The intestinal microbiome (IM) or the community of commensal and pathogenic microbes that inhabit the intestinal tract of fish has long been of interest in aquaculture because of its hypothesized role in nutrient digestion and fish immunity. Artificial improvement to the IM of fish with pre- and probiotics has been shown to have benefits in some studies; however, the mechanisms behind these supplements are poorly understood because of a lack of knowledge on the basic structure of the IM of fish. The research described here aims to characterize the IM of the highly studied and commercially important Icatlurid catfish, channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus and blue catfish I. furcatus. In this study we evaluated differences between the homeostatic IM, across genotype (Objective 1) and developmental ontogeny (Objective 2), using high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons. We compared the IM of four selected strains of blue catfish and three selected strains of channel catfish at 193 days post-hatch (DPH) in Objective 1 (n = 40); while the influence of developmental ontogeny was evaluated by observing the IM of a single family of channel catfish at 3, 65, 125, and 193 DPH Objective 2 (n = 20). The bacterial phyla Fusobacteria, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria were detected in all fish strains and developmental time points; however, at the genus level the abundances of different bacteria varied among experimental units, as well as being rather variable between individuals. At 3 DPH (n = 5) the IM of channel catfish sac-fry larvae showed the most variation between individuals; with bacteria from the genus Bradyrhizobium dominating the IM of two sac-fry (84% and 88%), and Flavobacterium, Lactobacillus, Comamonadaceae dominating the IM of the remaining three sac-fry analyzed (86%, 99%, and 97% respectively). The dominant bacteria in the gut of all other fish analyzed (n = 55), was Cetobacterium somerae (mean ± SD, 41.4% ± 36%), a commensal microbe that is known to produce vitamin B12. Statistical differences in the abundance of three different bacteria within the order Clostridiales (P ≤ 0.039) were detected in Objective 1, with more of these OTUs inhabiting the gut of channel catfish than that of blue catfish. Statistical differences in the abundance of Edwardsiella, a genus of bacteria known to cause disease in catfish, were detected across the two species of Ictalurid catfish in Objective 1 (P = 0.038), and across developmental ontogeny in Objective 2 (P = 0.021); however, these bacteria were detected at low abundance (0.002% - 0.004%). Comparisons of beta diversity showed significant differences between many strains of Ictalurids, with a highly significant difference between channel catfish and blue catfish (P = 0.001); however, few differences were detected when comparing beta diversity across the four time points over the first 193 DPH in Objective 2, with only 3 DPH and 125 DPH showing significant differences (P = 0.022). Overall these data suggest host-genotype, and to a lesser extent developmental ontogeny, influence the structure of the IM of Ictalurid catfish. As the first study to be conducted on the IM of these fish species, these results have performance implications on the culture of these commercially important catfish, while also enhancing our basic knowledge on the dynamics of the fish microbiome.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Este estudo experimental verificou a eficÃcia do uso de um lacre plÃstico no fechamento do coto distal do cÃlon sigmÃide comparando com sutura manual em plano Ãnico, contÃnuo e extramucoso utilizando fio de polipropileno. Foram utilizados 30 animais (Canis familiaris) fÃmeas, pesando entre 8,0 e 18,0 kg, clinicamente sadios, oriundos do canil da Prefeitura Municipal de Teresina, PiauÃ. Foram distribuÃdos em dois grupos de 15 animais; submetidos a laparotomia com secÃÃo do cÃlon sigmÃide, com fechamento do coto distal com sutura cotÃnua e extramucosa com fio de polipropileno ( Grupo I â Controle) e fechamento do coto distal com lacre plÃstico ( Grupo II- Estudo ). Todos os animais de ambos os grupos foram submetidos à anastomose colo-retal, tÃrmino lateral e avaliados no trans e pÃs-operatÃrio imediato por mÃdico veterinÃrio, sendo a alimentaÃÃo à base de raÃÃo padrÃo e Ãgua, ad libitum, instituÃda quando se observou evacuaÃÃo. Todos os animais foram submetidos à eutanÃsia no 21 DPO apÃs anestesia venosa com Cloridrato de Cetamina e aplicaÃÃo de cloreto de potÃssio 20% via endovenosa ; realizou-se nova laparotomia e avaliaÃÃo da anastomose colo-retal, correspondendo o cÃto distal do sigmÃide ,este segmento foi submetido a teste de rompimento de sutura. Estatisticamente foi realizado teste estatÃstico de VariÃncia aplicando-se o Teste SNK e confirmado com teste Qui-quadrado. Durante realizaÃÃo do teste de tensÃo, ocorreu rompimento do fechamento do coto