The objectives for this research were to determine: 1) the rate of Micromax which will produce maximum growth of pin oak (Quercus palustris Munchh.), a landscape tree which has shown a previous growth response to the addition of Micromax at the manufacturer's recommended rate, 2) which micronutrient(s) is most associated with maximum growth, and 3) the rate of Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn required to produce maximum growth of Quercus palustris. Q. palustris seedlings were container-grown in pine bark amended with the following rates of Micromax: 0, 0.15, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.8, or 2.7 kg(m-3 in 2000, 2001, and 2002. For all three years, the maximum growth was obtained at rates near the manufacturer's recommended rate of 0.9 kg(m-3. A micronutrient mix was formulated by increasing the levels of Zn, Mn, Fe, and Cu individually while holding the other micronutrients constant based on the grams of each micronutrient contained in Micromax at 0, 0.15, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.8, or 2.7 kg(m-3 for 2001 and 0, 0.45, 0.9, or 1.8 kg(m-3 for 2002. In addition, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn were also applied alone to pine bark at rates of 0, 0.45, 0.9, or 1.8 kg(m-3 without the addition of any other micronutrients. Holding all other micronutrients constant and increasing the rate of one micronutrient did not increase growth. However, when Cu, Fe, Mn, or Zn was added to pine bark alone at increasing rates, growth increased. For Cu and Zn, the growth increased was linear suggesting that a higher rate of Cu and Zn than that provided by Micromax at the manufacturer's recommended rate might be advantageous. / Master of Science

Growing landscape trees in containers is a common practice in the nursery industry. In the southeastern United States, pine bark is often used as a container substrate, and two common amendments to pine bark are lime and micronutrients. In this study, three experiments were conducted to determine the effect of these amendments on the growth of a wide range of landscape tree species grown in pine bark. In the first experiment, nine species of landscape trees [Acer palmatum (Japanese maple), Acer saccharum (sugar maple), Cercis canadensis (redbud), Cornus florida (flowering dogwood), Cornus kousa (kousa dogwood), Koelreuteria paniculata (golden-rain tree), Magnolia x soulangiana (magnolia), Nyssa sylvatica (blackgum), and Quercus palustris (pin oak)] were grown from seed in two pine barks: pH 4.7 (low) and 5.1 (high). Preplant amendment treatments to each pine bark (Pinus taeda) were: with or without dolomitic limestone (3.57 kg.m-3) and with or without micronutrients (0.9 kg.m-3, Micromax™). The same experiment was repeated using Koelreuteria paniculata and Quercus palustris, the same lime and micronutrient treatments, and two pine barks: pH 5.1 (low) and 5.8 (high). In both experiments, micronutrients increased shoot dry mass and height for all species, while lime decreased shoot dry mass and height for all species. Effect of bark type in the first experiment was variable, while shoot dry mass and height were highest in the low pH bark when the experiment was repeated. Substrate solution element concentrations increased when micronutrients were added, decreased when lime was added, and in general, concentrations were higher in low pH bark than in high pH bark. In the third experiment, Koelreuteria paniculata was grown from seed in pine bark amended with 0, 1.2, 2.4, or 3.6 kg.m-3 dolomitic limestone and 0 or 0.9 kg.m-3 micronutrients (Micromax™). Initial pH for each lime rate was 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, and 5.5, respectively. Adding micronutrients increased shoot dry mass and height. Lime increased growth only at the 1.2 kg.m-3 rate. In general, substrate solution element concentrations increased when micronutrients were added and decreased when lime was added. In all three experiments, adding micronutrients was necessary regardless of pine bark pH, while adding lime was not necessary. / Master of Science

