Airway travel is an easy and accessible form of transportation that allows billions of people to travel the world each year. Many passengers are however not perfectly comfortable on flights, with stressful flight-related anxieties or phobias being common. These issues are all sources of various negative emotions and can be difficult to circumvent or tone down when on long flights. Previous research has shown that controlled breathing techniques and distraction from the situation are good approaches when dealing with the body's physiological stress responses, but both techniques have seldom been used in conjunction.    This thesis is targeting In-Flight Entertainment (IFE) systems used onboard modern aeroplanes to provide passengers with a serious game for alleviating stressful emotions during flights. The study aims to determine whether guided breathing combined with gameplay distraction can help passengers with various flight-related anxieties to relax and regain a calm state of mind. This was done in comparison to a standard breathing exercise. The data was collected from user testing involving Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) for happy and sad moods and the Strait-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) to evaluate participants' emotional states. Heart rate measurements were used to analyse correlations between stress and heart rate. Finally, the game itself was evaluated for its intrinsic value, effectiveness for stress relief and the participants' intention to engage with it.  The results of the study could however not draw any conclusions that indicate that the serious game was any more effective than standard breathing exercises in most aspects, with both having a similar influence overall. A few components, namely immersion, enjoyment, entertainment, concentration and usability did however show a significant increase indicating that the serious game is a more enjoyable experience while remaining effective for relaxation and stress relief.  In conclusion, having a larger number of participants would have enabled the results to make more accurate and reliable findings. Heart rate was also found to be a poor predictor of stress, with more appropriate sensors being an area of improvement for future studies. Using both breathing techniques and distraction can however be considered to be a useful way to provide stress relief as both components were found to complement each other well.

INTRODUÇÃO: Terapias não medicamentosas têm sido amplamente recomendadas para o controle da hipertensão. Dentre elas, destacam-se os exercícios aeróbios (EXE) e o equipamento de respiração guiada (Resperate®). Este dispositivo tem demonstrado importante efeito hipotensor através da redução da frequência respiratória (FR). Não se sabe, porém, a resposta deste equipamento após outra forma de intervenção. Investigamos, portanto, o efeito agudo do Resperate®, após EXE, na atividade nervosa simpática periférica (ANSP) e PA pela MAPA, versus controle. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 29 hipertensos estágios I e II entre 32 e 60 anos, de ambos os sexos, sedentários, não obesos, sem lesão de órgãos-alvo, sem comorbidades associadas e após quatro semanas de uso de placebo, divididos em grupo de respiração lenta (GRL) e controle (GC). Os participantes realizavam MAPA inicial 24h antes da sessão experimental. No dia da sessão, foram registrados inicialmente (basal), a pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), pressão arterial diastólica (PAD), FR e frequência cardíaca (FC). Ao término deste registro dava-se início ao exercício na bicicleta (EXE). Em seguida, foi realizado também o registro da microneurografia e, após a localização do nervo fibular, os registros foram divididos em três períodos: pré-respiratório (10min), respiratório (15min) e recuperação (10min). No período respiratório, o GRL, iniciava a respiração lenta e, após a FR atingir 10 ou menos respirações por minuto os dados eram registrados. Já o GC, ouvia música calma com FR livre. Finalizado a recuperação, a MAPA final era instalada, e o voluntário era dispensado. RESULTADOS: Completaram o estudo 14 homens e 15 mulheres, com média de idade de 49±8 anos no GRL e 51±5 anos no GC (P= 0,345) e índice de massa corpórea (IMC) de 26,3±2,8kg/m2 no GRL e 27,4±2,0 kg/m2, no GC, P=0,272. Os grupos eram semelhantes, com VO2pico de 21,5±3 ml.kg-1.min-1 para o GC e de 24,4±5,3 ml.kg-1.min-1 para o GRL (P=0,083); PA de consultório (após o período placebo) com média de 145±1/93±4 mmHg, no GRL e 