Le principal objectif de cette thèse, au caractère interdisciplinaire, concernait l'étude de l'éponge Biemna laboutei de Madagascar, connue pour sa toxicité (causant notamment des dermatites). Les travaux entrepris comprenaient en premier lieu, l'étude chimique de cette éponge incluant l'extraction, l'isolement et l'identification des métabolites secondaires par différentes techniques chromatographiques (CLMP, CLHP…) et spectroscopiques (UV-visible, HRMS, RMN 1D et 2D…). Dix-huit alcaloïdes appartenant à la classe rare des hétérocycles tricycliques (5,6,8b)-triazaperhydroacénaphtylène (i.e. ptilocaulines, mirabilines, nétamines) ont été isolés et identifiés. Douze de ces alcaloïdes tricycliques guanidiniques, de structures nouvelles, ont été nommées nétamines H-S. Ces composés ont été classés en fonction des insaturations de leur noyau tricyclique : type pyrimidine, insaturés en Δ8,8a et insaturés en Δ8a,8b. Pour deux des composés isolés, les nétamines I (58) et J (59), une étude configurationnelle reposant sur la comparaison de spectres UV et DCE, expérimentaux et théoriques (théorie de la fonctionnelle et de la densité), a permis la détermination de leurs configurations absolues : 5aS, 7R, 8R pour la nétamine I et 5aS, 7R, 8S pour la nétamine J. La valorisation des molécules isolées a ensuite été envisagée via d'une part la réalisation d'une étude chimiotaxonomique et d'autre part, l'évaluation de leurs activités biologiques (cytotoxicité, activité antipaludique, …). La nétamine M (62) a présenté une activité cytotoxique sur les cellules cancéreuses KB (CI50 = 1,0 μg/mL) et les nétamines O (64), Q (66) et K (60) se sont montrées actives contre le parasite Plasmodium falciparum, responsable du paludisme avec respectivement une CI50 de 4,66 ; 2,53 et 0,62 μg/mL. Enfin, au cours de ces travaux de thèse, ont été explorées trois nouvelles stratégies de synthèse conduisant au squelette des alcaloïdes guanidiniques tricycliques, suivant une approche biomimétique. / The main purpose of this interdisciplinary thesis was to study Biemna laboutei, a sponge from Madagascar, known to have toxic properties (dermatitis-producing). The chemical investigation of this sponge including extraction, isolation and identification of secondary metabolites was first undertaken using several chromatographic (HPLC, MPLC…) and spectroscopic (UV-visible, HRMS, NMR 1D et 2D…) techniques. Eighteen alkaloids belonging to the rare class of tricyclic (5,6,8b)-triazaperhydroacenaphtylene heterocycles (i.e. ptilocaulins, mirabilins, netamines) were isolated and identified. Twelve new alkaloids from this group of guanidine derivatives were named netamine H-S. These compounds were grouped on the basis of unsaturation and double bond regiochemistry, with pyrimidine, Δ8,8a and Δ8a,8b heterocycles. For two compounds, netamine I (58) and J (59), a joint theoretical (Density functional theory) and experimental study of UV and ECD spectra allowed the determination of their absolute configuration: 5aS, 7R, 8R for netamine I and 5aS, 7R, 8S for netamine J. The chemotaxonomic meaning of these alkaloids was discussed. Their biological activities were also evaluated. Netamine M (62) exhibited a cytotoxic activity towards KB cells (IC50 = 1,0 μg/mL) while netamine O (64), Q (66) and K (60) were active against the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum with IC50 value of 4,66; 2,53 and 0,62 μg/mL respectively. Finally, this work was also dedicated to the biomimetic synthesis of the tricyclic guanidine skeleton. Three new synthesis routes were explored.

