A formação do biofilme nas áreas subgengivais pode levar a respostas vasculares e celulares, as quais podem resultar na doença periodontal, portanto, periodontite crônica são a inflamação crônica e progressiva, caracterizada clinicamente por inflamação gengival, sangramento à sondagem, diminuição da resistência dos tecidos periodontais à sondagem, perda de inserção gengival e osso alveolar. Em estudos de lesões que ocorrem no processo alveolar, é observado que estas muitas vezes cicatrizam com o tecido fibroso, em vez do tecido ósseo. A regeneração tecidual guiada (RTG) é um dos tratamentos para reconstituição de novo tecido, o qual utiliza membranas como barreira de proteção física da área defeituosa. Esta barreira previne a invasão de outros tecidos e permite repovoamento seletivo da superfície da raiz pelas células do ligamento periodontal e osso alveolar, capazes de promover a regeneração de tecidos de suporte perdidos como resultado de uma doença periodontal progressiva. Neste contexto, vários tipos de barreiras físicas têm sido sugeridos para uso em RTG e, as membranas biodegradáveis são de grande interesse, devido a essas evitarem o segundo procedimento cirúrgico para remoção da barreira. Assim, no presente estudo membranas de quitosana/gelatina com e sem glicerina foram desenvolvidas e o efeito do agente reticulante (glutaraldeído - GTA) foi analisado por dois métodos: imersão e vapor. O intumescimento das membranas foi realizada in vitro em tampão fosfato a 36°C e as membranas foram caracterizados por espectroscopia no infravermelho (FTIR). No espectro de FTIR obtido a partir das membranas de quitosana/gelatina as bandas características de ambos os polímeros foram observados, indicando que houve interação entre a quitosana e a gelatina. Nos espectros obtidos a partir de membranas reticuladas, foi observado um deslocamento da banda a 1654 cm-1, sugerindo efeitos do GTA. Nos resultados do ensaio de intumescimento foram observados que no início do processo a absorção de massa ocorreu rapidamente, atingindo o equilíbrio em 15 minutos. Observou-se também que para as membranas de quitosana/gelatina a taxa de intumescimento diminui com o aumento da concentração de GTA e isso foi mais pronunciado para as membranas sem glicerina (em ambos os métodos de reticulação). Ademais foi observado que o método de reticulação por imersão confere as membranas menor grau de intumescimento, quando comparada com os resultados obtidos através da reticulação por vapor. Entretanto, as membranas reticuladas por vapor são mais resistentes à fragmentação, mostrando-se superiores no ponto de vista morfológico, podendo apresentar melhor estabilidade biológica. Dentre as condições estudadas, as membranas de quitosana/gelatina/glicerina reticuladas por vapor apresentaram características como flexibilidade e facilidade de manuseio, sugerindo que estas membranas podem apresentar boas características para uso em RTG. / The biofilm buildup within the sub gingival areas can lead to vascular and cellular responses, which can result in periodontal disease. Chronic periodontitis are chronic inflammation and progressive, clinically characterized by gingival inflammation, bleeding on probing, decreased resistance of the periodontal tissues on probing, gingival attachment loss and alveolar bone. In studies of lesions occurring in the alveolar process, it is observed that these often heal with fibrous tissue rather than bone. The guided tissue regeneration (GTR) is one of the treatments to replenish new tissue using a membrane as a barrier of physical protection of the defective area by preventing the invasion of other tissues and allowing repopulation selective root surface by cells of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone, capable of promoting the regeneration of supporting tissues lost as a result of progressive periodontal disease. In this context, various types of physical barriers have been suggested for use in GTR and the biodegradable membranes are of great interest, due to avoid second surgical procedure for removal the barrier. Thus, in this study, chitosan/gelatin membranes, with and without glycerin were developed and the effect of cross-linked (glutaraldehyde) was analyzed by two methods: immersion and vapour. The swelling of these membranes was performed in vitro in saline at 36°C and the membranes were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy. In the FTIR spectrum obtained from chitosan/gelatin membrane bands features of both polymers were observed, indicating interaction between chitosan and gelatin. In the spectra obtained from membranes crosslinked, was observed a shift of the band at 1409 cm-1 to 1380 cm-1 associated with angular deformations of C-H, suggesting effect of glutaraldehyde. In the curves of swelling were observed that at the beginning the process of mass absorption occurred rapidly, reaching equilibrium in approximately 15 minutes. It was also observed that for chitosan/gelatin membranes the percentage of swelling decreases with increasing concentration of glutaraldehyde and this was more pronounced for membranes without glycerin (for both crosslinked methods). In addition it was noted that the immersion method immersion gives a lower degree of swelling, when compared with the results obtained by vapour crosslinking. However, vapour crosslinked membranes are more resistant to fragmentation, showing up higher in the morphological point of view, and may have better biological stability. Furthermore the membranes chitosan/gelatin/glycerin vapour crosslinked are flexible and ease of handling, suggesting that these these membranes have good characteristics for use in GTR.

