It is not uncommon for underground coal mining to be conducted in the proximity of abandoned underground mines that are prone to accumulate water, methane or other toxic gases, and are often either poorly mapped or without good surface survey control. Mining into such abandoned voids poses a great safety risk to personnel, equipment, and production from inundation or toxic/explosive gas release. Often, surface or underground drilling is employed to detect the mine void and evaluate the hazards, sometimes with disastrous results. The use of guided waves within coal seams can be utilized to locate voids, faults, and abrupt seam thickness changes. The use of seam waves for void detection and mine planning has tremendous value and use. To demonstrate the feasibility of abandoned mine void detection utilizing coal seam seismic waves, two in-seam reflection surveys and a transmission survey were acquired at an abandoned underground mine near Hurley, Virginia. Numerical modeling of the seam waves was examined as well. The Airy phase was observed in the synthetic and real field data. Dispersion analysis of the field data shows reasonable agreement with the dispersion characteristics of the synthetic data. Using standard commonly available seismic reflection processing tools, a known and well-mapped mine was detected and located. Detection of the mine with both surveys indicates that ``exploratory'' drilling can be replaced by noninvasive seismic methods. Location, however, was not good enough to replace drilling entirely. Hence seismic methods can be used for detection, but if a potential void is detected, focused drilling should be applied for accurate mapping and circumvention of potentially hazardous areas. / Master of Science

Les systèmes SHM (Structural Health Monitoring) basés sur la propagation d’ondes ultrasonores guidées sont utilisés pour des structures de grandes dimensions, par exemple dans les secteurs de l’aéronautique ou du génie civil. Les ondes de Lamb ou SH sont généralement employées car elles se propagent sur de longues distances dans des structures planes tout en sondant l’épaisseur des pièces. Cependant, des modes moins conventionnels se propagent dans les guides d’ondes de section droite finie, tels que les barreaux, les rails ou les tuyaux. Le nombre de modes peut être très élevé dans ce type de guide, et il est important de bien sélectionner un mode particulier.Les méthodes actuelles de sélectivité modale, basées sur l’emploi de plusieurs émetteurs,considèrent habituellement des éléments PZT identiques (même sensibilité, même réponse en fréquence...) et ne prennent pas en compte les conditions réelles de montage et leurs éventuelles imperfections (couplage variable entre traducteurs, mauvais alignement, différence de réponse de l’électronique...). Ce travail présente une méthodologie générale pour la sélectivité modale dans des guides à section droite finie, à l’aide de plusieurs éléments piézoélectriques disposés à leur surface. Cette sélectivité est basée sur la mesure expérimentale préalable, à l’aide d’un vibromètre laser 3D, des amplitudes des modes générés par chaque élément excité individuellement.Une procédure d’optimisation permet d’inverser le problème afin de maximiser l’amplitude du mode désiré, alors obtenue en excitant simultanément tous les émetteurs. Le problème à inverser requiert la connaissance des courbes de dispersion ainsi que des déformées modales des modes,obtenues en utilisant la méthode SAFE 2D. La méthodologie est testée à travers des simulations numériques et des mesures expérimentales sur un barreau d’aluminium de section rectangulaire instrumenté avec huit éléments PZT à sa surface. L’efficacité de la méthode pour générer différents modes purs, mais aussi pour détecter et localiser des défauts calibrés, est démontrée sur le barreau d’aluminium. Son fort potentiel pour des applications de SHM de structures plus complexes est étudié, tels qu’un rail ou un assemblage collé de matériaux composites. / SHM systems (Structural Health Monitoring) based on ultrasonic guided waves propagation are used for large structures, e.g. in Aerospace or Civil Engineering. Lamb or SH waves are usually employed as they propagate over long distances in plate-like structures while probing the entire thickness. However less conventional modes propagate in wave guides with finite crosssection,such as bars, rails or pipes. The number of modes can be very high even at low frequencyin this type of guide, and it is important to carefully select a specific mode. Current methods for modal selectivity, based on the use of several emitters, usually consider identical PZT elements(same sensitivity, same frequency response, etc.) and do not account for real experimental conditions and possible differences (variable coupling between transducers, flawed alignment,variable electronic response, etc.). This work presents a global methodology for modal selectivity in waveguides with finite cross-section, using several piezoelectric elements attached to their surface. This selectivity is based on experimental measurements, with a 3D laser vibrometer,of the amplitudes of the modes generated by each emitter. An optimization process allows to inverse the problem in order to maximize the amplitude of the desired mode, then generated by exciting all the emitters at once. This process requires knowing dispersion curves as well as the displacements of the various modes, calculated with SAFE 2D method. The methodology is tested through numerical simulations and experiments on an aluminium rectangular bar instrumented with 8 PZT elements on top. The method efficiency to generate different pure modes,and to detect and locate calibrated defects, is demonstrated for the aluminium bar. Its potential for SHM application of more complex structures is studied, like a rail or an adhesively bonded composite structure.

