In this thesis we study radiative decays of the exotic meson X(3872) into $J/ \\psi \\gamma$ and $\\psi(2S) \\gamma$ using an effective field theory framework. Assuming the exotic meson to be primarily a molecular state of the mesons $D$ and $ \\bar{D}^{*}$, we perform a renormalization analysis to estimate the contribution of the short-distance physics. This is done using two different prescriptions, the popular $\\overline{MS}$ scheme, valid only for perturbative calculations, and the PDS scheme, used in EFTs for loosely-bound systems and intrinsically non-perturbative. We show that, without a short-distance contact interaction, the observables become very dependent on the regularization scale, therefore demanding proper renormalization. We include two short-distance contact terms, one for each decay channel, and impose the renormalization condition within both $\\overline{MS}$ and PDS schemes. We obtain the behavior of the contact term with the renormalization scale $\\mu$, which can be useful in guiding models for the short-distance part. We note, however, distinct behaviors between $\\overline{MS}$ and PDS. Both also lead to lower limits in the decay widths that could, in principle, be tested experimentally. / In this thesis we study radiative decays of the exotic meson X(3872) into $J/ \\psi \\gamma$ and $\\psi(2S) \\gamma$ using an effective field theory framework. Assuming the exotic meson to be primarily a molecular state of the mesons $D$ and $ \\bar{D}^{*}$, we perform a renormalization analysis to estimate the contribution of the short-distance physics. This is done using two different prescriptions, the popular $\\overline{MS}$ scheme, valid only for perturbative calculations, and the PDS scheme, used in EFTs for loosely-bound systems and intrinsically non-perturbative. We show that, without a short-distance contact interaction, the observables become very dependent on the regularization scale, therefore demanding proper renormalization. We include two short-distance contact terms, one for each decay channel, and impose the renormalization condition within both $\\overline{MS}$ and PDS schemes. We obtain the behavior of the contact term with the renormalization scale $\\mu$, which can be useful in guiding models for the short-distance part. We note, however, distinct behaviors between $\\overline{MS}$ and PDS. Both also lead to lower limits in the decay widths that could, in principle, be tested experimentally.

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Orientador: Márcio José Menon / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T11:17:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fagundes_DanielAlmeida_M.pdf: 4182023 bytes, checksum: ab06bb58827a859896805f7809e62f4d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: O tratamento teórico do espalhamento elástico de hádrons em altas energias constitui um problema em aberto, tanto para a teoria quântica de campos das interações fortes, a Cromodinâmica Quântica (QCD), quanto para as diferentes abordagens fenomenológicas. Neste trabalho apresentamos um estudo sobre o problema inverso do espalhamento elástico de hádrons nas representações de parâmetro de impacto e eiconal, especificamente, sobre a extração empírica das funções de perfil, recobrimento inelástica e eiconal a partir dos dados experimentais e com base somente em princípios e teoremas gerais em altas energias (independentes de modelo). Por condição de aplicabilidade e interesse atual o estudo é restrito ao espalhamento elástico próton-próton na região de energias de centro de momentos 19.4 a 62.5 GeV. Em particular, é introduzida uma nova representação para a Fórmula da Parte Real de Martin, independente de invariância de escala e adequada a parametrizações empíricas de dados experimentais. Através dessa representação e de duas outras parametrizações empíricas desenvolvidas previamente (vinculada e não-vinculada), determinam-se várias características da função de recobrimento inelástica e da parte imaginária da função eiconal (opacidade) no espa¸ co de momento transferido, destacando-se: (1) evidência de um efeito periférico ("cauda") na função de recobrimento inelástica na região de parâmetro de impacto acima de 2 fm; (2) desenvolvimento de parametrizações analíticas para essa função indicando componentes gaussinas com centros em 0.0, ~0 7 e ~1 3 fm; (3) evidência de um zero finito (troca de sinal) na função opacidade no espaço de momento transferido; (4) desenvolvimento de parametrizações empíricas para essa função indicando fatores de forma tipo produto de dois monopólos com parâmetros vinculados (e não dipolo) e um termo com zero; (5) estudo detalhado da determinação da função opacidade no espaço de momento transferido através da abordagem semi-analítica (métodos semi-analítico, de termo explícito e de termo explícito condicionado). Discutem-se também implementações que possam ser introduzidas em modelos eiconais, em especial inspirados em QCD, a partir dos resultados empíricos obtidos nesse trabalho / Abstract: The theoretical description of high-energy elastic hadron scattering constitutes an open problem in both, the underlying quantum field theory of strong interactions (QCD) and the phenomenological context. In this work the inverse problem in elastic hadron scattering is discussed in the impact parameter and eikonal frameworks, specifically a study on the empirical extraction of the profile, the inelastic overlap and the eikonal functions, from the experimental data and some principles and high-energy theorems (model independent). The analysis is limited to elastic proton-proton scattering in the center of momentum energy interval 19.4 - 62.5 GeV. In particular, a novel representation for the Martin¿s Real Part Formula is introduced but without the scaling property and suitable for empirical analysis. By means of this representation, and two other parametrizations previously introduced (constrained and unconstrained), several properties of the inelastic overlap function and the imaginary part of the eikonal (opacity) in the momentum transfer space are determined, in special: (1) evidence of a peripheral effect (tail) in the inelastic overlap function in the parameter impact space above 2 fm; (2) development of analytical parametrizations for this function leading to three gaussian components with centers at 0.0, ~0 7 and ~1 3 fm; (3) evidence of a finite zero (change of sign) in the opacity function in the momentum transfer space; (4) development of empirical parametrization for this function consistent with form factors as a product of two monopoles with constrained masses (not a dipole type) and a term with zero; (5) detailed discussion on the determination of the opacity function in the momentum transfer space through the semi-analytical approach. The applicability of these empirical results in the development of eikonal models (mainly those inspired in QCD) is also discussed / Mestrado / Reações Específicas e Fenomenologia de Partículas / Mestre em Física