A formação do biofilme nas áreas subgengivais pode levar a respostas vasculares e celulares, as quais podem resultar na doença periodontal, portanto, periodontite crônica são a inflamação crônica e progressiva, caracterizada clinicamente por inflamação gengival, sangramento à sondagem, diminuição da resistência dos tecidos periodontais à sondagem, perda de inserção gengival e osso alveolar. Em estudos de lesões que ocorrem no processo alveolar, é observado que estas muitas vezes cicatrizam com o tecido fibroso, em vez do tecido ósseo. A regeneração tecidual guiada (RTG) é um dos tratamentos para reconstituição de novo tecido, o qual utiliza membranas como barreira de proteção física da área defeituosa. Esta barreira previne a invasão de outros tecidos e permite repovoamento seletivo da superfície da raiz pelas células do ligamento periodontal e osso alveolar, capazes de promover a regeneração de tecidos de suporte perdidos como resultado de uma doença periodontal progressiva. Neste contexto, vários tipos de barreiras físicas têm sido sugeridos para uso em RTG e, as membranas biodegradáveis são de grande interesse, devido a essas evitarem o segundo procedimento cirúrgico para remoção da barreira. Assim, no presente estudo membranas de quitosana/gelatina com e sem glicerina foram desenvolvidas e o efeito do agente reticulante (glutaraldeído - GTA) foi analisado por dois métodos: imersão e vapor. O intumescimento das membranas foi realizada in vitro em tampão fosfato a 36°C e as membranas foram caracterizados por espectroscopia no infravermelho (FTIR). No espectro de FTIR obtido a partir das membranas de quitosana/gelatina as bandas características de ambos os polímeros foram observados, indicando que houve interação entre a quitosana e a gelatina. Nos espectros obtidos a partir de membranas reticuladas, foi observado um deslocamento da banda a 1654 cm-1, sugerindo efeitos do GTA. Nos resultados do ensaio de intumescimento foram observados que no início do processo a absorção de massa ocorreu rapidamente, atingindo o equilíbrio em 15 minutos. Observou-se também que para as membranas de quitosana/gelatina a taxa de intumescimento diminui com o aumento da concentração de GTA e isso foi mais pronunciado para as membranas sem glicerina (em ambos os métodos de reticulação). Ademais foi observado que o método de reticulação por imersão confere as membranas menor grau de intumescimento, quando comparada com os resultados obtidos através da reticulação por vapor. Entretanto, as membranas reticuladas por vapor são mais resistentes à fragmentação, mostrando-se superiores no ponto de vista morfológico, podendo apresentar melhor estabilidade biológica. Dentre as condições estudadas, as membranas de quitosana/gelatina/glicerina reticuladas por vapor apresentaram características como flexibilidade e facilidade de manuseio, sugerindo que estas membranas podem apresentar boas características para uso em RTG. / The biofilm buildup within the sub gingival areas can lead to vascular and cellular responses, which can result in periodontal disease. Chronic periodontitis are chronic inflammation and progressive, clinically characterized by gingival inflammation, bleeding on probing, decreased resistance of the periodontal tissues on probing, gingival attachment loss and alveolar bone. In studies of lesions occurring in the alveolar process, it is observed that these often heal with fibrous tissue rather than bone. The guided tissue regeneration (GTR) is one of the treatments to replenish new tissue using a membrane as a barrier of physical protection of the defective area by preventing the invasion of other tissues and allowing repopulation selective root surface by cells of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone, capable of promoting the regeneration of supporting tissues lost as a result of progressive periodontal disease. In this context, various types of physical barriers have been suggested for use in GTR and the biodegradable membranes are of great interest, due to avoid second surgical procedure for removal the barrier. Thus, in this study, chitosan/gelatin membranes, with and without glycerin were developed and the effect of cross-linked (glutaraldehyde) was analyzed by two methods: immersion and vapour. The swelling of these membranes was performed in vitro in saline at 36°C and the membranes were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy. In the FTIR spectrum obtained from chitosan/gelatin membrane bands features of both polymers were observed, indicating interaction between chitosan and gelatin. In the spectra obtained from membranes crosslinked, was observed a shift of the band at 1409 cm-1 to 1380 cm-1 associated with angular deformations of C-H, suggesting effect of glutaraldehyde. In the curves of swelling were observed that at the beginning the process of mass absorption occurred rapidly, reaching equilibrium in approximately 15 minutes. It was also observed that for chitosan/gelatin membranes the percentage of swelling decreases with increasing concentration of glutaraldehyde and this was more pronounced for membranes without glycerin (for both crosslinked methods). In addition it was noted that the immersion method immersion gives a lower degree of swelling, when compared with the results obtained by vapour crosslinking. However, vapour crosslinked membranes are more resistant to fragmentation, showing up higher in the morphological point of view, and may have better biological stability. Furthermore the membranes chitosan/gelatin/glycerin vapour crosslinked are flexible and ease of handling, suggesting that these these membranes have good characteristics for use in GTR.