The effect of stress on Lamb wave propagation is relevant to both nondestructive evaluation and structural health monitoring because of changes in received signals due to both the associated strain and the acoustoelastic effect. A homogeneous plate that is initially isotropic becomes anisotropic under biaxial stress, and dispersion of propagating waves becomes directionally dependent. The problem is similar to Lamb wave propagation in an anisotropic plate, except the fourth order tensor in the resulting wave equation does not have the same symmetry as that for the unstressed anisotropic plate, and the constitutive equation relating incremental stress to incremental strain is more complicated. Here we review the theory of acoustoelastic and develop theory for acoustoelastic Lamb wave propagation and show how dispersion curves shift anisotropically for an aluminum plate under biaxial tension. We also develop an approximate method using the effective elastic constants (EECs) and show that existing commercial tools to generate dispersion curves can be used under restricted conditions to describe wave propagation in biaxially stressed plates. Predictions of changes in phase velocity as a function of propagation direction using theory and the EEC method are compared to experimental results for a single wave mode.

A survey of relevant literature on the topic of wave propagation and scattering in pipes is given first. This review is followed by a theoretical framework which is pertinent to wave propagation in homogeneous, isotropic, pipes. Emphasis is placed on approximate solutions stemming from a computer based, Semi-Analytical Finite Element (SAFE) formulation. A modal analysis of the dynamic response of homogeneous, isotropic pipes, when subjected to a transient ultrasonic excitation, demonstrates that dominant features, i.e., singularities in an unblemished pipe’s displacement Frequency Response Function (FRF) coincide with its cutoff frequencies. This behaviour is confirmed experimentally. A novel technique is developed to deduce such a pipe’s wall thickness and elastic properties from three cutoff frequencies. The resulting procedure is simulated numerically and verified experimentally. Agreement between the new ultrasonic procedure and traditional destructive tests is within experimental uncertainty. Then a hybrid-SAFE technique is used to simulate waves scattered by various open rectangular notches. The simulations show, for the first time, that singularities distinct from the unblemished pipe’s cutoff frequencies arise in a displacement FRF when an axisymmetric notch is introduced. They also suggest that the new singularities depend on the properties of the parent pipe and the finite element region but effects are local to a notch. It is demonstrated further that the difference between the frequency at which a singularity introduced by a notch occurs and the nearest corresponding unblemished pipe’s cutoff frequency is a function of the notch’s dimensions. By plotting contours of constant frequency differences, it is shown that it is usually possible to characterize the notch’s dimensions by using two modes. However, the frequency difference for a third mode may be also needed occasionally. The more general case of nonaxisymmetric notches is shown to be a straightforward extension of the axisymmetric case.

A survey of relevant literature on the topic of wave propagation and scattering in pipes is given first. This review is followed by a theoretical framework which is pertinent to wave propagation in homogeneous, isotropic, pipes. Emphasis is placed on approximate solutions stemming from a computer based, Semi-Analytical Finite Element (SAFE) formulation. A modal analysis of the dynamic response of homogeneous, isotropic pipes, when subjected to a transient ultrasonic excitation, demonstrates that dominant features, i.e., singularities in an unblemished pipe’s displacement Frequency Response Function (FRF) coincide with its cutoff frequencies. This behaviour is confirmed experimentally. A novel technique is developed to deduce such a pipe’s wall thickness and elastic properties from three cutoff frequencies. The resulting procedure is simulated numerically and verified experimentally. Agreement between the new ultrasonic procedure and traditional destructive tests is within experimental uncertainty. Then a hybrid-SAFE technique is used to simulate waves scattered by various open rectangular notches. The simulations show, for the first time, that singularities distinct from the unblemished pipe’s cutoff frequencies arise in a displacement FRF when an axisymmetric notch is introduced. They also suggest that the new singularities depend on the properties of the parent pipe and the finite element region but effects are local to a notch. It is demonstrated further that the difference between the frequency at which a singularity introduced by a notch occurs and the nearest corresponding unblemished pipe’s cutoff frequency is a function of the notch’s dimensions. By plotting contours of constant frequency differences, it is shown that it is usually possible to characterize the notch’s dimensions by using two modes. However, the frequency difference for a third mode may be also needed occasionally. The more general case of nonaxisymmetric notches is shown to be a straightforward extension of the axisymmetric case.