The thesis entitled “Design and Development of Synthetic Methods using Metal-mediated and Metal-free Redox Reactions: Novel C-H Activations, Reductions and Oxidative Transformations” is presented in 4 chapters Chapter 1; Iodine catalyzed amination of benzoxazoles: efficient metal free route to 2-aminobenzoxazoles under mild conditions. The Chapter 1 of this thesis describes iodine catalyzed C-H activation of benzoxazole with primary and secondary amines to form oxidative aminated products. Selective C-H oxidation is a frontline area of modern chemical research as it offers the opportunities to new avenues and more direct synthetic strategies for the synthesis of complex organic molecules.1 In this context, transition metals such as palladium copper, nickel etc, are used extensively for the functional group directed C-H activation, and thus provides new, rapid, low-cost, and environmentally benign protocols for the construction of new chemical bonds.2 During the past two decades iodine and hypervalent iodine have been focus of great attention as they provide mild, chemoselective and environmentally benign strategies in contrast to toxic metal oxidants.3 In this chapter, a facile metal-free route of oxidative amination of benzoxazole with secondary or primary amines in the presence of catalytic amount of iodine (5 mol%) in aq tert-butyl hydroperoxide (1equiv) and AcOH (1.1 equiv) at ambient temperature, under the solvent-free reaction condition is presented. This user-friendly method to form C-N bonds produces tert-butanol and water as the by-products, which are environmentally benign. A wide range of benzoxazole derivatives containing electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups were coupled with both primary and secondary amines (Scheme 1). Application of this methodology is demonstrated by synthesizing therapeutically active benzoxazoles by reacting 5-chloro-7-methylbenzoxazole with N-methylpiperazine and N-ethylhomopiperazine to obtain corresponding N-aminatedbenzaxozoles, which exhibit antidiarrhetic activity (Scheme 2).4 Scheme 2 Chapter 2: NIS catalyzed reactions. amidation of acetophenones and oxidative amination of propiophenones Chapter 2 is divided in to 2 parts. Part 1 describes the synthesis of α-ketoamides by using acetophenone and secondary amine in the presence of N-iodosuccinamide and TBHP in acetonitrile at room temperature, whereas Part 2 reveals the synthesis of 2-aminoketones by reacting aryl alkyl ketones and suitable secondary amine in the presence of NIS and TBHP. Part 1: Oxidative amidation, synthesis of α-ketoamide: Alpha α-ketoamides are important intermediates in organic synthesis that are present in a variety of natural products, and pharmaceutically active compounds. Herein, a mild and efficient conversion of acetophenones to α-ketoamide is documented by using aq.TBHP and N-iodosuccinamide (NIS) as a catalyst, at ambient temperature. This amidation reaction was found to be versatile as several aetophenone derivitives containing electron-withdrawing and electron-donating substituents underwent a facile amidation. It was also found that acetyl derivatives of heterocylic compounds could be easily converted to their corresponding ketoamides (few examples are shown in Scheme 3).5 Scheme3 Part 2 of Chapter 2 narrates a novel amination of propiophenone and its derivatives catalysed by NIS in the presence of TBHP to furnish their corresponding 2-aminoketone derivatives (Scheme 4). These derivatives are ubiquitous scaffolds that are present in a wide variety of therapeutic agents. Some of these compounds are used in the treatment of depression, smoking cessation, as monoamine uptake inhibitors, rugs for cancer. They are photoinitiators, precursors to β-aminoalcohols, such as pseudoephedrine analogues. 2-Aminoacetophenone analogues are also important intermediates for the formation of several heterocyclic compounds and are active moieties in several important drugs such as ifenprodil, Scheme 4. Chapter 3: Efficient oxidation of primary azides to nitriles This Chapter is divided in to 2 parts, which presents the oxidation of primary azides to their corresponding nitriles. Part 1: An Efficient oxidation of primary azides catalyzed by copper iodide: a convenient method for the synthesis of nitriles In Part 1, an efficient oxidation of primary azides catalyzed by copper iodide to their corresponding nitriles is reported. Herein, the oxidation of primary azide to nitrile is performed using catalytic amount of copper iodide, and aq TBHP in water at 100 ° C. This methodology is compatible with a wide range of primary benzylic azides that contain electron-donating and electron-withdrawing functional groups. The oxidation was found to be selective and a number of oxidizable functional groups were well-tolerated during the reaction conditions (few examples are shown in Scheme 5).6 Scheme 6 Furthermore, oxidation of secondary azides furnished the corresponding ketones in excellent yields (Scheme 6).6 In the Part 2 of Chapter 3, a non-metal catalysed oxidation of primary azides to nitriles at ambient temperature is reported. This part reveals the oxidation of primary azides to nitriles by employing catalytic amounts of KI (25 mol%), DABCO (25 mol%) and aq. TBHP (3 equiv., 70% solution in water). This reaction