Thesis (Master of Environmental Health)--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2020 / Background: The development of metabolic disease is accompanied by changes in gut microbiota phenotype, including a decrease of beneficial bacteria and increase of pernicious bacteria of the gastrointestinal tract. A Western (high-fat and high-sugar) diet, sedentary lifestyle and altered gut microbiota diversity have been associated with an increased risk of developing metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and its associated risk factor, obesity. Many researchers have studied the link between the gut microbiota and diet. Hence our in vitro study is aimed at investigating the potential prebiotic effect of an aspalathin-rich unfermented rooibos extract, Afriplex GRT™ and aspalathin on the faecal bacterial diversity of vervet monkeys fed Western diet. Methodology: A total of six vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) were selected from monkeys fed either a maize based normal diet (standard diet group; n=3) or a high fat diet (Western diet group; n=3) for more than 5-years. Faecal samples were collected from the animals in both groups at the Primate Unit and Delft Animal Centre (PUDAC) between 7 – 9 AM. Faecal samples from the two groups were divided into culture-independent baseline samples (before culture) and culture-dependent samples (after anaerobic culture). The culture-dependent samples were cultured under anaerobic conditions at 37°C for 10 hours, with or without Afriplex GRT™ extract or aspalathin. Bacterial genomic DNA (gDNA) was extracted from all samples using the NucleoSpin® DNA Stool extraction kit. Purified gDNA was sent for metagenomic sequencing for 16S rRNA gene analysis of microbial diversity using an Ion Torrent Next-generation Sequencing platform. Results: Results indicated that the Western diet affects the abundance of several bacterial species. Afriplex GRT™ and aspalathin significantly enhanced the relative abundance of health promoting butyrate-producing bacteria such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in both standard and Western diet groups (p= 0.02 and p=0.04, respectively). A similar trend was observed in other beneficial bacteria such as Eubacterium spp., Sutterella spp., and Dorea longicatena. Conclusion: Based on the data observed, it can be suggested that Afriplex GRT™ has a beneficial prebiotic effect on gut microbiota diversity and gut health.

