• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 1
  • 1
  • Tagged with
  • 2
  • 2
  • 2
  • 2
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Férmions em QCD na rede / Fermions in lattice QCD

Viscardi, Leandro Alex Moreira 27 June 2019 (has links)
O presente trabalho propõe o estudo da cromodinâmica quântica (QCD) através de simulações numéricas da teoria na rede. Inicialmente será apresentada a formulação de integral de trajetória da mecânica quântica para em seguida generalizar os resultados para a teoria quântica de campos. A teoria na rede exigirá a discretização do espaço-tempo e mostraremos como colocar os graus de liberdade bosônicos e fermiônicos na rede. Usaremos a formulação de Wilson para a ação de glúons e férmions na rede. Simulações numéricas em QCD na rede envolvendo férmions são consideravelmente complicadas e têm um custo computacional altamente limitante. Mais precisamente, não é possível simular a estrutura do vácuo fermiônico sem algum tipo de aproximação. Neste trabalho usaremos a aproximação quenched da QCD, que consiste em negligenciar os efeitos de loops de quarks do vácuo. Também empregaremos apenas dois sabores de quarks degenerados, correspondendo às duas espécies de quarks leves presentes na teoria. Ao longo deste trabalho serão exploradas as dificuldades encontradas em colocar quarks na rede e também será determinado o espectro de hádrons como uma aplicação de interesse. Contudo, também estudaremos um problema simples envolvendo a teoria de gauge pura na rede, isto é, calcularemos o valor esperado para o operador plaqueta. Este estudo servirá como um pré aquecimento antes de lidar com o problema mais desafiador do espectro de hádrons e também permitirá aprender algumas técnicas de simulação que serão utilizadas na determinação do espectro de hádrons, a saber, o método de Monte Carlo e os algoritmos banho térmico e sobre-relaxação, que servem para construir configurações de gauge (glúons). A interpretação dos resultados obtidos deverá ser realizada a partir da análise estatística dos dados. Estimaremos o tempo de termalização do operador plaqueta a partir da visualização da equilibração do resultado e usaremos o método bloco de dados para estimar o tempo de correlação das configurações de gauge. Essas estimativas serão importantes para decidirmos os parâmetros de simulação adequados para o espectro de hádrons, pois neste caso não teremos acesso à quantidade suficiente de dados para determinar o valor desses parâmetros. Para a determinação de erros estatísticos será usado o método de jackknife. O cálculo do espectro de hádrons envolve a inversão de uma matriz esparsa não positiva definida, mais precisamente, o operador de Dirac. Esta será a parte que mais consumirá tempo nas simulações e usaremos o algoritmo gradiente biconjugado estabilizado (Bi-CGStab) para a inversão. A determinação da massa de hádrons somente será possível após a fixação da massa experimental de algum hádron (usaremos o píon), e após a extrapolação quiral dos resultados, que será realizada a partir do método dos mínimos quadrados não linear. Ao final deste trabalho obteremos uma estimava para a massa do próton e do méson rho. / This work proposes the study of quantum cromodynamics (QCD) through numerical simulations of the lattice theory. Initially we will present the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics and then generalize these results to quantum field theory. The lattice theory requires the discretization of space-time and we will show how to put the fermionic and gluonic degrees of freedom on the lattice. We will use Wilson’s formulation for the action of fermions and gluons. Numerical simulations in lattice QCD with fermions are considerably complicated and their cost is highly limiting. More precisely, it is not possible to simulate the fermionic structure of the vacuum without any kind of approximation. We will use the quenched approximation in this work, which consists of neglecting the effects of vacuum quark loops. We also will employ only two flavors of degenerate quarks corresponding to the two species of light quarks present in the theory. Throughout the work we will discuss the difficulties related to putting quarks on the lattice and we will evaluate the hadron spectrum as an application of interest. However, we also must study a simple problem involving the lattice pure-gauge theory, i.e., we will compute the mean value of the plaquette operator. This will be a warm-up study before dealing with the more challenging problem of the hadron spectrum and will allow us to learn some simulation techniques that will be used in the hadron spectrum determination, namely the Monte Carlo method and the heat bath and overrelaxation algorithms, which are useful to build gauge configurations (i.e. gluon configurations). The interpretation of the results obtained should be performed using statistical analysis of the data. We will estimate the thermalization time of the plaquette operator from the visualization of the equilibration result and will estimate the correlation time of gauge configurations using the data blocking method. These estimates are important to decide the suitable simulation parameters for the hadron spectrum, because in that case we will not have access to a quantity of data large enough to determine the value of these parameters. For the statistical error determination we will use the jackknife method. The calculation of the hadron spectrum involves the inversion of a non positive definite sparse matrix, more precisely, the Dirac operator. This will be the most time-consuming step of the simulation and we will use the Bi-Conjugate Gradient Stabilized (Bi-CGRStab) algorithm to do the inversion. The determination of hadron masses will only be possible after fixing an experimental mass of some hadron (we will use the pion), and after the quiral extrapolation of the results, which will be performed using the non-linear least square method. At the end of this work we will obtain an estimate of the mass of the proton and of the rho meson.
2

