A escassez de água no planeta já é uma realidade pontual, inclusive já despontando no horizonte, em nosso país, fora do polígono da seca: na região metropolitana de São Paulo, o modelo de adução, a partir de bacias circunvizinhas, está perto de exaurir, pelos custos que esse tipo de solução adotada desde a época do império romano acarreta nas tarifas para o consumidor final. Assim, a busca pelas chamadas soluções racionais têm, cada vez mais, ganhado adeptos e, dentre estas, a que se tem mostrado mais eficiente e mais eficaz é a tecnologia do esgotamento sanitário a vácuo, visto ser a bacia sanitária a responsável por aproximadamente 40% do consumo residencial de água, e por um percentual semelhante também em edifícios comerciais. A partir do estudo de caso no edifício-sede da Secretaria de Orçamento Federal SOF, em Brasília, foi constatada economia de 30% no consumo médio de água, medido em metros cúbicos, depois da implantação do sistema a vácuo - em substituição ao sistema gravitacional, ocorrida em janeiro de 2008 a par de um aumento de apenas 2% no consumo de energia elétrica, medido em kWh, não produzindo ônus, por força do contrato com a concessionária local de eletricidade, do tipo azul. Foram feitas, ainda, comparações com alternativas de abastecimento, quais sejam água de reuso e o aproveitamento de águas pluviais, este mais comum no Brasil embora nitidamente mais recomendável para construções com até dois pavimentos, enquanto aquele, por enquanto, pode ser considerado uma prospecção teórica para as condições de nosso país / The water shortage in the planet is already a punctual reality that is already rising in our country outside the drought polygon (in northeastern part of Brazil). In the metropolitan area of São Paulo the adduction model coming from the neighboring basins is on the brinks of exhaustion, because this kind of solution costs, adopted since the Roman Empire times, brings up to tariffs to the final customer. In this manner, the search for the so called rational solutions has gained more and more followers and among these the one that has shown more efficiency and accuracy is the vacuum sewerage technology, considering that sanitary basin is responsible for almost 40% of the residential water consumption and a similar percentage occurs also in trade buildings. Taking the case study in the headquarter building of Secretaria de Orçamento Federal (SOF), in Brasília, it was verified a 30% economy in the average water consumption, measured in cubic meters, since the vacuum system was established (replacing the gravitational system), on January 2008, informed about only 2% increase in the electricity consumption, measured in kWh, it means that there was no effective increase in the electricity bill, once the local provide company contract, of the blue type, has foretold small oscillations in the supply without deduction on the bill. It was still done some comparative descriptions with others alternatives water supplies, whichever be grey water and rainwater harvesting, this one widely used in Brazil although it is more suggested to up to two floor buildings while the other, for the time being, can be considered as a theoretical prospection in our country

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T18:40:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Roberto Batista Cordeiro.pdf: 2043434 bytes, checksum: fb6e114fb85d69fcb6ad7582508cf345 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-07 / The environmental question is a target of discussion in the whole world. The problem of the water shortage makes part of these international discussions, in the sense of establishing programs that aim the preservation and the economy about this natural resource. The discussed subject comes to every day, receiving important movements like the Universal Declaration of Water Rights , written by the United Nations Organization (UNO), on March 22, 1992. The involvement of everybody in the subject about the social responsibility, it does that the businessmen look for the alternative solutions for the water reuse. In Brazil there are some drain treatment programs, developed by the Company Basic Sanitation of the State São Paulo (SABESP), turned to the reuse, however, not for domestic uses. So, this Case Study had the objective to check the costs and benefits with the reuse water in residential condominiums. Identifying and measuring the costs and investments added in the civil construction for recuperation and reuse of water. The technique that hasbeen developed in The Condominium Residential, Vale of the Hill, in Bragança Paulista, interim interviews, the place that were collected the data of separation about the gray waters from the black waters, where the gray waters suffer a decantation process, aerobic decomposition bacterial, filtrate to activated coal, and cloroamoniation for the treatment and reuse, rejecting for the drain the black waters. And also, information were collected the about costs and additional investments to the civil construction for the water treatment process. The water reuse techniques for domestic uses just allow the utilization for less noble uses, which has not contact with the human being, and that in this study case the purpose of the water reuse is for the sanitary discharge. The legislation is superposed, there is not a universality about waters reuse for domestic consumption. There are standards