greenspaces relevant to the surrogate species are covered by the green wedges, meaning that important cultural and recreational values identified by the county council are also present in areas relevant to the surrogate species. Using surrogate species to delineate and monitor the green wedges could enhance the cultural and recreational qualities of the wedges, emphasize the need for connectivity planning, identify ecologically important parts of the greenspaces as well as provide a tool for following up the development of the urban greenspaces of Stockholm. However, formulating goals relevant to biodiversity is important to fully evaluate development and municipal cooperation is needed.

Canada is considered to be a multicultural country with a long history of cultural diversity. Yet in the field of landscape architecture, we have been shying away from this facet of society, perhaps due to the politically correct movement or other concerns, and focussing more on environmental issues. This thesis proposes a multicultural approach to landscape design, taking into consideration such issues as cultural diversity, federal multiculturalism, grassroots multiculturalism, narrative, history, sublimation, cultural forms, ethnicity, etc. After historical research about cultural diversity and multiculturalism in Canada and a precedent study of multicultural landscape design, these issues are implemented in the landscape design of a greenway system, specifically t he Ontario-Carrall Greenway System. The greenway has four significant nodes: Old Arrival, Multicultural Theatre, Fig Garden and New Arrival. All of these nodes incorporate multicultural, sublimated forms that unite diverse cultures, while the greenway itself interweaves physically and culturally diverse sites within a framework of multicultural landscape design. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Architecture and Landscape Architecture (SALA), School of / Graduate