<p>The purpose of the thesis is to determine whether Russia has changed its intra-industry trade pattern with Sweden between the years of 1997 and 2003. To be able to see any changes five products, vehicles, grain, forest, optical instruments and jewellery has been chosen. With the Grubel-Lloyd index the products will be analysed and the index will also measure the extent of the intra-industry trade between Sweden and Russia</p><p>Theories predict that countries with similar factor endowments and income tend to have a two-way trade which would indicate that Russia is starting to catch up to the industrialised countries, in this thesis that would be Sweden. The theory of income effects predicts that when consumers are getting a larger budget they will start to move away from the most necessary goods and towards more luxury good consumption.</p>

<p>Tvåvägshandel dominerar handeln för marknadsekonomier. Uppsatsen undersöker om två-vägshandeln för EU:s transitionsekonomier har ökat under de senaste åren, till följd av att dessa länder borde kommit ytterligare en bit på väg mot att bli marknadsekonomier. Upp-satsen använder en modell med landspecifika förklaringsfaktorer till tvåvägshandeln mellan Sverige och EU:s transitionsekonomier för fyra industrisektorer. I modellen inkluderas också andra transitionsekonomier samt marknadsekonomier i Europa. Förklaringsfaktorer-na är skillnad i inkomst/capita samt landstorlek, avstånd, medlemskap i en tullunion och gemensam kultur.</p><p>Beräkningarna av andelen tvåvägshandel visar att denna generellt har ökat mellan perioder-na 1995-2000 och 2001-2006 för EU:s transitionsekonomier. Länder som Estland och Po-len kommer till och med upp i samma nivåer som vissa marknadsekonomier. Även BNP/capita har ökat för dessa länder, men de ligger fortfarande långt efter marknadseko-nomierna. Tvåvägshandeln är störst för EU:s transitionsekonomier inom sektorn diverse färdiga varor (varugrupp SITC 8) och minst inom sektorn produkter av kemiska och när-stående industrier (varugrupp SITC 5). Därmed kan konstateras att EU:s transitionseko-nomier kommit längst i utveckling när det gäller varugruppen SITC 8 och tvärtom gällande varugruppen SITC 5. En särskild analys av sambandet mellan tvåvägshandeln och BNP/capita visar att sambandet är störst just för varugrupp SITC 5 och minst för varu-grupp SITC 8. Dessutom minskar sambandet för alla fyra industrisektorerna mellan de båda perioderna. Tvåvägshandeln har relativt sett ökat mer än BNP/capita, och det finns därmed fler förklaringar till tvåvägshandeln än bara utveckling av inkomstnivå. Övriga fem variabler i modellen är inte heller genomgående signifikanta och det finns således fler för-klaringsfaktorer till tvåvägshandeln än de som ingår i modellen. Utländska investeringar är ett sådant exempel. Precis som för sambandet mellan tvåvägshandeln och BNP/capita blir även modellens regressionsresultat genomgående sämre under den andra perioden, samt att resultaten blir bäst för SITC 5 i båda perioderna, och sämst för SITC 8. Genom en analys av de relativa avvikelserna kan konstateras att modellen bäst förklarar marknadsekonomi-ernas tvåvägshandel, sedan EU:s transitionsekonomiers och sist övriga transitionsekonomi-ers tvåvägshandel. Förslag till fortsatta studier är att införa industrispecifika egenskaper i modellen, att inkludera fler länder och att exkludera några länder som bidrog till att försäm-ra resultaten. Dessutom kan en analys av tvåvägshandeln för varugrupperna på en mer de-taljerad nivå inkluderas för att ytterligare förklara andelen tvåvägshandel på ensiffrig nivå.</p>

<p>The purpose of this thesis is to analyse the pattern of intra-industry trade (IIT) between Sweden and EU 15 during the time period 1980-2002. Focus is put on the Swedish manu-facturing industry, which has been divided into the forest, metal and machinery industries. With help of the Grubel-Lloyd index, values have been calculated in order to measure the size of IIT with the other Member States and in product groups.</p><p>Theories about two-way trade argue that countries with similar characteristics have more IIT. The results from the empirical findings show that the Swedish IIT is higher with nearby countries such as Denmark, Finland and Germany. Similar for these countries are the factor endowments, GDP per capita, culture, language, and the closeness to Sweden. The forest industry has more net trade than IIT. In the metal and machinery industries, the IIT is as large as the net trade. Regarding two-way trade within product groups, the analysis proved that products which can be differentiated into more sub-groups have more IIT. A large part of the products have higher net trade than IIT.</p>