Ce travail de thèse porte sur le développement de techniques de spectroscopie neutronique dans les champs de rayonnement mixte pour des applications liées aux réacteurs de recherche à neutrons rapides, en particulier l’installation MASURCA.La première partie est consacrée à l'étude des configurations expérimentales spéciales de MASURCA dans lesquelles un canal radial est construit pour extraire un faisceau continu de neutrons d'énergie intermédiaires et rapides, adaptable à différents besoins. Exploiter MASURCA en tant qu'installation de faisceau de neutrons ouvrirait de nouvelles possibilités d'expériences telles que des expériences de protection et de transport de neutrons rapides, la production de champs neutroniques standards (de référence), le développement et étalonnage de systèmes de détection des neutrons rapides, etc.La deuxième partie de la thèse est dédiée au développement d’une capacité de spectrométrie neutronique rapide pour la caractérisation en ligne de la distribution d'énergie neutronique. Différents types de détecteurs sont comparés. Le meilleur compromis pour ce spectromètre est un système combinant des compteurs proportionnels et des scintillateurs organiques. Ce système est capable de couvrir le domaine énergétique entre 10 keV et 10 MeV. Le scintillateur organique sélectionné est un monocristal de stilbène obtenu par un procédé “solution-grown” développé récemment. Au bilan, on conclut qu'un spectromètre à neutrons basé sur le stilbène de type “solution-grown” serait adapté à une utilisation dans MASURCA et dans d'autres champs de rayonnement mixte et qu'il serait plus performant que les systèmes de détection traditionnels. / This doctoral thesis work is focused on the development of neutron spectroscopy techniques in mixed radiations fields for fast research reactor applications, especially for the MASURCA facility.The first part of the thesis is dedicated to the study of special MASURCA configurations in which a radial channel is built to extract a continuous beam of intermediate-to-fast energy neutrons, tailorable to meet different needs. Operating MASURCA as a neutron beam facility would open up new possibilities of experiments, such as fast neutron attenuation and shielding experiments; measurements in standard (reference) fast neutron fields, development and calibration of fast neutron detection systems etc.The second part of the thesis is dedicated to the development of fast neutron spectrometric capabilities for the on-line characterization of the neutron energy distribution. Different candidate detector systems are compared. A “best compromise” spectrometer is shown to be a system combining proportional counters and organic scintillators. Such a system would be able to cover the neutron energy domain between 10 keV and 10 MeV. The selected organic scintillator is a stilbene single crystal obtained by a recently developed solution-grown process. Overall, it is concluded that a neutron spectrometer based on a solution-grown stilbene detector would be suitable for use in MASURCA and in other mixed radiations fields, and would perform better than traditional detector systems.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-25T12:19:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SilviaReginaAlvesGermano.pdf: 325345 bytes, checksum: e14c5e617657305690fbfe6ab071a40f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-12-20 / The education for youth and grown ups comes in an expressive moment for reconstruction of the experience lived by these people as subject. It's a time of naming the knowledges, previous phases of education, placing them with school sectors, living day-by-day in the classroom. This work has got as objective assess EJA teachers' work about this kind of teaching. For that, we're trying to checklist their speech according to the Social Discuss Theory of Fairclough in order to learn what their meaning is, of Youth Grown ups Education, how they live, accept and react and create knowledge in the complex practicle relation. The research has been done with teachers working in Campina Grande county public schools over the second semester of 2006 and the first half of 2007. Semi-structured interviews were used, highlighting teachers discuss. the collected data showed that this discuss point the sadness, resigning, and motionlessness, possibly leading them to a lack of comittment with Youth and Grown ups Education. The reserch can also reveal that all discuss studied here, no doubt and somehow, are indeed idealogically supported. / A Educação de Jovens e Adultos se configura em um momento expressivo de reconstrução das experiências vividas por esses sujeitos. É uma ocasião de ressignificação dos conhecimentos, de etapas anteriores da escolarização, articulando-os com os saberes escolares, vivenciados no dia-a-dia da sala de aula. Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o discurso de professoras da EJA sobre essa modalidade de ensino. Para tanto, buscamos analisar suas falas, à luz da Teoria Social do Discurso, de Fairclough, com o intuito de saber qual o significado que elas dão à Educação de Jovens e Adultos, como vivenciam, aceitam, reagem e (re) criam conhecimentos na complexa rede de relações da sua prática. A pesquisa foi realizada com professoras que atuam em escolas municipais de Campina Grande, durante o segundo semestre de 2006 e metade do primeiro semestre de 2007. Foram utilizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas, dando-se relevo ao discurso das professoras. Os dados coletados permitiram apreender que esses discursos apontam para o desencantamento, a resignação, a apatia, o que poderia encaminhá-los para um possível descompromisso com a Educação de Jovens e Adultos, os dados também revelam que todos os discursos aqui analisados, sem dúvida, de certo modo, são concretamente investidos de ideologia.

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Com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos das faixas de controle das plantas daninhas sobre o crescimento do eucalipto foram conduzidos dois ensaios localizados nos municípios de Três Lagoas, MS (julho de 1996 a agosto de 2000) e de Brotas, SP (fevereiro de 1997 a março de 2001). Os tratamentos experimentais destes ensaios constaram de dois grupos: (i) grupo I: faixas fixas de controle durante os 12 meses iniciais, a: 0, 25, 50, 100, 125 e 150 cm de cada lado da linha de plantio do eucalipto; e, (ii) grupo II faixas crescentes de controle, a: 25 a 150, 25-50-150, 50-125-150, 100-125-150, 100 a 150 e 125 a 150 cm. Aos 49 meses após o plantio dessas áreas, foi constatado que as plantas de eucalipto que cresceram nas parcelas com faixas de controle fixas iguais a 100 cm ou crescentes superiores a 50 cm nos três primeiros meses, respectivamente, mostraram-se superiores, em diâmetro medido à altura do peito (D.A.P.), altura, volume e incremento médio anual de madeira (I.M.A.). Já com o objetivo de estudar os efeitos dos períodos de controle das plantas daninhas sobre a produtividade do eucalipto foram conduzidos três ensaios localizados nos municípios de Três Lagoas, MS (janeiro de 1997 a março de 2001), Brotas, SP (fevereiro de 1997 a fevereiro de 2001) e Piratininga, SP (agosto de 1991 a maio de 1999). Nos ensaios de Três Lagoas, MS e Brotas, SP, os tratamentos consistiram de diferentes períodos de convivência e de controle das plantas daninhas na cultura divididos em dois grupos. No primeiro, a convivência iniciava no plantio e estendia até 28, 56, 84, 112, 140, 168, 252 e 364 dias. No segundo, a convivência iniciava aos 0, 28, 56, 84, 112, 140, 168 e 252 dias e estendia até os 364 dias. Para Três Lagoas, MS, o período total de prevenção à interferência (PTPI) foi de 180 e 210 dias, quando se considera a redução de 5 e 2% no volume de madeira aos 50 meses após o plantio, respectivamente. No entanto, para Brotas, SP, o PTPI foi de 60 dias, considerando-se 5% de redução em volume de madeira aos 24 meses após o plantio. Todavia, pode-se questionar o efeito da interferência das plantas daninhas distribuídas irregularmente na área de Brotas, SP e sugerir a hipótese de recuperação das plantas de eucalipto a partir de 48 meses, bem como o potencial alelopático dos restos culturais do eucalipto. Em Piratininga, SP, os tratamentos consistiram de diferentes períodos de convivência e de controle das plantas daninhas na cultura do eucalipto divididos em dois grupos. No primeiro, a convivência iniciava no plantio e era estendida até 28, 56, 84, 112, 140, 168, 278 e 360 dias. No segundo, a convivência iniciava aos 0, 28, 56, 84, 112, 140, 168 e 278 dias e era estendida até 364 dias. O PTPI foi de 79 dias quando se analisa o volume de madeira (m 3 .ha -1 ) aos 78 meses após o plantio (colheita da cultura). / This research has been carried out in areas of Eucalyptus sp in Três Lagoas, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil (from July 1996 through August 2001) and Brotas, São Paulo State, Brazil (from February 1997 through March 2001), to evaluate the effects of weed control strip variations at the Eucalyptus growth. The experiments consisted of two treatments: group 1 - with constant width control strips have been kept throughout the first 12 months, i.e., at 0, 25, 50, 100, 125 and 150 cm on both sides of the Eucalyptus row and, group 2: with an increasing of the width control strips has been adopted along the experimental period, i.e., at 25 to 150, 25-50-150, 50 at 150, 50-125-150, 100-125-150, 100 to 150 and 125 to 150 cm on both sides of the Eucalyptus row. After 49 months that areas were planted it was checked that the Eucalyptus plants that had grown as in the constant and as in increasing width control strips, equal to or higher than 100 and 50 cm, respectively has showed a higher diameter, height plant, volume and annual average increment of the wood. These results have led to the conclusion that the control minimum strip width should be 100 cm on the both sides of the Eucalyptus row in order to keep it the weed interference. This research has been carried out in Três Lagoas, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil (from January 1997 through March 2001) and Brotas, São Paulo State, Brazil (from February 1997 through 2001) and Piratininga, São Paulo State, Brazil (from August 1991 through May 1999), with the purpose study of a studying about the effects of the weed interference at the Eucalyptus sp growth. In Três Lagoas and in Brotas the treatments have consisted of in the different extensions and the different time limits of the weed control periods. The weed control periods have been divided in to two groups. At the first one, the weed control periods have been since the Eucalyptus plantation to 28, 56, 112, 140, 168, 224, 252 and 364 days. At the second group, the weed control period has begun at 0, 28, 56, 112, 140, 168, 224 and 252 days after the plantation and has finished at the end of the 364 days. To assure the crop productivity in Três Lagoas it was necessary to keep a weed control period in a range of 180 and 210 days after plantation, in that case it should consider a reduction of 5% at the wood volume in the 50 months after the plantation. However, in Brotas area it was necessary to keep the weed control plantation in a range of 60 days of to consider the wood volume throughout 24 months after the plantation. However, it might ask about question the effects of the weed interference in a case of a low density and in a weed irregular distribution in that area, suggesting improvement at the quality of the Eucalyptus plants in a range of 48 months after the plantation the allelophatic potential from the Eucalyptus mulching as well. In Piratininga the treatments have consisted of different extensions and time limits of the weed control periods. The weed control periods has been since the Eucalyptus plantation to 28, 56, 112, 140, 168, 224, 278 and 360 days. At the second group the weed control period has begun in a range of 0, 28, 56, 112, 140, 168, 224 throughout 278 days after the plantation and has finished at the end of the 364 days. It has been necessary to keep a weed control period in a range of 79 days after the plantation throughout 78 months, in that case it should consider reduction of 5% at the wood volume.