cÃlico distal em quatro animais de cada grupo, nÃo havendo diferenÃa significativa entre os grupos (p>0.05). O tempo operatÃrio mÃdio foi 27,7 min. E 24,7 min., nos Grupos I e II respectivamente, nÃo havendo diferenÃa estatisticamente significante entre os dois grupos (p=0,09). A pressÃo mÃdia de ruptura foi 145,0mmHg e 195,0mmHg nos Grupos I e II respectivamente, nÃo havendo diferenÃa estatisticamente significante entre eles (p=0,057). O fechamento do cÃlon distal com lacre apresentou a mesma seguranÃa e eficÃcia do fechamento com fio polipropileno 3-0. / The objective of this experimental study was to compare the efficacy of two techniques of distal sigmoid stump closure: plastic zip-tie versus manual, running extramucosal single-layer suture with polypropylene thread. The study included 30 clinically healthy female dogs (Canis familiaris) weighing 8−18 kg supplied by the local municipal dog pound (Teresina, PiauÃ). The animals were distributed in two groups of 15 animals each and submitted to laparotomy, colon resection and closure of the distal sigmoid stump with either running extramucosal suture using 3-0 propylene thread (Group I) or a plastic zip-tie (Group II). All animals were submitted to latero-terminal colorectal anastomosis and were evaluated transoperatively and immediately after surgery by a veterinarian. Standard chow and water was provided ad libitum once evacuation had been observed. On the 21st postoperative day the animals were anesthetized with Cloridrate Cetamina i.v. and euthanized with 20% potassium chloride i.v. A second laparotomy was performed to evaluate the colorectal anastomosis and submit the sigmoid stump to a wound disruption test. Findings were submitted to variance analysis, followed by the Student-Newman-Keuls test and the Chi-square test for confirmation. Wound disruption occurred in four animals from each group, with no statistically significant difference between the groups (p>0.05). The average time of surgery was 27.7 min (Group I) and 24.7 min (Group II), with no statistically significant difference between the groups (p=0.09). The average disruption pressure was 145.0 mmHg (Group I) and 195.0 mmHg (Group II), with no statistically significant difference between the groups (p=0.057). Closure of the sigmoid stump may be as safely performed with plastic zip-tie as with conventional continuous suture using 3-0 polypropylene thread.

The intestinal barrier represents a complex environment, composed of different physical barriers and immune cells, which act to prevent the entrance of potentially harmful enteric pathogens and to maintain gut tolerance to food antigens and commensal bacteria. Thus, cross-talk between the different components of the intestinal barrier such as the mucus layer, dendritic cells (DC) and intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) may be important in maintenance of gut homeostasis. This thesis investigates how different components of the intestinal barrier regulate immune responses in the gut. Thus, expression of the transmembrane receptor integrin αvβ8 on DCs is shown to be required for the development of a specific IEL subset marked by expression of CD4 and CD8αα, suggesting that intestinal DC play important roles in regulating the IEL compartment. Moreover, considering that intestinal DCs are likely in close contact with intestinal mucus, it was hypothesized that interactions between DCs and mucins, the predominant proteins that form the mucus layer, may modulate DC function. To test this hypothesis, intestinal mucin was purified and used to treat human monocyte-derived DCs. It was found that that expression of the chemokine IL-8 and co-stimulatory DC markers CD86 and CD83 are significantly upregulated on human DCs in the presence of intestinal mucins. Additionally, IL-8 produced by mucin-treated DCs is able to recruit neutrophil-like cells in transmigration assays. These effects were not due to mucin sample contaminants such as LPS, DNA or contaminant proteins. Instead, mucin glycans seem to be important for the induction of these effects on moDCs. Thus, in contrast to recent published results, intestinal mucins appear capable of inducing important pro-inflammatory functions in DC. To investigate whether mucins modulated DCs found in the intestinal environment, intestinal mucins were used to treat murine intestinal DCs, and gene changes explored using microarray analysis. It was found that, amongst several genes modulated in intestinal DC, up-regulation of the mucosal cytokine IL-22 was induced by intestinal mucin. Therefore, interactions between different components of the intestinal barrier might be crucial for maintaining gut homeostasis. Understanding how different components of the intestinal barrier system work together to maintain homoeostasis may identify pathways that can be targeted to restore this balance in inflammatory disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease.