The purpose of this thesis is to analyse the pattern of intra-industry trade (IIT) between Sweden and EU 15 during the time period 1980-2002. Focus is put on the Swedish manu-facturing industry, which has been divided into the forest, metal and machinery industries. With help of the Grubel-Lloyd index, values have been calculated in order to measure the size of IIT with the other Member States and in product groups. Theories about two-way trade argue that countries with similar characteristics have more IIT. The results from the empirical findings show that the Swedish IIT is higher with nearby countries such as Denmark, Finland and Germany. Similar for these countries are the factor endowments, GDP per capita, culture, language, and the closeness to Sweden. The forest industry has more net trade than IIT. In the metal and machinery industries, the IIT is as large as the net trade. Regarding two-way trade within product groups, the analysis proved that products which can be differentiated into more sub-groups have more IIT. A large part of the products have higher net trade than IIT.

Tvåvägshandel dominerar handeln för marknadsekonomier. Uppsatsen undersöker om två-vägshandeln för EU:s transitionsekonomier har ökat under de senaste åren, till följd av att dessa länder borde kommit ytterligare en bit på väg mot att bli marknadsekonomier. Upp-satsen använder en modell med landspecifika förklaringsfaktorer till tvåvägshandeln mellan Sverige och EU:s transitionsekonomier för fyra industrisektorer. I modellen inkluderas också andra transitionsekonomier samt marknadsekonomier i Europa. Förklaringsfaktorer-na är skillnad i inkomst/capita samt landstorlek, avstånd, medlemskap i en tullunion och gemensam kultur. Beräkningarna av andelen tvåvägshandel visar att denna generellt har ökat mellan perioder-na 1995-2000 och 2001-2006 för EU:s transitionsekonomier. Länder som Estland och Po-len kommer till och med upp i samma nivåer som vissa marknadsekonomier. Även BNP/capita har ökat för dessa länder, men de ligger fortfarande långt efter marknadseko-nomierna. Tvåvägshandeln är störst för EU:s transitionsekonomier inom sektorn diverse färdiga varor (varugrupp SITC 8) och minst inom sektorn produkter av kemiska och när-stående industrier (varugrupp SITC 5). Därmed kan konstateras att EU:s transitionseko-nomier kommit längst i utveckling när det gäller varugruppen SITC 8 och tvärtom gällande varugruppen SITC 5. En särskild analys av sambandet mellan tvåvägshandeln och BNP/capita visar att sambandet är störst just för varugrupp SITC 5 och minst för varu-grupp SITC 8. Dessutom minskar sambandet för alla fyra industrisektorerna mellan de båda perioderna. Tvåvägshandeln har relativt sett ökat mer än BNP/capita, och det finns därmed fler förklaringar till tvåvägshandeln än bara utveckling av inkomstnivå. Övriga fem variabler i modellen är inte heller genomgående signifikanta och det finns således fler för-klaringsfaktorer till tvåvägshandeln än de som ingår i modellen. Utländska investeringar är ett sådant exempel. Precis som för sambandet mellan tvåvägshandeln och BNP/capita blir även modellens regressionsresultat genomgående sämre under den andra perioden, samt att resultaten blir bäst för SITC 5 i båda perioderna, och sämst för SITC 8. Genom en analys av de relativa avvikelserna kan konstateras att modellen bäst förklarar marknadsekonomi-ernas tvåvägshandel, sedan EU:s transitionsekonomiers och sist övriga transitionsekonomi-ers tvåvägshandel. Förslag till fortsatta studier är att införa industrispecifika egenskaper i modellen, att inkludera fler länder och att exkludera några länder som bidrog till att försäm-ra resultaten. Dessutom kan en analys av tvåvägshandeln för varugrupperna på en mer de-taljerad nivå inkluderas för att ytterligare förklara andelen tvåvägshandel på ensiffrig nivå.