This thesis focuses on the past, present, and future of food sustainability on Maui. It begins by explaining ancient Hawaiian agriculture and how this complex system of agriculture was deeply rooted in the customs and traditions of the Hawaiian people. The second section explores how this sustainable agricultural system changed after the arrival of Captain Cook in 1778. After western settlement, land that was once a communal resource became privatized. As land ownership shifted, the traditional subsistence agricultural system of Hawai’i began to change. Export crops such as sugar cane and pineapple became more widespread. As these crops shifted the way land was utilized in Hawai’i, the islands reduced the amount of crops grown for local consumption and became increasingly reliant on imported foods. The last section stresses the necessity of increasing the production of locally grown food on Maui. It discusses the locally grown food movement that has developed on Maui, and addresses the obstacles that prevent more food from being grown locally. Lastly, it suggests strategies to increase the amount of food produced for local consumption so that Maui can secure a more sustainable agricultural future.

Revised; Originally Published: 2000 / 8 pp. / Whether you are beginning a new landscape or renovating an existing one, planning ahead can prevent many problems. The majority of maintenance requirements and plant problems result from either selecting the wrong kind of plant for a location or planting an inferior specimen of the selected plant type. In other words, there are two decisions to be made: ▪ What species, or kind, of tree are you going to buy — an oak, pine, mesquite, or acacia? ▪ Assuming you decide on an oak, which one in the row of oaks at the nursery are you going to buy? The first decision is called Plant Selection and the second is Selecting Plants. Our goal is to install the right plant in the right place. This publication will cover the factors involved in making good decisions to achieve this goal.

This study investigates the determinants that influence adult Kentuckians’ preference to buy organic and/or locally grown food based on their age, gender, income, education level and metropolitan versus nonmetropolitan living status. Ajzen’s theory of planned behavior (TPB) provides the conceptual framework of the research and the appropriateness of the theory. Data for this analysis are from a 2009 Kentucky statewide survey. The analysis shows that: There is a significant difference in food purchasing habits of Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan adult Kentuckians; the factors associated with the purchase of organic and locally grown foods are different; and, those who purchased locally grown and organic foods shared similar beliefs.

Using data from the 2006 – 2013 English Premier League (EPL) seasons, this paper finds evidence that the Home Grown policy does not provide a differential effect. As a consequence of the ruling, however, EPL clubs have generally acquired more English players. While English players are detrimental to a club’s ability to achieve a top 4 finish in the pre-policy period, this paper finds that English players positively influence top clubs in the post-policy period. More specifically, a successful club in the pre-policy period is 18% more likely to achieve a top 4 finish in the post-policy period by acquiring more English players in response to the Home Grown ruling. Furthermore, these top clubs are able to maintain their pre-policy competitiveness by outspending their counterparts to acquire the most talented Englishmen. As such, this paper also finds that increasing club transfer expenditures favors EPL club success in the post-policy period.