[pt] O presente trabalho apresenta uma modelagem da geração de ondas guiadas em estruturas laminadas compósitas através de atuadores piezoelétricos interdigitais.O estudo foi desenvolvido a partir de uma técnica que se baseia na teoria discreta de Reddy e modela os campos de deslocamento e esforços e velocidades generalizadas nas interfaces de uma estrutura laminada. O modelo desenvolvido representa trechos da estrutura em questão através de suas matrizes de impedância, relacionando os esforços e velocidades generalizadas nas interfaces de cada trecho. Após a validação do modelo através da comparação com o método dos elementos finitos, via um pacote comercial, onde foi mostrado que os campos calculados pelos dois métodos obtiveram resultados bastante aproximados nas diferentes faixas de freqüência, foi demonstrada a capacidade do modelo proposto de representar atuadores piezoelétricos interdigitais gerando modos guiados desacoplados em vigas laminadas compósitas. Foram modeladas vigas de alumínio e de ARALL e, após o cálculo das suas curvas de dispersão e dos pontos em que os seis primeiros modos são aproximadamentenão dispersivos, projetaram-se atuadores capazes de gerar de forma desacoplada alguns dos modos guiados nas vigas. A técnica proposta, que pode ser facilmente adaptada pa4ra a simulação da excitação de ondas de Lamb em placas, é capaz de modelar com precisão a rseposta em altas freqüências e pode servir como uma ferramenta valiosa para o desenvolvimento de atuadores interdigitais na monitoração em tempo real da integridade estrutural de compósitos laminados. / [en] The present work is concerned with modeling interdigital piezoeletric actuators for the excitation of guide waves in composite laminated beams. The proposed model is based on Reddys layerwise laminate theory, which relies on piece- wise constant interpolations of the displacement and eletric potential distributions along thethickness of a laminated structure. The laminated beam is also divided in pieces along its span direction, and each piece is represented by an impedance matrix that associates generalized forces with particle velocities on the interfaces of each piece, and also with the applied voltage along the electrodes of the piezoeletric element. Validation of the model was performed with the aid of a commercial Finite Element code. The model was explored to simulate the excitation of uncoupled guided wave modes incomposite laminated beams fabricated from aluminum or ARALL, which is a laminate made ofalternating layers of aluminum and arami-epoxy fiber reinforced composite. From the frequency spectrum of guided waves in the laminated beam, frequencies amd wavelengths at which the first six modes are approximately non-dispersive where determined. With this information, interdigital actuators, capable of generating uncoupled, or weakly coupled, guided modes in the beam were simulated. The proposed model, which is able to accurately reproduce responses in the high frequency/short wavelength range, could be easily adapted to simulate the extation of Lamb waves in laminated plates, and may be a valuable tool in the development of interdigital actuators for health monitoring of laminated composites.

Orientador: Vicente Lopes Junior / Resumo: Este trabalho analisa um método de Monitoramento da Integridade de Estruturas (SHM, do inglês Structural Health Monitoring) usando funções erro calculadas a partir de ondas guiadas que são refletidas nos danos. Este método foi primeiro testado por Gorgin et al em 2014, que apresentou o método aplicado para materiais isotrópicos. A abordagem é testada experimentalmente em materiais anisotrópicos e isotrópicos. O sinal da estrutura intacta, que será referido como baseline e o sinal atual para cada caminho de propagação (entre dois transdutores PZT) são medidos e a energia do sinal de dispersão para cada caminho é calculada em um dado intervalo. Assumindo que existe dano no ponto avaliado, a onda irá refletir neste ponto e se propagar até o sensor. A técnica é baseada no tempo de propagação (time-of-flight) entre o atuador (primeiro transdutor PZT) até o ponto avaliado mais o tempo de propagação do ponto avaliado até o sensor (segundo transdutor PZT, em uma configuração pitch-catch) para cada ponto da estrutura. A velocidade de propagação em materiais anisotrópicos é dependente da direção de propagação. Isto não acontece em materiais isotrópicos, onde a velocidade de propagação é constante e não é dependente da direção de propagação. No caso de materiais anisotrópicos as velocidades de propagação para diferentes direções foram calculadas experimentalmente e incorporadas ao algoritmo para calcular o time-of-flight corretamente para todos os pontos da estrutura. A energia do sina... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This work highlights a method for Structural Health Monitoring using error functions computed from guided waves reflected from damage. This method was first tested by Gorgin et al in 2014, who presented the method for isotropic plates. The approach is experimentally tested on anisotropic and isotropic specimens such as composite and aluminum plates, respectively. The baseline and test signals of each sensing path (between two PZT transducers) are measured and the energy of the scatter signal for each path is calculated in a given range. The structure is meshed and the middle point of each component is considered in the calculations. Assuming that there is damage in the evaluated position, the wave will reflect at this point and propagate to the next transducer. The technique is based in the time-of-flight between the actuator (first PZT transducer) and the evaluated point plus the time-of-flight of the evaluated point to the sensor (second PZT transducer, for a pitch-catch configuration) for each mesh component of the structure. The wave speeds in anisotropic specimens are propagation direction dependent. It does not happen in isotropic materials, which have the wave speed constant and non-dependent of the propagation direction. In the case of anisotropic materials, the wave speed for different angles were experimentally computed and incorporated in the algorithm in order to calculate the proper time-of-flight. The energy of the scatter signal is computed in a time range base... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Submitted by Vinicius Augusto Matheus Rosa null (vinicius91027@aluno.feis.unesp.br) on 2016-09-25T14:21:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Vinicius Rosa-PDF_FINAL.pdf: 3807538 bytes, checksum: d62638a8fa9c1ae27ad1e162a2d1d068 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-09-27T14:30:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 rosa_vam_me_ilha.pdf: 3807538 bytes, checksum: d62638a8fa9c1ae27ad1e162a2d1d068 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-27T14:30:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rosa_vam_me_ilha.pdf: 3807538 bytes, checksum: d62638a8fa9c1ae27ad1e162a2d1d068 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-25 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Este trabalho analisa um método de Monitoramento da Integridade de Estruturas (SHM, do inglês Structural Health Monitoring) usando funções erro calculadas a partir de ondas guiadas que são refletidas nos danos. Este método foi primeiro testado por Gorgin et al em 2014, que apresentou o método aplicado para materiais isotrópicos. A abordagem é testada experimentalmente em materiais anisotrópicos e isotrópicos. O sinal da estrutura intacta, que será referido como baseline e o sinal atual para cada caminho de propagação (entre dois transdutores PZT) são medidos e a energia do sinal de dispersão para cada caminho é calculada em um dado intervalo. Assumindo que existe dano no ponto avaliado, a onda irá refletir neste ponto e se propagar até o sensor. A técnica é baseada no tempo de propagação (time-of-flight) entre o atuador (primeiro transdutor PZT) até o ponto avaliado mais o tempo de propagação do ponto avaliado até o sensor (segundo transdutor PZT, em uma configuração pitch-catch) para cada ponto da estrutura. A velocidade de propagação em materiais anisotrópicos é dependente da direção de propagação. Isto não acontece em materiais isotrópicos, onde a velocidade de propagação é constante e não é dependente da direção de propagação. No caso de materiais anisotrópicos as velocidades de propagação para diferentes direções foram calculadas experimentalmente e incorporadas ao algoritmo para calcular o time-of-flight corretamente para todos os pontos da estrutura. A energia do sinal de dispersão é calculada em um intervalo baseado no time-of-flight de cada posição analisada. A estimativa da localização do dano é definida através de uma função erro resultante para cada ponto da área monitorada. Como a função erro é baseada na interferência do dano na propagação de ondas guiadas, o maior valor da função erro mostra uma menor probabilidade de dano naquela posição. Uma imagem é gerada com um valor da função erro para cada ponto avaliado da estrutura. A função erro compara valores de energia nos devidos intervalos para cada par de transdutores PZT. O método foi aplicado para várias frequências de excitação, afim de obter-se um resultado melhor. / This work highlights a method for Structural Health Monitoring using error functions computed from guided waves reflected from damage. This method was first tested by Gorgin et al in 2014, who presented the method for isotropic plates. The approach is experimentally tested on anisotropic and isotropic specimens such as composite and aluminum plates, respectively. The baseline and test signals of each sensing path (between two PZT transducers) are measured and the energy of the scatter signal for each path is calculated in a given range. The structure is meshed and the middle point of each component is considered in the calculations. Assuming that there is damage in the evaluated position, the wave will reflect at this point and propagate to the next transducer. The technique is based in the time-of-flight between the actuator (first PZT transducer) and the evaluated point plus the time-of-flight of the evaluated point to the sensor (second PZT transducer, for a pitch-catch configuration) for each mesh component of the structure. The wave speeds in anisotropic specimens are propagation direction dependent. It does not happen in isotropic materials, which have the wave speed constant and non-dependent of the propagation direction. In the case of anisotropic materials, the wave speed for different angles were experimentally computed and incorporated in the algorithm in order to calculate the proper time-of-flight. The energy of the scatter signal is computed in a time range based on the time of flight of each analyzed position. The estimated damage location is defined through a resultant error function for each evaluated point in the monitored area. As the error function is based on the interference of the damage in the propagation of guided waves, the higher value of the error implies the less likelihood of damage in that position. An image is generated with an error value for each mesh position in the plate. This error function compares the energy in the given ranges for each pair of transducers. In addition, several frequencies were tested and the results for each one were combined in order to get a better result. / CNPq: 160328/2014-4

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間健康科学) / 甲第19970号 / 人健博第38号 / 新制||人健||3(附属図書館) / 33066 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科人間健康科学系専攻 / (主査)教授 杉本 直三, 教授 精山 明敏, 教授 黒田 知宏 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human Health Sciences / Kyoto University / DFAM

[pt] A inversão temporal é um método bem conhecido de se obter focalização de ondas. Quando usado em ondas dispersivas, como ondas acústicas de Lamb, a têcnica compensa a dispersão de cada modo fornecendo um sinal focalizado no tempo. O operador de inversão temporal em um meio fechado é dependente da geometria e características físicas do meio. A capacidade de focalização da técnica pode ser usada para detectar variações na condição de contorno de meio. A variação da função de transferência do meio, especialmente na fase de cada componente em frequência, causa perda da qualidade de focalização, degradando o sinal de inversão temporal recebido. Nesse trabalho propõe-se o uso da técnica da inversão temporal para detectar a variação na tração externa aplicada à uma placa metálica. Foram feitos experimentos com dois transdutores de ultra-som espaçados sobre uma placa de alumínio utilizados no modo transmissão-recepção a fim de excitar ondas de Lamb por um pulso de banda larga. Uma tração londitudinal é aplicada à placa e o sinal de inversão temporal é observado. Como o sinal recebido na condição de tração inicial possui forma bem definida, a análise da sensibilidade é facilitada. O sinal transmitido é filtrado a fim de fornecer um sinal de inversão temporal com espectro mais amplo melhorando a qualidade de foco e sensibilidade à tração. A sensibilidade à tração é comprovada e medida experimentalmente. A fase do espectro do sinal observada indica a variação no percurso da onda guiada devido ao tracionamento imposto. O valor e instante de pico sofrem variação em função da variação de tração. Mostra-se que a sensibilidade do sinal de inversão temporal pode ser usado como um indicador de variação do estado de tensão do meio. / [en] The time reversal process is a well-known method of obtaining focused waves. When used at Lamb guided acoustic waves it permits compensating the dispersion of each propagation mode providing a time recompressed focused signal. The time reversal operator in a closed medium is very dependent on the geometry and physical characteristics of the medium. The good focusing capability of the process can be used to detect changes in medium boundary conditions. The mismatch of the impulse response transfer function of the medium, especially in the phase of its frequency components, causes loss in the focusing quality, and so degrades the received signal shape. In this work it is proposed the use of the time reversal technique to detect the variation on the external applied traction in a plate structure. Experiments were performed in transmission-reception mode for two fixed ultrasonic transducers spaced in an aluminum plate where Lamb waves have been excited by a wideband pulse. A variable longitudinal traction is applied to the plate and the received time reversal signal is observed. As the received signal with no traction difference has a well-defined shape, the analysis of the process traction sensitivity is simplified. Digital filtering in the frequency domain was used at the transmitted time reversed signal in order to receive a broader spectrum signal, enhancing the process focus quality and stress sensitivity. The external traction sensitivity was verified. The observed phase spectrum variation indicated a wave path change, caused by the deformation of the plate. The peak value has been decreased for the applied traction and returned to it maximum value as the traction difference was removed. Also, the group delay has changed during the traction process. A model for the peak position has been proposed and compared with the measured experiments. The results show that the high sensibility of the time reversal signal technique due to changes of the geometry of the closed medium can be used as strain variation pointer.