143±7/ 95±7 mmHg no GC (P=0,456/0,201, respectivamente para PAS e PAD). No GRL, houve redução significativa da FR de 17±7 para 7±1 rpm (P=0,000) durante o período respiratório. A PAS 24h reduziu nos dois grupos de 141±10 para 138±1 (P= 0,034) no GRL e de 137±10 para 131±9 (P=0,024) no GC, assim como na PAS durante a vigília de 146±11 para 143±11 mmHg (p=0,021) no GRL e de 139±8 para 135 ±10 mmHg (P=0,023) no GC, sem diferença entre os grupos, P=0,978. No sono, apenas no GC, de 131±12 para 123±9,84 (P=0,009). Não houve diferença no comportamento da ANSP que variou no GRL de 24±8 para 24±9, P=1,000) e no GC de 23±11 para 24±10 (P=1,000) impulsos/min. CONCLUSÕES: O exercício de respiração lenta não foi capaz de oferecer benefícios adicionais ao EXE, em comparação ao GC, nos indivíduos avaliados / Non-drug therapies have been widely recommended for the control of hypertension. Among them, aerobic exercises (EXE) and device guided breathing (Resperate®) are highlight. This device has demonstrated a hypotensive effect by reducing respiratory rate (RR). However, it is not known the response of this device after another form of intervention. This study investigated the acute effect of Resperate®, after EXE, on the peripheral sympathetic nervous activity (MSNA) and blood pressure (BP) by 24-hour ambulatory BP (ABPM), versus control. METHODS: Twenty-nine hypertensive I and II stages were studied. They ranged from 32 to 60 years of age, both sexes, sedentary, non-obese, without target organ damage and associated comorbidities, with a placebo washout of 4 weeks. They were divided into breathing (GRL) and control groups (GC). They performed an initial ABMP prior to the experimental session. At the experimental session, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), RR and heart rate (HR) were initially recorded (baseline). After that, cycling (EXE) was performed and then the fibular nerve was located. The microneurography records were divided into three periods: pre-respiratory (10min), respiratory (15min) and recovery (10min). In the respiratory period, GRL started the guided breathing and after RR reached 10 or less breaths/ minute, data were recorded. The GC listened to calm music with free RR. After the recovery, the ABPM was placed, and the subjects went home. RESULTS: 14 men and 15 women completed the study. Mean age was 49 ± 8 years in GRL and 51 ± 5 years in CG (P= 0.345). The body mass index was 26.3 ± 2.8 kg / m2 in GRL and 27.4 ± 2.0 kg / m2 in GC, (P = 0.272). The VO2 peak were: 21.5 ± 3 ml.kg-1.min-1 in GC and 24.4 ± 5.3 ml.kg-1.min-1 in GRL (P=0,083); After the placebo period SBP / DBP were similar between groups: 145 ± 1/93 ± 4 mmHg in GRL and 143 ± 7/95 ± 7 mmHg in CG (P = 0.456 / 0.201). There was a significant reduction in RR in GRL from 17 ± 7 to 7 ± 1 breaths/min (P=0.000) during the respiratory period. The SBP 24h reduced in both groups from 141 ± 10 for 138 ± 1 (P = 0.034) in the GRL and 137 ± 10 for 131 ± 9 (P = 0.024), as well as SBP (awake): from 146 ± 11 to 143 ± 11 mmHg in GRL (P=0,021) and from 139 ± 8 to 135 ± 10 mmHg in GC (P=0,023), with no difference between groups (P = 0.978). At sleep, only the CG had SBP reduction from 131 ± 12 to 123 ± 9.84 (P=0.009). The MSNA was unchanged ranging from 24 ± 8 to 24 ± 9 in GRL, (P=1.000) and from 23 ± 11 to 24 ± 10 (P= 1.000) in CG burst/min. CONCLUSIONS: Slow-breathing exercise was not able to offer additional sympathetic nerve activity or blood pressure reduction after EXE, in this sample

INTRODUÇÃO: Terapias não medicamentosas têm sido amplamente recomendadas para o controle da hipertensão. Dentre elas, destacam-se os exercícios aeróbios (EXE) e o equipamento de respiração guiada (Resperate®). Este dispositivo tem demonstrado importante efeito hipotensor através da redução da frequência respiratória (FR). Não se sabe, porém, a resposta deste equipamento após outra forma de intervenção. Investigamos, portanto, o efeito agudo do Resperate®, após EXE, na atividade nervosa simpática periférica (ANSP) e PA pela MAPA, versus controle. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 29 hipertensos estágios I e II entre 32 e 60 anos, de ambos os sexos, sedentários, não obesos, sem lesão de órgãos-alvo, sem comorbidades associadas e após quatro semanas de uso de placebo, divididos em grupo de respiração lenta (GRL) e controle (GC). Os participantes realizavam MAPA inicial 24h antes da sessão experimental. No dia da sessão, foram registrados inicialmente (basal), a pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), pressão arterial diastólica (PAD), FR e frequência cardíaca (FC). Ao término deste registro dava-se início ao exercício na bicicleta (EXE). Em seguida, foi realizado também o registro da microneurografia e, após a localização do nervo fibular, os registros foram divididos em três períodos: pré-respiratório (10min), respiratório (15min) e recuperação (10min). No período respiratório, o GRL, iniciava a respiração lenta e, após a FR atingir 10 ou menos respirações por minuto os dados eram registrados. Já o GC, ouvia música calma com FR livre. Finalizado a recuperação, a MAPA final era instalada, e o voluntário era dispensado. RESULTADOS: Completaram o estudo 14 homens e 15 mulheres, com média de idade de 49±8 anos no GRL e 51±5 anos no GC (P= 0,345) e índice de massa corpórea (IMC) de 26,3±2,8kg/m2 no GRL e 27,4±2,0 kg/m2, no GC, P=0,272. Os grupos eram semelhantes, com VO2pico de 21,5±3 ml.kg-1.min-1 para o GC e de 24,4±5,3 ml.kg-1.min-1 para o GRL (P=0,083); PA de consultório (após o período placebo) com média de 145±1/93±4 mmHg, no GRL e 143±7/ 95±7 mmHg no GC (P=0,456/0,201, respectivamente para PAS e PAD). No GRL, houve redução significativa da FR de 17±7 para 7±1 rpm (P=0,000) durante o período respiratório. A PAS 24h reduziu nos dois grupos de 141±10 para 138±1 (P= 0,034) no GRL e de 137±10 para 131±9 (P=0,024) no GC, assim como na PAS durante a vigília de 146±11 para 143±11 mmHg (p=0,021) no GRL e de 139±8 para 135 ±10 mmHg (P=0,023) no GC, sem diferença entre os grupos, P=0,978. No sono, apenas no GC, de 131±12 para 123±9,84 (P=0,009). Não houve diferença no comportamento da ANSP que variou no GRL de 24±8 para 24±9, P=1,000) e no GC de 23±11 para 24±10 (P=1,000) impulsos/min. CONCLUSÕES: O exercício de respiração lenta não foi capaz de oferecer benefícios adicionais ao EXE, em comparação ao GC, nos indivíduos avaliados / Non-drug therapies have been widely recommended for the control of hypertension. Among them, aerobic exercises (EXE) and device guided breathing (Resperate®) are highlight. This device has demonstrated a hypotensive effect by reducing respiratory rate (RR). However, it is not known the response of this device after another form of intervention. This study investigated the acute effect of Resperate®, after EXE, on the peripheral sympathetic nervous activity (MSNA) and blood pressure (BP) by 24-hour ambulatory BP (ABPM), versus control. METHODS: Twenty-nine hypertensive I and II stages were studied. They ranged from 32 to 60 years of age, both sexes, sedentary, non-obese, without target organ damage and associated comorbidities, with a placebo washout of 4 weeks. They were divided into breathing (GRL) and control groups (GC). They performed an initial ABMP prior to the experimental session. At the experimental session, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), RR and heart rate (HR) were initially recorded (baseline). After that, cycling (EXE) was performed and then the fibular nerve was located. The microneurography records were divided into three periods: pre-respiratory (10min), respiratory (15min) and recovery (10min). In the respiratory period, GRL started the guided breathing and after RR reached 10 or less breaths/ minute, data were recorded. The GC listened to calm music with free RR. After the recovery, the ABPM was placed, and the subjects went home. RESULTS: 14 men and 15 women completed the study. Mean age was 49 ± 8 years in GRL and 51 ± 5 years in CG (P= 0.345). The body mass index was 26.3 ± 2.8 kg / m2 in GRL and 27.4 ± 2.0 kg / m2 in GC, (P = 0.272). The VO2 peak were: 21.5 ± 3 ml.kg-1.min-1 in GC and 24.4 ± 5.3 ml.kg-1.min-1 in GRL (P=0,083); After the placebo period SBP / DBP were similar between groups: 145 ± 1/93 ± 4 mmHg in GRL and 143 ± 7/95 ± 7 mmHg in CG (P = 0.456 / 0.201). There was a significant reduction in RR in GRL from 17 ± 7 to 7 ± 1 breaths/min (P=0.000) during the respiratory period. The SBP 24h reduced in both groups from 141 ± 10 for 138 ± 1 (P = 0.034) in the GRL and 137 ± 10 for 131 ± 9 (P = 0.024), as well as SBP (awake): from 146 ± 11 to 143 ± 11 mmHg in GRL (P=0,021) and from 139 ± 8 to 135 ± 10 mmHg in GC (P=0,023), with no difference between groups (P = 0.978). At sleep, only the CG had SBP reduction from 131 ± 12 to 123 ± 9.84 (P=0.009). The MSNA was unchanged ranging from 24 ± 8 to 24 ± 9 in GRL, (P=1.000) and from 23 ± 11 to 24 ± 10 (P= 1.000) in CG burst/min. CONCLUSIONS: Slow-breathing exercise was not able to offer additional sympathetic nerve activity or blood pressure reduction after EXE, in this sample