that control the environment pollution subject, but not for the unpollution and environment preservation. The utilization of water reuse systems, in the sanitary discharge, provides an immediate return in relation to the environment, and economical, along the time. The value of the apartments is of R$ 5.524.000, the Total Cost of additional Property was of R$ 186.754, for a total economy of R$ 374.400, checking a result of R$ 187.646. The analysis of the results, it identified that the Total Cost of additional Property represents 4,13 % of the value of the apartments, and that the return on the additional investment is 524,24 %. The Payback of the investments took place in 2,4 years and Payback of the investments corrected to an interest rate of 6 % p.a took place in 7,2 years. The results reached in this inquiry present several limitations as difficulties in the identification and mensuration of the environmental assets, intangible benefits produced with the reduction of the impact to the environment with the reuse of the water. In the Accounting aspect, the question that still remains to be studied is of as it will write up and to spread the results identified however of difficult mensuration. Continuity is recommended in the development of new inquiries in the accounting area to prepare standards and to perfect the techniques of registers and spread of the assets and environmental liabilities / A questão ambiental é alvo de discussões no mundo todo, o problema da escassez da água faz parte da pauta dessas discussões internacionais, no sentido de estabelecer programas que visam preservação e economia desse recurso natural. A questão discutida vem a cada dia recebendo importantes movimentos como a Declaração Universal dos Direitos da Água , redigida pela Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) em 22 de março de 1992. O envolvimento de todos na questão responsabilidade social faz com que os empresários busquem soluções alternativas para o reuso da água. No Brasil, já existem programas de tratamento de esgoto desenvolvido pela Companhia de Saneamento Básico do Estado de São Paulo (SABESP), voltados para o reuso, porém, para usos não domésticos. Assim este trabalho através de estudo de caso, teve o objetivo aferir os custos e benefícios com o reuso da água em condomínios residenciais, identificando e mensurando os custos e investimentos adicionados na construção civil para recuperação e reuso de água. Por meio da técnica de entrevista, coletaram-se dados sobre o processo, desenvolvido no Condomínio Residencial Vale das Colinas, em Bragança Paulista, de separar as águas cinza das águas negras, pelo qual as águas cinza passam por um processo de decantação, decomposição bacteriana aeróbica, filtragem a carvão ativado e cloroamoniação para tratamento e reuso, descartando para esgoto as águas negras. Também, foram coletadas informações sobre custos e investimentos adicionais na construção civil para o processo de tratamento da água. As técnicas de reuso da água para fins domésticos só permitem o reuso para finalidades menos nobres, que não tenham contato com o ser humano no caso dessa pesquisa, a finalidade do reuso da água é para descarga nas bacias sanitárias. A utilização dos sistemas de reuso da água na descarga em bacias sanitárias proporciona um retorno imediato em relação ao meio ambiente, e econômico ao longo do tempo. Para atingir os resultados, foram utilizados o Custo Total de Propriedade na mensuração dos custos, Taxa Interna de Retorno e o Payback na identificação e mensuração do retorno e do tempo de retorno. O valor dos apartamentos é de R$ 5.524.000, o Custo Total de Propriedade adicional foi de R$ 186.754, para uma economia total de R$ 374.400, aferindo-se um resultado de R$ 187.646. A análise dos resultados identificou que o Custo Total de Propriedade adicional representa 4,13% do valor dos apartamentos, e que o retorno sobre o investimento adicional é de 524,24%. O tempo de retorno dos investimentos ocorreu em 2,4 anos e o tempo de retorno dos investimentos corrigidos a uma taxa de juros de 6% a.a ocorreu em 7,2 anos. Os resultados alcançados nessa pesquisa apresentam várias limitações, como dificuldades na identificação e mensuração dos ativos ambientais e benefícios intangíveis, gerados pela redução do impacto ao meio ambiente com o reuso da água. No aspecto contábil, a questão ainda a ser estudada é como escriturar e divulgar os resultados identificados, todavia de mais difícil mensuração. Recomenda-se uma continuidade no desenvolvimento de novas pesquisas na área contábil para elaborar normas e aprimorar as técnicas de registros e divulgação dos ativos e passivos ambientais

Supramolecular chemistry has asserted itself as a significant multidisciplinary field concerned with molecular effects afforded through non-covalent molecular interactions. The increased interest in the literature towards nanoscale devices, through modulation of molecular function, has seen the renaissance of supramolecular chemistry as function progresses from solution to surface. Heterosupramolecular chemistry follows the architectural principles of supramolecular chemistry and embraces both covalent and non-covalent interactions of condensed phase surfaces and molecular components. A modular approach to device architecture was applied as a novel method of performing photocatalysis under visible light illumination. The application of heterosupramolecular assembly to the design of photoelectrochemical cells capable of visible light induced charge separation allowed the study of interfacial processes by means of electrochemical observations. Preparation of a series of supramolecular components was undertaken as specific molecular species within a photochemical system. Starting from a synthesised bidentate ligand that incorporated an acidic functional group, 4,4'-bis(methyl)phosphonate-2,2'-bipyridine (dmpbpy) as its ethyl ester, was chelated to give the surface sensitisers, bis-(2,2'-bipyridine)-(4,4'-bis(methyl)phosphonato-2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) dichloride ([Ru(bpy)2(dmpbpy)]Cl2) and cis-bis-(4,4'-bis-(methyl)phosphonato-2,2'-bipyridine)(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) dichloride ([Ru(dmpbpy)2(bpy)]Cl2). An electron relay moiety with an acidic functional group, 1-ethyl-1'-(2-phosphonoethyl)-4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride (EVP), was also prepared using a procedure developed by the candidate. The electronic properties of the prepared photosensitisers were examined by theoretical quantum chemical TD-DFT calculations on the molecular structures and singlet excitations were discussed in relation to experimental data. This identified that the lowest lying LUMO states were consistently occupied by 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) and this was speculated to be a factor affecting quantum injection yields. The effect of microwave modification of colloidal TiO2 suspensions under extended periods of treatment was investigated. Nanoparticles of TiO2 were compared and contrast to similar convection hydrothermally treated TiO2 and a commercial titania product, namely Degussa P25, both of which are utilised in device fabrication. The investigation identified that extended periods of microwave hydrothermal treatment do not greatly enhance the crystallinity and primary grain size of TiO2. The heterosupramolecular assembly of a multi-component photochemical system was constructed from prepared molecular and condensed phase components. It was demonstrated that this device was capable of inducing a photochemical reaction in H2O under irradiation with  > 420 nm in the absence of an organic electron donor. Interpretation of the photocurrents obtained from this assembly provided understanding of photochemical reactions under low light intensities. Optimised conditions for the photochemical reaction was determined to be pH = 5 and illumination yielded = 0.0036% with an apparent quantum yield (AQY) = 1.6%. Photocatalytic decomposition of organic compounds in a dye-sensitised photoelectrocatalytic cell was investigated for the complete mineralisation of EDTA into CO2, H2 and simple amines and interpreted through photocurrent observations. This was extended to a broad range of organic compounds of various solution concentrations as a simulated industrial waste stream. Photooxidation gave unique photocurrent-time profiles which identified two distinct interfacial processes by mathematical treatment of photocurrent transients with a kinetic model. Kinetic parameters were proposed as a factor for qualitative discrimination of the organic compounds. The implications of these results for heterogeneous catalysis were discussed and the formation of Host-Guest complexes as a method of molecular sensing and as specific photocatalytic receptors was proposed.

A escassez de água no planeta já é uma realidade pontual, inclusive já despontando no horizonte, em nosso país, fora do polígono da seca: na região metropolitana de São Paulo, o modelo de adução, a partir de bacias circunvizinhas, está perto de exaurir, pelos custos que esse tipo de solução adotada desde a época do império romano acarreta nas tarifas para o consumidor final. Assim, a busca pelas chamadas soluções racionais têm, cada vez mais, ganhado adeptos e, dentre estas, a que se tem mostrado mais eficiente e mais eficaz é a tecnologia do esgotamento sanitário a vácuo, visto ser a bacia sanitária a responsável por aproximadamente 40% do consumo residencial de água, e por um percentual semelhante também em edifícios comerciais. A partir do estudo de caso no edifício-sede da Secretaria de Orçamento Federal SOF, em Brasília, foi constatada economia de 30% no consumo médio de água, medido em metros cúbicos, depois da implantação do sistema a vácuo - em substituição ao sistema gravitacional, ocorrida em janeiro de 2008 a par de um aumento de apenas 2% no consumo de energia elétrica, medido em kWh, não produzindo ônus, por força do contrato com a concessionária local de eletricidade, do tipo azul. Foram feitas, ainda, comparações com alternativas de abastecimento, quais sejam água de reuso e o aproveitamento de águas pluviais, este mais comum no Brasil embora nitidamente mais recomendável para construções com até dois pavimentos, enquanto aquele, por enquanto, pode ser considerado uma prospecção teórica para as condições de nosso país / The water shortage in the planet is already a punctual reality that is already rising in our country outside the drought polygon (in northeastern part of Brazil). In the metropolitan area of São Paulo the adduction model coming from the neighboring basins is on the brinks of exhaustion, because this kind of solution costs, adopted since the Roman Empire times, brings up to tariffs to the final customer. In this manner, the search for the so called rational solutions has gained more and more followers and among these the one that has shown more efficiency and accuracy is the vacuum sewerage technology, considering that sanitary basin is responsible for almost 40% of the residential water consumption and a similar percentage occurs also in trade buildings. Taking the case study in the headquarter building of Secretaria de Orçamento Federal (SOF), in Brasília, it was verified a 30% economy in the average water consumption, measured in cubic meters, since the vacuum system was established (replacing the gravitational system), on January 2008, informed about only 2% increase in the electricity consumption, measured in kWh, it means that there was no effective increase in the electricity bill, once the local provide company contract, of the blue type, has foretold small oscillations in the supply without deduction on the bill. It was still done some comparative descriptions with others alternatives water supplies, whichever be grey water and rainwater harvesting, this one widely used in Brazil although it is more suggested to up to two floor buildings while the other, for the time being, can be considered as a theoretical prospection in our country

Thesis: Sanitation installation in a hotel with health resort The unit has 6 floors, it is partly with a cellar. The 1st floor is intended for spa purposes, the floors 3-5 serve as the acommodation area and in the 6th floor there is a machine room. The theoretic part is focused on the water problematics, on the type of sewages, including the labeling of their colors, and the following secondary use of the sewages. The next step is the choosing of the appropriate obtion. The project concerns the sanitation installation in a hotel with health resort.

This thesis solves sanitary equipment installation and design of distribution of gray water in the hotel. Designed building has three floors and basement. On the first floor there are a restaurant, bar, conservatory, sanitary facilities and kitchen facilities. In the second and third floor are rooms for guests. In the basement there are storages, laundry room, engine room and other rooms, which are important for operation. The theoretical part is focused on familiarization with the theme of gray water, their division and possibilities. The practical part of applied knowledge on the subject at. The work also includes the calculation of return on this technological system.

La variabilité de la pollution urbaine est liée à l'activité humaine qui est elle-même très variable (journalière, hebdomadaire, annuelle, pluri-annuelle). Afin de développer un modèle qui permet de prédire ces différentes variabilités, nous avons analysé des études démographiques, de l'utilisation de l'espace à partir de données cadastrales et des photographies aériennes et réalisés, des campagnes de prélèvements sur 24h. L'exemple de la Communauté Urbaine du Grand Nancy sur l'utilisation de ces outils est illustré dans ce travail. Les résultats de campagnes de prélèvements sur trois type de sous-bassins (village semi-rural, zone résidentielle, zone résidentielle avec un grand hôpital) en fonction de l?activité humaine (jour versus nuit, repas, lavage) sont discutés. Une meilleure anticipation de la variabilité de la pollution arrivant dans les installations de traitement des eaux résiduaires permettrait d'améliorer leur gestion et donc de leur performance. Les campagnes ont également permis une meilleure compréhension de la variabilité de certains micropolluants tels que les métaux lourds. La pollution est moins variable dans une grande ville que dans une localité rurale, elle est liée aux apports des activités professionnelles sur les différents sites. La variabilité dépend de la nature du réseau de collecte, de style de vie, de la démographie du bassin de collecte (en termes de répartition spatiale et de classe d'âge, etc.), des zones étudiées. Les macro-polluants (C, N-NH4, P) et les micro-polluants métalliques (Na, K, Mg, Ca, Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Al) ont été caractérisés. Deux pics de pollution ont été observés : le premier pendant le matin vers 10h00 et le second pic en début de soirée vers 20h00. Pour les zones résidentielles le premier pic correspond à l'activité humaine du matin avant de quitter la maison pour travailler, le deuxième pic correspond aux activités à l'heure du retour à la maison après une journée de travail. On n'a pas trouvé un schéma propre aux zones mixtes (résidentielles avec des activités commerciales, industrielles et hospitalières). Les variations du débit et de la composition des eaux usées reproduisent très bien le cycle humain. Dans ce travail, on a tenu en compte les modifications démographiques, l'occupation du sol et le déplacement domicile-travail sur les sites étudiés / The variation of urban pollution related to human activity depends on several spatial and temporal scales: daily, weekly, annual, multi-year. To develop a model predicting this variations, different tools are used including demographic characteristics (age, sex, income), on the basis of cadastral data and aerial photographs and sampling campaigns on 24h. The use of these tools is illustrated with the example of the Urban area of Nancy. The results of sampling campaigns in three different catchments (semi-rural village, residential area, and residential area with large hospital) are discussed, considering