There is an increasing interest in how therapeutic drugs could alter the human gut microbiota composition and function. While some knowledge is accumulating on the antimicrobial impact of some psychotropics on isolated strains or the gut microbiota of animal models, information about other classes of psychotropics and representative species from the human gut is poorly investigated. The antimicrobial effect of psychotropic drugs is usually neglected as a confounding factor when investigating gut microbiome biomarkers, knowing that patients are generally put in long-term medication. The purpose of the present study was to investigate (in vitro and ex-vivo) the antimicrobial activity of some oral commonly prescribed psychotropics from different therapeutic classes on colonic microbiota diversity and metabolism and the potential capacity of probiotics to alleviate related dysbiosis. The findings of this study revealed an important in vitro inhibitory activity of psychotropic drugs, which were also expressed as drastic alterations in gut microbiota composition ex-vivo. Indeed, the relative abundances of Firmicutes and Actinobacteria were lowered while the Proteobacteria population was increased. Families of Lachnospiraceae, Lactobacillaceae, and Erysipelotrichaceae were also declined by psychotropics (aripiprazole) treatment. These microbial changes were translated into a decrease of the major SCFA (butyrate, acetate, and propionate) at the metabolic level. The addition of a probiotic combination (Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium longum) concomitantly with a psychotropic (aripiprazole) had a protective effect by attenuating the decline of microbiota composition and increasing the concentrations of SCFA. These findings provide evidence that psychotropics, through their antimicrobial effect, have the potential to alter the human gut microbiota composition and metabolism, while probiotics can mitigate the related dysbiosis.

INTRODUCTION: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a growing public health concern with a pressing need for new diagnostic and disease activity biomarkers. Recently, studies have linked IBD disease factors to an imbalance in the gut’s reductive-oxidative (redox) defensive mechanisms and the resulting oxidative stress due to reactive oxygen species. With this new paradigm, direct measurement of redox status in the body could be utilized as a novel biomarker of disease activity for patients with IBD. OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study is to determine how gastrointestinal oxidative state relates to IBD disease activity. Additionally, this study aims to establish a reproducible and accurate measurement protocol for measuring redox status in the human body. METHODS: Patients with and without IBD admitted to Boston Children’s Hospital (Boston, MA) were enrolled in the study from October 2020 to February 2021. Stool and urine samples were collected from these patients and the oxidative status in these biosamples was measured via three redox measuring systems. RESULTS: Data suggests that relative stool oxidative state is more positive in patients with active disease states compared to controls. Also, a finalized protocol for the measurement of relative redox status in stool and urine was established in this study. CONCLUSION: With a reliable and accurate method of measurement established, the potential for relative redox status in the human body to serve as a predictive biomarker for IBD state is promising. Moving forward this study will focus on expanding the study’s size and types of samples to make more significant conclusions in the future. The usefulness of oxidative state in the body as a disease biomarker is just beginning to be realized.

No description available.