Heavy-light mesons in lattice HQET and QCD

Guazzini, Damiano 19 December 2007 (has links)
Wir stellen eine Untersuchung einer Kombination zwischen HQET und relativistischer QCD vor, die das Ziel hat, die b-Quark Masse und die Zerfallskonstante des Bs-Mesons aus Gitter-Simulationen, unter Nichtbeachtung virtueller Fermionenschleifen, zu gewinnen. Wir beginnen mit einem kleinen Volumen, in dem man das b-Quark direkt simulieren kann, und stellen die numerische Verbindung mit einem großen Volumen, wo ``finite-size'''' Effekte vernachlässigbar sind, mit Hilfe einer ``finite-size'''' Methode her. Diese besteht aus zum Kontinuum extrapolierten Schritten, wobei der Massenpunkt, der der physikalischen b-Quark Masse entspricht, durch eine Interpolation erreicht wird. In diese Interpolation fliessen die in der HQET erzielten Resultate ein. Mit dem durch die Sommersche Skale r0 bestimmten Gitterabstand und den experimentalen Werten für die Bs- und K-Massen erhalten wir die Endergebnisse für die renormierungsgruppeninvariante Masse Mb = 6.88(10) GeV, äquivalent zu mb(mb) = 4.42(6) GeV in dem MSbar-Schema und fBs = 191(6) MeV für die Zerfallskonstante. Eine Renormierungsbedingung für den Chromo-magnetischen Operator, der in führender Ordnung der Entwicklung in der schweren Quarkmasse in HQET für die Massenaufspaltung zwischen dem pseudoskalaren und dem vektoriellen Kanal mesonischer schwer-leicht gebundener Zustände verantwortlich ist, wird auf der Basis von Gitter-Korrelationsfunktionen bereitgestellt. Dies eignet sich gut für eine nicht-störungstheoretische Rechnung, welche einen großen Bereich der Renormierungsskala umfasst und keine Valenz-Quarks beinhaltet. Die Zwei-Schleifen Ordnung der entsprechenden anomalen Dimension im Schrödinger-Funktional-Schema wird mit Hilfe von veröffentlichten Ergebnissen berechnet; dies erforderte eine neue Ein-Schleifen Rechnung im SF-Schema mit einem nicht verschwindenden Hintergrundfeld. Die Gitterartefakte bezüglich der Skalenentwicklung des Renormierungsfaktors werden zur Ein-Schleifen Ordnung untersucht, und es wird von nicht-störungstheoretischen Simulationen, unter Nichtbeachtung virtueller Fermionenschleifen, bestätigt, dass sie für die gegenwärtige verfügbare numerische Präzision vernachlässigbar sind. / We present a study of a combination of HQET and relativistic QCD to extract the b-quark mass and the Bs-meson decay constant from lattice quenched simulations. We start from a small volume, where one can directly simulate the b-quark, and compute the connection to a large volume, where finite size effects are negligible, through a finite size technique. The latter consists of steps extrapolated to the continuum limit, where the b-region is reached through interpolations guided by the effective theory. With the lattice spacing given in terms of the Sommer''s scale r0 and the experimental Bs and K masses, we get the final results for the renormalization group invariant mass Mb = 6.88(10) GeV, translating into mb(mb) = 4.42(6) GeV in the MSbar scheme, and fBs = 191(6) MeV for the decay constant. A renormalization condition for the chromo-magnetic operator, responsible, at leading order in the heavy quark mass expansion of HQET, for the mass splitting between the pseudoscalar and the vector channel in mesonic heavy-light bound states, is provided in terms of lattice correlations functions which well suits a non-perturbative computation involving a large range of renormalization scales and no valence quarks. The two-loop expression of the corresponding anomalous dimension in the Schrödinger functional (SF) scheme is computed starting from results in the literature; it requires a one-loop calculation in the SF scheme with a non-vanishing background field. The cutoff effects affecting the scale evolution of the renormalization factors are studied at one-loop order, and confirmed by non-perturbative quenched computations to be negligible for the numerical precision achievable at present.

Page generated in 0.0503 seconds