<p>Greywater is domestic household wastewater without inputfrom the toilet, i.e. wastewater from sinks, the shower,washing machine and dishwasher in a home. Source separation ofgreywater can be a strategy to enhance recirculation of plantnutrients and/or improve water use. The risk for transmissionof disease when reusing greywater is largely dependent on thecross-contamination by faeces. High levels of faecalindicators, mainly thermotolerant coliform bacteria, have beenreported in greywater, indicating substantial faecal pollution.However, growth of indicator bacteria within the system leadsto an overestimation of thefaecal input and thus the hygienerisk. The faecal input of the greywater in Vibyåsen,Sollentuna, North of Stockholm, was estimated to be 0.04 ±0.02 g faeces person-1 day-1 from the quantification of thefaecal sterol coprostanol, compared to 65 g, 5.2 g and 0.22 gp-1 d-1 using E. coli, enterococci and cholesterolrespectively.</p><p>Prevalence of pathogens in the population and the faecalload based on coprostanol concentrations were used to form thebasis of a screening-level quantitative microbial riskassessment (QMRA) that was undertaken for rotavirus, Salmonellatyphimurium, Campylobacter jejuni, Giardia intestinalis andCryptosporidium parvum, looking at the treatment required to bebelow an acceptable level of risk (10-3) for reuse or dischargeof the greywater. The different exposure scenarios simulated–groundwater recharge, direct contact, irrigation andrecreational water–showed that a reduction of 0.7–3.7 log was needed for rotavirus, with the measured level offaecal load in Vibyåsen. The other pathogen of concern wasCampylobacter, where a 2.2 log reduction was needed forgroundwater recharge. The infectious dose of Salmonella is highand the excretion numbers of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidiumoocysts low, resulting in no treatment requirements for theseorganisms under these circumstances. Pathogen input fromcontaminated food via the kitchen sink had a minor effect onthe microbiological quality of the greywater. Studies on virusoccurrence in greywater as well as validation of the faecalload of greywater at another site would give valuable input forfuture QMRAs.</p><p>Greywater treatment efficiency studies, especially on virusremoval, are scarce and more investigations are warranted.Active sludge may not be a suitable technique for greywater dueto the low carbon content in this flow. Chemical precipitationhas the advantage of removing phosphorus as well as virusesefficiently and it is suggested as one possible method fortreating greywater. Otherwise the most common practice forgreywater treatment in Sweden is soil infiltration. However, itis suggested that the recommendations for wastewaterinfiltration also be observed for greywater, despite the lowfaecal load, due to the simulated results on virus reductionneeded.</p><p><b>Key words:</b>greywater, greywater reuse, greywatertreatment, microbial risk assessment, groundwater recharge,irrigation, recreational water, faecal contamination, indicatorbacteria, index organisms, faecal sterols, bacteriophages,enteric pathogens, rotavirus, Salmonella, Campylobacter,Giardia, Cryptosporidium, Legionella</p>

Les eaux grises (EG) peuvent être considérées comme une ressource alternative à l’eau potable et peuvent donc être réutilisées, par exemple, pour l'arrosage d'espaces verts pour lequel une qualité ''eau destinée à la consommation humaine'' ne semble pas nécessaire. Toutefois la présence de microorganismes pathogènes et de composés organiques peut entraîner des risques sanitaires et environnementaux. Il est donc nécessaire de traiter ces EG avant de les réutiliser et caractériser les risques liés à leur recyclage, jusqu'à présent peu connus. Pour répondre à ces objectifs, la démarche a consisté à caractériser les EG afin de choisir un traitement adapté. Le procédé biologique retenu est un réacteur à lit fluidisé aérobie. Son optimisation a été basée sur l’étude de son comportement hydrodynamique et sur la cinétique de biodégradation des EG. Ses performances épuratoires ont également été déterminées. La qualité des EG traitées produites atteint les objectifs attendus par la réglementation française pour l'irrigation d'espaces verts avec des eaux usées traitées. En effet, la DCO et les MES obtenues dans l'effluent traité sont respectivement de 26 mg O2.L-1 et 5,6 mg.L-1. Le réacteur a permis de traiter 144 L.j-1 d'EG durant 16 mois. Trois parcelles de pelouse ont été irriguées respectivement par des EG brutes, des EG traitées et par de l’eau potable. Contrairement à la parcelle irriguée par les EG brutes, l'analyse de risques n'a montré aucune différence significative entre celle irriguée par les EG traitées et celle irriguée par l'eau potable. Ces travaux démontrent que les EG traitées produites dans cette étude peuvent être employées pour l’irrigation d’espaces verts. / A level of water quality intended for human consumption does not seem necessary for domestic uses such as irrigation of green spaces. Alternative water supplies like the use of greywater (GW) can thus be considered. However, GW contains pathogenic microorganisms and organic compounds which can cause environmental and health risks. As the risks related to recycling are unknown, GW treatment is necessary before reusing. To describe the risks related to GW reuses, the scientific approach performed in this study was to characterize domestic GW in order to select an appropriate treatment. The biological process chosen is an aerobic fluidized bed reactor. As this process has never been developed for GW, an optimization step based on the study of its hydrodynamic behavior and the kinetics of biodegradation of GW was performed. The treatment performances were then determined. The treated GW produced in this study reached the threshold values expected by the French regulation for irrigation of green spaces with treated wastewater. Indeed, the COD and the TSS obtained in treated GW were respectively 26 mg O2.L-1 and 5.6 mg.L-1. The fluidized bed reactor has been used to treat 144 L.d-1 of GW for 16 months. Three lawn plots were irrigated respectively with raw GW, treated GW and tap water asa reference. Contrary to the lawn plot irrigated with raw GW, the risk analysis performed in this study has shown no significant difference between the law plot irrigated with treated GW and the one irrigated with tap water. This study shows that treated GW produced from the fluidized bed reactor developed in this experiment can be used for irrigation of green spaces.

Greywater is domestic household wastewater without inputfrom the toilet, i.e. wastewater from sinks, the shower,washing machine and dishwasher in a home. Source separation ofgreywater can be a strategy to enhance recirculation of plantnutrients and/or improve water use. The risk for transmissionof disease when reusing greywater is largely dependent on thecross-contamination by faeces. High levels of faecalindicators, mainly thermotolerant coliform bacteria, have beenreported in greywater, indicating substantial faecal pollution.However, growth of indicator bacteria within the system leadsto an overestimation of thefaecal input and thus the hygienerisk. The faecal input of the greywater in Vibyåsen,Sollentuna, North of Stockholm, was estimated to be 0.04 ±0.02 g faeces person-1 day-1 from the quantification of thefaecal sterol coprostanol, compared to 65 g, 5.2 g and 0.22 gp-1 d-1 using E. coli, enterococci and cholesterolrespectively. Prevalence of pathogens in the population and the faecalload based on coprostanol concentrations were used to form thebasis of a screening-level quantitative microbial riskassessment (QMRA) that was undertaken for rotavirus, Salmonellatyphimurium, Campylobacter jejuni, Giardia intestinalis andCryptosporidium parvum, looking at the treatment required to bebelow an acceptable level of risk (10-3) for reuse or dischargeof the greywater. The different exposure scenarios simulated–groundwater recharge, direct contact, irrigation andrecreational water–showed that a reduction of 0.7–3.7 log was needed for rotavirus, with the measured level offaecal load in Vibyåsen. The other pathogen of concern wasCampylobacter, where a 2.2 log reduction was needed forgroundwater recharge. The infectious dose of Salmonella is highand the excretion numbers of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidiumoocysts low, resulting in no treatment requirements for theseorganisms under these circumstances. Pathogen input fromcontaminated food via the kitchen sink had a minor effect onthe microbiological quality of the greywater. Studies on virusoccurrence in greywater as well as validation of the faecalload of greywater at another site would give valuable input forfuture QMRAs. Greywater treatment efficiency studies, especially on virusremoval, are scarce and more investigations are warranted.Active sludge may not be a suitable technique for greywater dueto the low carbon content in this flow. Chemical precipitationhas the advantage of removing phosphorus as well as virusesefficiently and it is suggested as one possible method fortreating greywater. Otherwise the most common practice forgreywater treatment in Sweden is soil infiltration. However, itis suggested that the recommendations for wastewaterinfiltration also be observed for greywater, despite the lowfaecal load, due to the simulated results on virus reductionneeded. <b>Key words:</b>greywater, greywater reuse, greywatertreatment, microbial risk assessment, groundwater recharge,irrigation, recreational water, faecal contamination, indicatorbacteria, index organisms, faecal sterols, bacteriophages,enteric pathogens, rotavirus, Salmonella, Campylobacter,Giardia, Cryptosporidium, Legionella / NR 20140805