The prevalence of obesity is increasing globally. Obesity is characterized by increased fat mass and is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes (T2D). Obesity is associated with hyperglycaemia, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance and chronic inflammation. Currently, the most effective and durable treatment for obesity and its comorbidities is bariatric surgery. Bariatric surgery changes food intake, energy balance and the composition of gut microbiota. Bariatric surgery can lower blood glucose and put T2D into remission. It was unknown if bariatric surgery-induced changes in the gut microbiota was an independent yet sufficient factor to lower blood glucose. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was performed on conventional (specific-pathogen-free, SPF) and germ-free (GF) mice using fecal material obtained from patients before surgery and 12 months after bariatric surgery. We tested FMT into mice from the same patients before and after vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSL) and biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (BPD/DS). FMT did not alter body weight, fat mass, glucose tolerance or glucose transporter mRNA expression in all intestine segments in SPF mice. FMT lowered blood glucose during an oral glucose load in GF mice receiving bacteria after VSL and BPD/DS bariatric surgery. Post-BPD/DS surgery FMT decreased Glut1 transcript level in the ileum and increased Glut1 transcript level in the TA muscle of GF mice, but did not change GLUT1 protein levels. Post-BPD/DS surgery FMT also decreased goblet cell count, villus height and crypt depth in the ileum of GF mice. We conclude that changes in the gut microbiota caused by bariatric surgery is a standalone factor that can lower blood glucose and alter gut morphology. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc) / Type 2 diabetes is a chronic disease that involves high blood sugar (i.e. glucose), which can damage many parts of the body leading to serious complications. Diabetes is a growing global problem and is the seventh leading cause of death. Obesity is one of the largest factors leading to type 2 diabetes. Bariatric surgery reduces obesity and is to date the most effective method to lower blood glucose and reverse type 2 diabetes. Bariatric surgery alters gut anatomy and the types of bacteria that inhabit the gut. Gut bacteria can change obesity and blood glucose levels, but it was not known if the bacterial community present after bariatric surgery was a factor that is sufficient to lower blood glucose. We found that transferring gut bacteria from humans after bariatric surgery into mice lowers the blood glucose and alters the gut barrier structure where food is absorbed. It is not yet clear how this happens, but these findings show that a change in gut microbes is a standalone factor that can alter host blood glucose. Finding the glucose lowering factor in bacteria may be a new treatment to combat type 2 diabetes.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第24452号 / 理博第4951号 / 新制||理||1707(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 高橋 淑子, 准教授 佐藤 ゆたか, 教授 中務 真人 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

Interest in the gut bacterial community residing in the human intestine, otherwise known as the gut microbiota, has exploded in recent years. The gut microbiome has been linked to chronic diseases such as obesity, suggesting interventions that target the microbiome may be useful in treating obesity and its complications. Dietary pulses (e.g., common beans) are composed of nutrients and compounds that possess the potential to modulate the gut bacteria composition and function which can in turn improve appetite regulation and chronic inflammation in obesity. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding the connection between the gut microbiome and obesity, appetite regulation, and systemic and adipose tissue inflammation. More specifically, it highlights the efficacy of interventions employing dietary common beans as a means to improve appetite regulation and inflammation in obesity in both rodent models and in humans. Collectively, results presented and discussed herein provide insight on the gaps in knowledge necessary for a comprehensive understanding of the potential of beans as a treatment for obesity while highlighting what further research is required to gain this understanding.