its relation with the human activities (day versus night, meals, laundry). Better anticipating the variability of pollution which arrived to the wastewater treatment plant would improve their management and therefore their performances. These measurements also allowed a better understanding of the variability of some micropollutants such as heavy metals. The daily variation pattern in the big city is less marked than rural communities. This variability is probably related to the contributions of professional activities on different sites. It depends on the modification of the collection network, lifestyle, demographics on the water catchment, in terms of spatial distribution and age class in the studied area. The macropollution (C, N-NH4, P) and metal micropollution (Na, K, Mg, Ca, Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Al) were considered. Pollution peaks were observed: For residential areas, the first peak corresponds to human activity in the morning (around 10:00) before leaving home to work, the second peak corresponds to the activities at the time of returning home (around 20:00) after a day's work. We did not find a proper scheme for mixed zones (residential with commercial, industrial and hospital activities). Variations in flow and composition of the wastewater reproduce very well the human cycle, taking into account modifications in population, information on land use and daily journeys between home and work in the studied sites

[pt] O crescimento da população mundial junto de mudanças no estilo de vida resulta em uma crescente demanda por culturas de alimentos e energia. O Brasil tem aumentado cada vez mais a produção e o fornecimento destas culturas para outras partes do mundo. O Cerrado tornou-se o centro da indústria de soja do Brasil. A savana natural foi substituída pelo cultivo de monoculturas que estão associadas ao uso intensivo de fertilizantes e pesticidas sintéticos. Este estudo determina em que medida a aplicação de agroquímicos no cultivo de soja contribui para a poluição dos corpos hídricos no Cerrado. Como medida para quantificar este impacto, a pegada hídrica cinza (GWF) do cultivo da soja em uma fazenda típica no município de Correntina-BA foi calculada para 5 anos de cultivo. O poluente mais significativo para todos os anos foi o pesticida 2,4-D. O GWF do cultivo da soja para o estudo de caso no período variou de 7.661 a 13.587 m3 por hectare e 2.441 a 7.651 m3 por tonelada de soja. O valor médio do nível de poluição da água (WPL) associado com a produção desta cultura na bacia hidrográfica foi de 48,6 por cento com valores que variaram de 36 por cento a 83 por cento. Os valores de GWF e WPL calculados mostram uma grande variação entre os diferentes períodos. O GWF em 2013/2014 teve valores discrepantes sendo 43,6 por cento maior do que os valores em 2010/2011. A diferença é devida principalmente a uma maior aplicação do pesticida, de 0,80 kg/ha para 1,42 kg/ha. O WPL em 2013/2014 chegou a 83 por cento. Os resultados indicam que com a tendência de crescimento da agricultura de grande escala na região a poluição por agrotóxicos dissolvidos dos corpos hídricos se intensificará a tal ponto que é provável que viole em breve o padrão de qualidade de água local. / [en] The growing world population, coupled with changes in lifestyle, result in an increasing demand for food, feed and energy crops. Brazil is increasingly producing and supplying these crops for other parts of the world. The Cerrado has become the centre of Brazil s soybean industry. The natural savannah has been replaced by crop monocultures which are associated with intensive use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. This study determines to which extent the application of agrochemicals in the cultivation of soybean contributes to the pollution of local river basins in the Cerrado. As a measure to quantify this impact, the grey water footprint (GWF) of soybean cultivation in a typical farm in the municipality of Correntina-BA is calculated for 5 cropping years. The most significant pollutant for all years was the pesticide 2,4-D. The GWF of soybean cultivation for the case study in the period ranged from 7,661 to 13,587 m3 per hectare and 2,441 to 7,651 m3 per tonne of soybean. The average water pollution level (WPL) associated with the production of this crop at river basin level was 48.6 percent. The average water pollution level (WPL) associated with the production of this crop at river basin level was 48.6 percent with values ranging from 36 percent to 83 percent. The calculated GWFs and WPLs show a large variation among different cropping seasons. The GWF in 2013/2014 had discrepant values, being 43.6 percent higher than the value in 2010/2011. This difference is mainly due to a higher application of the pesticide, from 0.80 kg/ha to 1.42 kg/ha. The WPL in 2013/2014 reached 83 percent . The results indicate that following the local trend of further intensification of large scale agriculture, the pollution of local water bodies with dissolved agrochemicals will increase to the point that it is likely to soon violate the local water quality standards.

ABSTRACT This Master’s work deals with plumbing system in the kindergarten. The theoretical part focuses on the use of greywater as service water. The thesis includes the design of several variants with their assessment. The project for construction is also part of thesis