provides a good selectivity, as double and triple bonds were not oxidized under the reaction conditions. Additionally, chemoselective oxidation of benzylicazides against aliphatic azides increases the potential application of the present method (Scheme 7).7 Chapter 4: Chemoeselective reduction of olefins Part 1: Iron chloride catalysed aerobic reduction of olefins using aqueous hydrazine at ambient temperature Chapter 4 describes the reduction olefins and acetylenes, which is presented in two Parts. Part 1 documents utility of hydrazine (1.5 equiv) for the chemoselective reduction of nonpolarised carbon-carbon bond using iron catalysts. In this part, a chemoselective reduction of alkenes and alkynes in the presence of a variety of reducible functional groups is demonstrated (Scheme 8). The highlight of the present method is that the reduction proceeds well at room temperature and requires only 1.5 equiv of hydrazine hydrate. The olefin reduction by hydrazine depends upon the controlled release of diimide during the reduction. Generally, metal catalyzed reduction of olefins employ a large excess of hydrazine (10-20 equiv), which might be attributed to uncontrolled release of diimide during the reduction.8 Scheme 8 Part 2: Guanidine catalyzed aerobic reduction: a selective aerobic hydrogenation of olefins using aqueous hydrazine In Chapter 4, part 2, organocatalytic generation of diimide and its utility to reduce the double bonds is presented. Generation of diimide in situ by using organo catalysts and its use for the reduction of carbon-carbon double bond is one of the interesting topics in organic chemistry. It has been shown in this part of the thesis that the reduction of olefin at room temperature can be efficiently performed by using 10 mol% of guanidine nitrate, 2 equiv of aqueous hydrazine in oxygen atmosphere. This method tolerates a variety of reducible functional groups such as nitro, azido, and bromo and protective groups such as methyl ethers, benzyl ethers, and Cbz groups. It is also shown that terminal olefin can be selectively reduced in the presence of internal olefin (Scheme 9). Unlike other methods that employ diimide strategy, the present method is shown to be efficient in reducing substrates those contain internal double bonds such as cinnamyl alcohol and its derivatives

Highly fluorescent conjugated polymers (CPs) are an important class of biomaterials used for various biological applications including labelling, sensing, and delivery of biological substances. Synthetic versatility and tunable emission make CPs a superior class of biomaterials. Understanding the structure-function relationship of CPs plays a vital role in designing high performing biomaterials. The cationic CPs are self-assembled to conjugated polymer nanoparticles (CPNs) in an aqueous environment due to their amphiphilicity. The physical and biophysical properties of CPNs are highly dependent on the chemical functionality and backbone structure of CPs. Modulation of the surface property and backbone structure of CPNs play an important role for efficient internalization of CPNs into cells. The goal of this dissertation is to understand the structure function relationship of CPNs in an aqueous environment and the change in their photo physical properties upon the self-assembly of CPNs with different backbone structure upon complexation with biologically significant polysaccharides and cell membrane. This work presents the self-assembly of a set of four cationic CPs with different connectivity and backbone structure upon complexation with a linear polyanion hyaluronic acid (HA). The study of photo physical properties changes upon the complexation with series of Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) provides more insight about how the self-assembly behavior of cationic CPs changes upon the exposure to negatively charged polysaccharides. The understanding of the self-assembly of CPNs with negatively charged biologically important macromolecules under in vitro conditions can give us an idea of photophysical property changes of CPNs during the treatment of CPNs in the cellular environment. The study of the interaction of CPNs with cell membranes using scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM)-based topography, potential mapping, and confocal microscopy imaging is presented. CPNs are able to induce transient pore like feature formation on the cell membrane during the cellular internalization process. A comparative study of cellular labelling and delivery of siRNA of five CPNs with guanidine motif is presented. The subcellular localization and delivery of siRNA were dependent on the side chain hydrophilicity. The CPNs fabricated with hydrophilic aminoethoxyethanol possesses excellent cellular imaging with higher siRNA delivery.