The purpose of the thesis is to determine whether Russia has changed its intra-industry trade pattern with Sweden between the years of 1997 and 2003. To be able to see any changes five products, vehicles, grain, forest, optical instruments and jewellery has been chosen. With the Grubel-Lloyd index the products will be analysed and the index will also measure the extent of the intra-industry trade between Sweden and Russia Theories predict that countries with similar factor endowments and income tend to have a two-way trade which would indicate that Russia is starting to catch up to the industrialised countries, in this thesis that would be Sweden. The theory of income effects predicts that when consumers are getting a larger budget they will start to move away from the most necessary goods and towards more luxury good consumption.

ALMEIDA, Rachel Silva. Evolução das exportações, comércio intrasetorial e impactos ambientais dos negócios internacionais de madeireira brasileira. 2008. 70 f.: Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará. Mestrado Acadêmico em Economia Rural (MAER). Centro de Ciências Agrárias. Fortaleza-CE. 2008 / Submitted by Francisco Helder Macêdo Rangel (fhelder@ufc.br) on 2014-09-22T14:32:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_dis_rsalmeida.pdf: 363029 bytes, checksum: f153a8de65ebbc51370beac3f3ca51cf (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Margareth Mesquita(margaret@ufc.br) on 2014-10-02T13:54:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_dis_rsalmeida.pdf: 363029 bytes, checksum: f153a8de65ebbc51370beac3f3ca51cf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-02T13:54:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_dis_rsalmeida.pdf: 363029 bytes, checksum: f153a8de65ebbc51370beac3f3ca51cf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Brazil has an amount of natural timber, turned toward to furniture production, houses, boats, blader timber, thin timber and many others manufactured products. Paraná, Santa Catarina e o Pará are the most important states on such timber products. On an international context, Brazilian timber production participation markedly raised tl the last few years. Nowadays, Brazil is the 10TH higgest timber export country in the world. The United States and the European Union are the most important to exported timber from Brazil. The main objective of this research is to annalyze the exportation, the intra-sectorial commerce and the environmental impacts on Brazilian timber on international business and, specifically, estimate the offer and demand equations by Brazilian timber exportation to the United States and the European Union: Identify the main reasons to determine Brazilian timber commerce souces on its main destination markets and check international timber commerce effect on cutting-down index in Brazil. Profitable and essential for Brazilian exportatin, being crutial, this research on formulation of strategies an instruments supporting this activity, in order to keep the profitable advantages of Brazil on timber productive net as well as on the exportation balance. The results show that the Brazilian exported timber to the United States and the EuropeanUnion is a normal activity and its demenda is unstickble on American market and stickble on the European one. About the expensive price adopted on both markets Brazilian timber is expensive and that expensive offer -0,14 on European market and2,63 on the American one. Grubel Lloyd index to US-Brazil timber international commerce reached its lowest index in 2005. explaning almost all compared advantages due to different factors in both coountries and the highest one in 1997. And on Brazil-EU relations the lowest valor was in 1990 when Brazil practicaly only exported timber to EU, resulting on an inter-sector commerce and highest in 1998. The correlation indexes between Brazilian rainforest cutting-down and Brazilian timber exportation were 0,54, 0,33 and 0,31 compared to the world, USA and EU, respetivaly. / O Brasil tem um estoque de madeiras naturais, destinado à produção de móveis, casas, embarcações, laminados, compensados e artefatos diversos. Os principais estados produtores de madeira do Brasil são o Paraná, Santa Catarina e o Pará. No contexto internacional, a representatividade do produto madeireiro brasileiro aumentou de forma expressiva nos últimos anos. Atualmente, o Brasil é o 10º maior exportador de madeira do mundo. Os principais mercados para a madeira exportada do Brasil são os Estados Unidos e a União Européia. O objetivo geral deste trabalho é analisar a evolução das exportações, comércio intra-setorial e impacto ambientais dos negócios internacionais de madeireira brasileira e, especificamente, estimar as equações de oferta e demanda por exportação madeireira do Brasil para os Estados Unidos e a União Européia; Identificar os principais fatores que determinam as fontes de comércio madeireiro do Brasil nos seus principais mercados de destino e a verificar o efeito do comércio internacional madeireiro sobre a taxa de desmatamento das florestas do Brasil. Geradora de receitas e importantes na pauta de exportação do Brasil, tornando-se crucial, esse estudo para a formatação de estratégias e instrumentos que dêem apoio a esta atividade, para a manutenção das vantagens competitivas do Brasil na cadeia produtiva da madeira e na balança de exportação. Os resultados apresentam que a madeira exportada pelo Brasil para os Estados unidos e para a União Européia é um bem normal e que sua demanda é inelástica no mercado americano e elástica no mercado Europeu. Quanto a elasticidade-preço da oferta em ambos os mercados, a madeira do Brasil é elástica e a elasticidade-renda da oferta -0,14 no mercado europeu e 2,63 no americano. O índice Grubel Lloyd para o comércio internacional de madeira Brasil-EUA obteve seu menor índice em 2005, explicado quase totalmente pelas vantagens comparativas decorrentes de dotações de fatores diferentes em ambos os países e maior em 1997. E nas transações Brasil-UE o menor valor fooi em 1990 onde o Brasil praticamente apenas exportou madeira para a UE, resultando num comércio quase todo feito inter-setores e maior em 1198. Os índices de correlação entre o desmatamento das florestas brasileiras e as exportações madeireiras brasileiras foram de 0,54, 0,33 e 0,31 em relação ao mundo, EUA e UE, respectivamente.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / O Brasil tem um estoque de madeiras naturais, destinado à produÃÃo de mÃveis, casas, embarcaÃÃes, laminados, compensados e artefatos diversos. Os principais estados produtores de madeira do Brasil sÃo o ParanÃ, Santa Catarina e o ParÃ. No contexto internacional, a representatividade do produto madeireiro brasileiro aumentou de forma expressiva nos Ãltimos anos. Atualmente, o Brasil à o 10 maior exportador de madeira do mundo. Os principais mercados para a madeira exportada do Brasil sÃo os Estados Unidos e a UniÃo EuropÃia. O objetivo geral deste trabalho à analisar a evoluÃÃo das exportaÃÃes, comÃrcio intra-setorial e impactos ambientais dos negÃcios internacionais de madeireira brasileira e, especificamente, estimar as equaÃÃes de oferta e demanda por exportaÃÃo madeireira do Brasil para os Estados Unidos e a UniÃo EuropÃia; Identificar os principais fatores que determinam as fontes de comÃrcio madeireiro do Brasil nos seus principais mercados de destino e a verificar o efeito do comÃrcio internacional madeireiro sobre a taxa de desmatamento das florestas do Brasil. Geradora de receitas e importantes na pauta de exportaÃÃo do Brasil, tornando-se crucial, esse estudo para a formulaÃÃo de estratÃgias e instrumentos que dÃem apoio a està atividade, para a manutenÃÃo das vantagens competitivas do Brasil na cadeia produtiva da madeira e na balanÃa de exportaÃÃo. Os resultados apresentam que a madeira exportada pelo Brasil para os Estados Unidos e para a UniÃo EuropÃia à um bem normal e que sua demanda à inelÃstica no mercado americano e elÃstica no mercado Europeu. Quanto à elasticidade-preÃo da oferta em ambos os mercados, a madeira do Brasil à elÃstica e a elasticidade-renda da oferta -0,14 no mercado europeu e 2,63 no americano. O Ãndice Grubel Lloyd para o comÃrcio internacional de madeira Brasil-EUA obteve seu menor Ãndice em 2005, explicado quase totalmente pelas vantagens comparativas decorrentes de dotaÃÃes de fatores diferentes em ambos os paÃses e maior em 1997. E nas transaÃÃes Brasil-UE o menor valor foi em 1990 onde o Brasil praticamente apenas exportou madeira para a UE, resultando num comÃrcio quase todo feito inter-setores e maior em 1998. Os Ãndices de correlaÃÃo entre o desmatamento das florestas brasileiras e as exportaÃÃes madeireiras brasileiras foram de 0,54 , 0,33 e 0,31 em relaÃÃo ao mundo, EUA e UE, respectivamente. / Brazil has an amount of natural timber, turned toward to furniture production, houses, boats, blade timber , thin timber and many others manufactured products. ParanÃ, Santa Catarina e o Parà are the most important states on such timber products. On an international context, Brazilian timber production participation markedly raised o the last few years. Nowadays, Brazil is the 10th biggest timber export country in the world. The United States and the European Union are the most important to exported timber from Brazil. The main objective of this research is to analysis of exports, the intra-sectorial trade and the environmental impacts on Brazilian timber on international business and, specifically, estimate the offer and demand equations by Brazilian timber exportation to the United States and the European Union; Identify the main reasons to determine Brazilian timber commerce sources o its main destination markets and check international timber commerce effect on cutting-down index in Brazil. Profitable and essential for Brazilian exportation, being crutial, this reserch on formulation of strategies and instruments supporting this activity, in order to keeep the profitable advantages of Brazil on timber productive net as well as on the exportation balance. The results show that the Brazilian exported timber to the United States and the European Union is a normal activity and its demanda is unstickble on American market and stickble on the European one. About the expensive price adopted on both markets Brazilian timber is expensive and that expensive offer -0,14 on European market and 2,63 on the American one. Grubel Lloyd index to US-Brazil timber international commerce reached its lowest index in 2005, explaning almost all compared advantages due to different factors in both countries and the highest one in 1997. And on Brazil-EU ralations the lowest valor was in 1990 when Brazil practicaly only exported timber to EU, resulting on an inter-sector commerce and highest in 1998. The correlation indexes between Brazilian rainforest cutting-down and Brazilian timber exportation were 0,54 , 0,33 and 0,31 compared to the world, USA and EU, respectivaly.

In traditional trade theories, foreign trade plays the role of filling the gap of products not produced within the country. However, in the early 1960s increasing exchange of similar products, intra-industry trade, in the world trade have been observed by trade theorists. After the realization of the fact that intra-industry trade has become a very important part of world trade, more comprehensive studies on intra-industry trade have been conducted. At the end of the 1970s, trade theorists started to analyze intra-industry trade between developed countries (horizontal intra-industry trade) and intra-industry trade between developed and developing countries (vertical intra-industry trade) separately, because their characteristics were different. Horizontal intra-industry models were characterized by attribute variation between products while vertical intra-industry models were characterized by quality variation. This study investigates the issue of measurement of horizontal and vertical intra-industry trade for Turkish manufacturing industry. We address the questions of whether the intra-industry trade in Turkish manufacturing sector is more of the horizontal or the vertical type and whether the vertical industries dominates horizontal industries in number at the 3- digit industry level. Empirical analyses shows that the majority of intra-industry trade in Turkish manufacturing sector is of the vertical nature / Turkish manufacturing sector exports lower quality varieties in exchange for higher quality varieties. Also, our empirical analyses indicate that a large percent of 3- digit industries considered as primarily involved in intra-industry trade are vertical industries.

The objective of this paper is to analyze the export performance of Turkish manufacturing industries in the East-Asian countries between the years 1992-2002. SITC (Rev.3), three digit data were used in calculations and three methodologies were applied in order to discover promising sectors of the Turkish exports. Constant Market Share Analysis was used to explain the causes of the change in the market shares of the exports of Turkey from one period to another. Revealed comparative advantage indices were calculated to determine sectors in which Turkey had comparative advantage. Grubel-Lloyd Index was used to determine the rate of intraindustry trade. Results signal important changes in the export structure of Turkey.