<p>  </p> <p>We have a need to increase protein production as the world population continues to increase. Seeing that land and resources are a limited commodity, the need to raise pigs as efficiently as possible will continue to increase. Similarly, as the industry switches further away from antibiotics and growth performance technologies, the need for wholistic alternatives continues to increase. Therefore, the focus of this dissertation primarily focuses on technologies to improve pig growth performance both in the nursery (Chapter 3 and 4) as well as the finisher (Chapter 2 and 3). In chapter two, two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of β-mannanase and lysine level as well as β-glucanase and β-mannanase in combination during ractopamine feeding prior to market. In Exp. 1, 343 crossbred pigs were blocked by ancestry, sex, and initial BW (97.3 ± 1.36 kg) and allocated to mixed gender pens (5 or 6 pigs/pen) to 5 treatments with 10 or 12 pens/treatment. Dietary treatments included: 1) low lysine (0.80% SID Lys; LL); 2) LL+mannanase (0.08 MU/kg); 3) high lysine (0.95% SID Lys; HL); 4) HL+mannanase (0.08 MU/kg); 5) As treatment 3 + 4% choice white grease (CWG). Diets were corn-soy based (LL and HL=3335 and CWG=3517 kcal ME/kg) and contained 7.5 ppm ractopamine. One pig/pen was harvested on d 7 and 21, with remaining pigs harvested on d 35. For d 7-21 and 0-35 pigs fed the HL diets tended (<em>P</em><0.06) to have improved G:F compared to pigs fed LL diets. For d 21-28 (<em>P</em><0.03) and 0-35 (<em>P</em><0.03) pigs fed LL diets had greater ADFI than pigs fed HL diets. Pigs fed mannanase tended to have increased ADFI (<em>P<</em>0.06) d 21-28 and improved (<em>P<</em>0.10) ADG (984 vs 937 g/d) from d 21-35. Pigs fed the CWG diet had improved ADG (<em>P</em><0.04) from d 21-35 and 0-35 and for periods d 7-21 (<em>P</em><0.01) and 0-35 (<em>P</em><0.07) had reduced ADFI compared to pigs fed the HL diet. This resulted in improved G:F (<em>P<</em>0.01) from d 14-21, 21-28, 7-21, 21-35, and 0-35. Pigs harvested on d 7 fed mannanase diets had increased (<em>P<</em>0.01) carcass yield and tended to have increased (<em>P<</em> 0.06) loin depth, but reduced yield (<em>P<</em>0.06) on d 21. Pigs fed LL diets had increased (<em>P<</em>0.05) backfat (BF) depth compared to pigs fed HL diets on d 7. Pigs fed HL diets harvested on d 21 had reduced (<em>P<</em>0.01) BF depth and increased (<em>P<</em>0.03) percent lean versus pigs fed LL diets. Pigs fed CWG had increased (<em>P<</em>0.02) BF depth d 21 and d 35 and reduced (<em>P<</em>0.03) percent lean d 21 compared to pigs fed the HL diet. Overall, pigs fed HL diets had reduced (<em>P<</em>0.04) BF depth and tended to have increased (<em>P<</em>0.08) percent lean when compared to pigs fed LL and CWG diets. </p> <p>A second experiment was then designed to evaluate β-mannanase with and without β-glucanase in combination with ractopamine feeding. One-hundred eighty pigs (initial BW=105.4 ± 1.29 kg) were used to evaluate the effects of two enzymes individually and in combination in a corn-soybean meal-cDDGS based diet on pig growth performance and feed efficiency during late finishing. Pigs were allocated in a randomized complete block design of mixed gender pens, stratified by ancestry, gender, and initial BW to 5 treatments with 6 pens/treatment and 6 pigs/pen. Dietary treatments included: 1) negative control (0.75% SID Lys; NC); 2) NC plus ractopamine (RAC); 3) RAC+mannanase (0.08 MU/kg β-mannanase; RENZ1); 4) RAC+enzymes (0.08 MU/kg β-glucanase + 0.10 MU/kg β-mannanase; RENZ2); 5) RAC+enzymes (0.08 MU/kg β-glucanase, 0.18 MU/kg β-mannanase; RENZ1+2). Treatments 2-5 contained 5 ppm ractopamine from d 0-14 and 10 ppm ractopamine from d 14-28. For d 0-14, pigs fed the RAC diet had increased (<em>P</em><0.003) ADG, improved feed efficiency and tended (<em>P</em><0.06) to have increased ADFI when compared to pigs fed the NC diet. Pigs fed RENZ1 had increased (<em>P</em><0.05) ADG, and improved (<em>P</em><0.02) G:F, while pigs fed RENZ2 tended (<em>P</em><0.08) to have reduced G:F compared to pigs fed RAC. Pigs fed RAC from d 14-28 had increased (<em>P</em><0.05) ADG, ADFI, and improved G:F compared to NC. Feeding RENZ1, RENZ2, or RENZ1+2 had no impact (<em>P></em>0.22) on ADG, ADFI, or G:F from d 14-28 compared to RAC fed pigs. For the overall period d 0-28, pigs fed RAC diets had increased (<em>P</em><0.04) ADG and ADFI with improved (<em>P</em><0.001) feed efficiency compared to NC. Pigs fed RENZ1 had increased (<em>P</em><0.02) ADG and improved (<em>P</em><0.01) feed efficiency while pigs fed RENZ2 had no improvement (<em>P></em>0.21) in measured response criteria compared to pigs fed RAC. Pigs fed RAC had increased (<em>P<</em>0.01) final live BW, carcass weight, loin depth, fat free lean, and value per pig. In conclusion, pigs fed the RAC diet had increased ADG and ADFI with improved feed efficiency throughout the trial. Pigs fed RAC + mannanase had increased ADG resulting in improved feed efficiency compared to pigs fed RAC. </p> <p>Chapter 3 focused on one experiment split over two growth periods was conducted to evaluate the effect of saccharomyces cerevisiae or lactobacillus acidophilus fermentation products (SCFP and LAFP, respectively) and vaccination for <em>Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae</em> and Porcine circovirus type 2 on growth performance, serum immune markers, and intestinal villi height. In period 1, 135 pigs [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Chester); initially 5.75 ± 0.51 kg BW] were blocked by ancestry, sex, and initial BW (6 blocks) and assigned to mixed gender pens (4 or 5 pigs/pen) to 5 treatments with 6 pens/treatment. Treatments included: 1) Negative control (NC), control diets, non-vaccinated no added fermentation products; 2) Positive control (PC), control diets, vaccinated, no added fermentation products; 3) PC + SCFP (0.2% d 0-21, 0.1% d 21-56); 4) PC + LAFP (0.1% d 0-21, 0.05% d 21-56; LAFP-Low); 5) PC + LAFP (0.2% d 0-21, 0.1% d 21-56; LAFP-High). Diets were corn-soy based. Two gilts and one barrow per pen were repeatedly bled every 7 days from d 0-35. One of the identified bleeding gilts per pen was selected to be sacrificed on d 33 of the trial for intestinal tissue sample collection. For d 7-14 NC (<em>P<</em>0.05) pigs had improved G:F compared to all other vaccinated pigs. For d 14-21 (<em>P<</em>0.03), d 21-28 (<em>P<</em>0.05, d 28-35 (<em>P<</em>0.09), and d 0-35 (<em>P<</em>0.02) vaccinated pigs had increased ADFI and tended to have improved ADG (<em>P<</em>0.09) from d 14-21 compared to NC pigs. Similarly, from d 0-35 PC pigs tended (<em>P<</em>0.09) to have increased ADFI when compared to NC pigs. Villus height d 33 tended (<em>P<</em>0.07) to be reduced when pigs were vaccinated vs the NC. For d 35 all vaccinated pigs tended (<em>P<</em>0.10) to have increased TNF-α vs NC. On d 28 a larger percentage of LAFP-High pigs tested positive (<em>P<</em>0.01) for circovirus. On d 35 a higher percentage of NC pigs tested negative (<em>P<</em>0.001) for circovirus. During the nursery period mycoplasma optical density (MOD) was lower (<em>P<</em>0.05) for LAFP-Low and High than vaccinated PC while mycoplasma sample to positive (S/P) ratio tended (<em>P<</em>0.08) to be lower in LAFP-Low and High vs vaccinated PC. During the nursery period MOD and S/P ratio increased (<em>P<</em>0.001) more on d 14 than d 21, d 28, or d 35. During the nursery period circovirus titers were significantly increased (<em>P<</em>0.03) for all vaccinated pigs vs NC. Both LAFP-Low and LAFP-High pigs had increased (<em>P<</em>0.001) circovirus titer compared to PC and SCFP. During the nursery period circovirus titers were lower (<em>P<</em>0.05) on d 14 and d 28 vs d 21 and d 35. Circovirus titer results during the nursery period were reduced for NC (<em>P<</em>0.004) when compared to all other vaccinated groups. During the nursery period circovirus titer results were higher (<em>P<</em>0.001) on d 21 than d 14 & d 28, and higher (<em>P<</em>0.01) on d 35 than on d 21. </p> <p>In period 2 of the trial, 90 remaining pigs (initially 18.63 ± 1.50 kg BW) were combined by nursery treatment and assigned to mixed gender pens (6 pigs/pen) with 3 pens/treatment. During this grow-finish period, nursery treatments continued from d 35 to 56 post-weaning. After d 56 the control treatments continued, and the fermentation product treatments were fed SCFP: 3) SCFP (0.1% SCFP d 56-market); 4) LAFP-Low (0.1% SCFP d56-market); 5) LAFP-High (0.2% SCFP d 56-market). Diets were corn-soy based during this grow-finish period. From d 56-77 the main effect of vaccination tended (<em>P<</em>0.08) to increase ADFI while worsening G:F (<em>P<</em>0.06). As a result, overall (d35-market) ADFI tended (<em>P<</em>0.07) to be increased when pigs were vaccinated. During the grow-finish period MOD, mycoplasma S/P ratio, mycoplasma sample result, circovirus titer, and circovirus titer result all were reduced (<em>P<</em>0.0001) when pigs were not vaccinated. Similarly, the main effect of day had significant impact on all blood criteria measured throughout the grow-finish portion of the trial, however there were interactive effects for mycoplasma titer result (<em>P<</em>0.005) were non vaccinated pigs showed lower titer results from d 56 to 98 when compared to vaccinated pigs, then had 100% positives, the same as vaccinated pigs. Similarly, there was a treatmentxday interaction in the grow-finish period for circovirus titer, where non vaccinated pigs started negative and remained negative throughout the trial, while vaccinated pigs started with 100% having a titer then declined by day 119 and 140 to 50-75% positive.</p> <p><br></p> <p><br></p>