Les Tirosina Cinases (TKs) són un grup de Proteïna Cinases claus en la senyalització cel·lular. Aquestes Cinases estan implicades, entre d'altres, en processos de creixement tumoral, fet que fa que la recerca d'inhibidors de TKs sigui una àrea d'investigació molt important en química mèdica.En aquest context es desenvolupa el present treball en el qual es pretenen sintetitzar inhibidors potencials de Tirosina Cinases amb estructura 4-hidrogenpirido[2,3-d]pirimidínica. Molècules amb aquesta estructura han presentat elevada activitat com inhibidors de TKs pel que en primer lloc s'aborda la síntesis de la 6-(2,6-diclorofenil)-2-(4-(2-(dietilamino)etoxi)fenilamino)-8-metil-5,6-dihidropirido[2,3-d]pirimidin-7(8H)-ona. Aquest compost és anàleg a una de les estructures piridopirimidíniques que ha presentat millors resultats d'activitat inhibidora de TKs. D'altra banda, es desenvolupa un nou procediment per a l'obtenció de sistemes 5,6 dihidropirido[2,3-d]pirimidínics 4-hidrogen substituïts basat en una addició de Michael inusual. S'utilitza com metilè actiu el 3,3-dimetoxipropionitril, no utilitzat prèviament en addicions d'aquest tipus. L'esmenta't nitril, per addició sobre un acrilat de metil 2-aril substituït rendeix èsters 4-cianopentanoics o 4-cianopentenoics en funció de la temperatura de reacció. La posterior reacció d'aquests adductes de Michael amb guanidines desemboca en els sistemes 6 aril-5,6 dihidropirido[2,3-d]pirimidínics 4-hidrogen substituïts desitjats. Aprofitant l'experiència obtinguda amb el 3,3-dimetoxipropionitril es desenvolupa un procediment d'obtenció de pentanodioats substituïts per addició de Michael de 3,3 dimetoxipropionat de metil sobre èsters -insaturats. La posterior reacció d'aquests pentanodioats amb guanidina rendeix 3-(2-amino-1,6-dihidro-6-oxo-pirimidin-5-il)propanoats de metil que poden ser considerats com anàlegs de cadena oberta dels sistemes pirido[2,3-d]pirimídinics. / Las Tirosina Quinasas (TKs) son un grupo de Proteína Quinasas claves en la señalización celular. Dichas quinasas están implicadas, entre otros, en procesos de crecimiento tumoral, por lo que la búsqueda de inhibidores de TKs es un área de investigación muy importante en química médica.En este contexto se desarrolla el presente trabajo en el que se pretenden sintetizar inhibidores potenciales de Tirosina Quinasas con estructura 4-hidrógenopirido[2,3-d]pirimidínica. Moléculas con dicha estructura han presentado elevada actividad como inhibidores de TKs por lo que en primer lugar se aborda la síntesis de la 6-(2,6-diclorofenil)-2-(4-(2-(dietilamino)etoxi)fenilamino)-8-metil-5,6-dihidropirido[2,3-d]pirimidin-7(8H)-ona. Dicho compuesto es análogo a una de las estructuras piridopirimidínicas que ha presentado mejores resultados de actividad inhibidora de TKs.Por otro lado se desarrolla un nuevo procedimiento para la obtención de sistemas 5,6 dihidropirido[2,3-d]pirimidínicos 4-hidrógeno sustituidos basado en una adición de Michael inusual. Se utiliza como metileno activo el 3,3-dimetoxipropionitrilo, no usado previamente en adiciones de este tipo. Dicho nitrilo, por adición sobre un acrilato de metilo 2-aril sustituido rinde ésteres 4-cianopentanoicos o 4-cianopentenoicos en función de la temperatura de reacción. La posterior reacción de estos aductos de Michael con guanidinas desemboca en los sistemas 6 aril-5,6 dihidropirido[2,3-d]pirimidínicos 4-hidrógeno sustituidos deseados.Aprovechando la experiencia obtenida con el 3,3-dimetoxipropionitrilo se desarrolla un procedimiento de obtención de pentanodioatos sustituidos por adición de Michael de 3,3 dimetoxipropionato de metilo sobre ésteres -insaturados. La posterior reacción de dichos pentanodioatos con guanidina rinde 3-(2-amino-1,6-dihidro-6-oxo-pirimidin-5-il)propanoatos de metilo que pueden ser considerados como análogos de cadena abierta de los sistemas pirido[2,3-d]pirimidínicos. / Tyrosine Kinases (TKs) are a group of Protein Kinases key in cell signaling. These kinases are involved in tumor growth processes, so the search for TK inhibitors is a very important research area in medicinal chemistry. Present work is developed in this context, so the aim of the work is to synthesize potential inhibitors of TKs with a 4-unsubstituted pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidinic structure. Molecules with this structure have presented high activity as TKs inhibitors. Therefore the synthesis of 6-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-2-(4-(2-(diethylamino)ethoxy)phenylamino)-8-methyl-5,6-dihydropyrido[2,3-d] pyrimidin-7(8H)-one is addressed. This is an analogous compound to a one of the most active pyridopyrimidine systems described as TK inhibitors. On the other hand, a new procedure for obtaining 4-unsubstituted 5,6 dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidinic systems is described. Such process is based on an unusual addition in which 3,3 dimethoxypropanenitrile is used as an active methylene compound. This compound had not previously been used in this kind of additions. The reaction of this nitrile with methyl 2-arylacrylates yields 4-cyanopentanoic esters or 4-cyanopentenoic esters depending on the reaction temperature. The subsequent reaction of these Michael adducts with guanidines leads to desired 4-unsubstituted 6-aryl-5,6-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine systems. Using the experience obtained with 3,3-dimethoxypropionitrile a procedure for obtaining new substituted alkyl pentanedioates by Michael addition of methyl 3,3 dimethoxypropionate on -unsaturated esters has been developed. The subsequent reaction with guanidine yields methyl 3-(2-amino-1,6-dihydro-6-oxo-pyrimidin-5-yl)propanoates that can be considered as open-chain analogues of pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines.