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Aims: In this article, we will apply the multinational view to explore the relationships between saving, investment and economic growth. We will explore the dynamic relationship among these three factors from the empirical perspective. We are going to compare the mutual influence among these three factors and try to figure out the dynamic correlation. And find out the factors that influence economic growth the most in the short run and long run respectively.   Method: For the research purpose and the contents, our article applies several methods such as literature research, quantitative research, comprehensive analysis and logical induction and comparison research. We separate two parts to analysis. In the first part we will use the stepwise regression method to prove our five assumptions and through path analysis to calculate path coefficient. In order to guarantee the stability of these data, these indexes apply the average value of 214 countries from 2000 to 2011. In the second part, we will use a Cobb-Douglas production model to figure out the long run economic growth behavior, we will introduce the concept of total factor productivity. And use the data of a sample space of 35 in the interval of 1975 to 2009.   Limitations: Firstly, the paper didn’t investigate datum on further step, or has deeper proceeding of default datum, the data quality might occur to important influence to the conclusion, it did need to take cautious attitudes. Secondly, the paper acquires relative simple control variables, where default datum of control variable might induce strong influence on the conclusion, thus a deeper analyses need take many various factors into considerations, in order to analyze net effects of two variables. Thirdly, it clarifies from the degree of fitting, the paper using relative simple model, and does affect quality of the process, to get deeper analyze then needs more precious model for further analyze.   Conclusion: This paper provided evidence to show economic growth is positive related to saving and investment and is negative to income level. Saving rate is positive related to income level and positive related to investment level, saving rate has indirect effect on economic growth, and saving rate has indirect effect on economic growth via investment rate. And there is a close relationship between investment and economic growth. Solow residual indicates that we will have to rely on the technology progress to increase efficiency in the long run.

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The life-history traits of two sympatric seabird species, the Common Sterna hirundo and Arctic Tern S. paradisaea, and the flexibility of these traits in relation to short and longer term changes in environmental conditions were measured at Coquet Island, N.E. England. The study focused primarily on inter and intraspecific differences in annual productivity and chick growth, adult time budgets and provisioning rates, and the relationships between these different aspects of reproductive performance. Of the two species, Common Terns delivered larger food items, delivered food at a higher rate to the nest and attended the nest more frequently, indicating that they made trips of shorter average duration. Daily metabolizable energy intake of chicks was about 30% higher in Common Terns than in Arctic Terns, yet the size-specific growth rates of the two species were almost identical, indicating a major difference between species in nestling energy budgets. Brooding appeared to play a less important role in the energy budgets of Common Terns, and the number of chicks that Arctic Terns could raise was probably limited not only by the rate at which parents could supply food to the nest but also by the requirements of chicks for brooding. Increased brood size, low annual food abundance and extreme weather conditions had a negative effect on chick mass development in both tern species. Flexibility of mass growth rates in Arctic and Common Terns may act as a fine-tuning mechanism to regulate provisioning in these species. By maintaining structural growth rates, final fledging mass and final fledging size of nestlings at the expense of retarded mass development rates, these species seem to be able to maximize annual reproductive output and possibly, for parents and nestlings, future survival. Predation of eggs and chicks was generally infrequent and affected mostly very young nestlings. However, Black-headed Gulls took many tern eggs in a year when inshore food supplies were particularly low.

The Great Plains piping plover (Charadrius melodus) population was listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act in 1986. The challenge for managers of this population is to increase the fledging rate and to ensure that there is sufficient habitat to support an increasing population. According to the revised recovery plan, there are insufficient quantitative data that relate habitat characteristics to reproductive success in riverine habitat. In particular, additional data are needed to determine if piping plover reproduction is limited by food abundance at breeding sites. The goal of this research was to determine whether piping plover chick survival was limited by foraging site quality on the Missouri River. Productivity has historically varied among river reaches. The alkali wetlands, reported to be very productive, serve as an index to the upper limit of reproductive potential. We compared indices of foraging site quality, chick growth and survival among a reservoir, two river reaches and alkali wetland sites from 2001-2003. We compared piping plover use of protected shoreline and exposed shoreline to availability along two reaches of the Missouri River (Gavins and Garrison). We also examined piping plover chick diet. Chick weight gains were higher at alkali wetlands than Gavins and Garrison. Invertebrate numbers were higher at the alkali wetlands than the three river sites and lowest downstream of the cold water release dam. Invertebrate biomass was highest at the alkali wetlands and downstream of the warm water release dam and lowest downstream of the cold water release dam. Invertebrate biomass downstream of the cold water release dam was the lowest of all 4 sites. There was no relationship between chick daily survival rates and invertebrate biomass or predator presence. Although Diptera occurred more frequently (23% - 64%) at all sites (sticky traps), Coleoptera occurred most frequently in the fecal samples (fecal analysis; 69% to 89%). On the Missouri River, protected shorelines were important foraging sites for piping plovers during the breeding season. We also found that sandbars with low-lying moist habitat are important to foraging chicks. Results are consistent with the prediction that foraging conditions downriver from cold water release dams are inferior to conditions in other habitats in the region. Differences in prey availability are reflected in chick growth rates, but not in survival rates. These results underscore the variability in different indices of habitat quality (invertebrate indices, predation, growth rates, survival rates) among the four sites, and the need for monitoring and management strategies that address each site individually. When managing or creating sandbars, ensuring the availability of protected shoreline will benefit piping plovers on the Missouri River. / Ph. D.