La thèse, menée dans le cadre d’une Convention Industrielle de Formation à la Recherche en Entreprise (CIFRE) avec la Caisse d’Allocations Familiales des Bouches du Rhône, porte sur le thème de l’évaluation du travail social. L’évaluation permet depuis longtemps d’organiser une production en mesurant l’efficacité des activités qui la constituent. Les évaluations en cours sur le travail social le décomposent et le mesurent. Elles interpellent parce que leur exercice est aux prises de plusieurs logiques : gestionnaires d’un côté, humanistes de l’autre. Bien souvent elles ne portent que sur des faits et moins sur les valeurs qui mènent aux faits. Or, ce sont les valeurs qui fournissent le sens des faits et la question du sens nous parait fondamentale pour le travail social qui est un choix politique. Nous proposons donc une évaluation originale qui se veut être une base évaluative utile non seulement aux directeurs des institutions mais également aux travailleurs. Il ne s'agit pas d'opérer sur la base de critères et d'indicateurs, ni de comparer les résultats à des objectifs définis. Il ne s’agit pas non plus de substituer un procédé à un autre, mais plutôt de faire en sorte qu'ils se complètent. Cette évaluation nous la nommons évaluation ergologique parce qu’elle procède de la démarche du même nom, démarche qui suggère la confrontation des savoirs de ceux qui vivent les situations de travail et de ceux qui les organisent. Il serait dès lors envisageable, à partir de l’évaluation ergologique et des Groupes de Rencontres du Travail (GRT), d’appréhender l’efficacité des moyens déployés individuellement et collectivement pour l’existence du travail social institutionnalisé. / This doctoral thesis, which was supported in the framework of a CIFRE funding agreement with the Caisse d’Allocations Famililales in Bouches du Rhône, focuses on the theme of evaluation of social work. Evaluations have for a long time allowed the organisation of production through the measurement of the effectiveness of its constituting activities. Ongoing evaluations of social work allows to decompose and measure it. They are subject to question as their use is at the crossroads of several logics: managerial of the one hand and humanist on the other. They often only rest on facts rather than on the values which lead to the facts. However, it is those values who give meaning to the facts and the question of the meaning who seem fundamental to social work, which is in itself a political choice. Hence, we propose an original evaluation process whose purpose is to serve as an evaluating basis not only to institution directors, but also to workers. It is not a matter of evaluating on the basis of criteria and indicators, or comparing results to defined objectives. It is also not a question to substituting a process with another, but rather to ensure that they complete each other. We name this evaluation the ergological evaluation because it proceeds from the approach of the same name, approach who suggests the confrontation of knowledge of those who live the working conditions and those who organise them. It would therefor be feasible, from the ergological evaluation and Groupes de Rencontres du Travail (GRT), to apprehend the effectiveness of the means deployed individually and collectively for the existence of institutionnalised social work.

Vanliga arkoffsetfärger innehåller pigment, trioglycerid, mineraloljor eller vegetabiliska oljor, naturliga hartser, alkyder och tillsatser såsom torkmedel, antioxidanter och vaxer.Tryckfärger för olika ändamål torkar genom skilda processer. Arkoffsetfärger torkar i två steg. Först sker oljeabsorption och sedan sker en kombination av oxidation och polymerisation. I detta steg är det bindemedlet och oljorna som förlorar dubbelbindningar, kortare molekyler reagerar och bildar längre molekylkedjor, vilket resulterar i att färgen torkar. Den kemiska torkningen initieras av luftens syre. Tryckfärgers torkningsförlopp tar alltför lång tid och detta arbete avsåg att genom GRT-utvärdering utvärdera hur temperatur, tillgång av syre och fuktvattenhållningen i tryckpressen påverkar torktiden för tre olika papperskvaliteter.Examensarbetet visade att temperaturen påverkar torktiden mycket. En ökning från 23 ºC till 40 ºC minskade torktiden med upp till en tredjedel. För att syret ska reducera torktiden måste tillgången vara stor. Endast ökning av sprutpulvrets grovlek gav inget utslag, men torkning vid fritt lufttillträde minskade torktiden till en sjättedel jämfört med torkning i stapel. För att torkningen inte ska ta onödigt lång tid ska fuktvattennivån i pressen vara låg.

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En lien étroit avec le projet européen DREAM, le sujet de thèse s’intègre dans les évolutions opérationnelles des réseaux de distribution de demain intégrant de larges quantités d'énergies renouvelables. Un contrôle centralisé de l'ensemble des acteurs est, certes globalement optimal mais complexe et peu fiable. L'étude porte sur la faisabilité d'un contrôle distribué, auto-adaptatif et temps réel des ressources locales et des composants du réseau. La piste principale explorée correspond à des agents autonomes qui peuvent construire des structures collaboratives ad-hoc suivant les besoins du réseau. Ces structures collaboratives adresseront divers modes de fonctionnement, du marché de l'énergie J-1 à infraday au marché d'ajustement (services systèmes) et au contrôle local (fréquence et auto-cicatrisation). / In close relationship with the European project DREAM, this doctoral thesis focus on operational evolutions in tomorrow’s distribution networks wich will integrate a larger amount of distributed renewable resources. A centralized control of all the entities (from controllable loads to embedded generators) is overall optimal but complex and not so reliable. This study addresses the feasibility of a distributed control, autonomous, self-learning and real time operation of local resources and network’s components. The main concern to explore will be the creation of ad-hoc federations of agents that will flexibly adjust their hierarchy to current needs. These collaborative structures will use different coordination strategies ranging from market-based transactions, to balancing optimization market (ancillary services) and to local control (frequency control and self-healing).