In this thesis we study radiative decays of the exotic meson X(3872) into $J/ \\psi \\gamma$ and $\\psi(2S) \\gamma$ using an effective field theory framework. Assuming the exotic meson to be primarily a molecular state of the mesons $D$ and $ \\bar{D}^{*}$, we perform a renormalization analysis to estimate the contribution of the short-distance physics. This is done using two different prescriptions, the popular $\\overline{MS}$ scheme, valid only for perturbative calculations, and the PDS scheme, used in EFTs for loosely-bound systems and intrinsically non-perturbative. We show that, without a short-distance contact interaction, the observables become very dependent on the regularization scale, therefore demanding proper renormalization. We include two short-distance contact terms, one for each decay channel, and impose the renormalization condition within both $\\overline{MS}$ and PDS schemes. We obtain the behavior of the contact term with the renormalization scale $\\mu$, which can be useful in guiding models for the short-distance part. We note, however, distinct behaviors between $\\overline{MS}$ and PDS. Both also lead to lower limits in the decay widths that could, in principle, be tested experimentally. / In this thesis we study radiative decays of the exotic meson X(3872) into $J/ \\psi \\gamma$ and $\\psi(2S) \\gamma$ using an effective field theory framework. Assuming the exotic meson to be primarily a molecular state of the mesons $D$ and $ \\bar{D}^{*}$, we perform a renormalization analysis to estimate the contribution of the short-distance physics. This is done using two different prescriptions, the popular $\\overline{MS}$ scheme, valid only for perturbative calculations, and the PDS scheme, used in EFTs for loosely-bound systems and intrinsically non-perturbative. We show that, without a short-distance contact interaction, the observables become very dependent on the regularization scale, therefore demanding proper renormalization. We include two short-distance contact terms, one for each decay channel, and impose the renormalization condition within both $\\overline{MS}$ and PDS schemes. We obtain the behavior of the contact term with the renormalization scale $\\mu$, which can be useful in guiding models for the short-distance part. We note, however, distinct behaviors between $\\overline{MS}$ and PDS. Both also lead to lower limits in the decay widths that could, in principle, be tested experimentally.

Cette thèse consiste en une étude de la production exclusive de di-pions (π+π-) et di-électrons (e+e-) associée avec la formation d’un deuton dans la réaction quasi-libre neutron+proton aux moyens de faisceaux de deutons à une énergie cinétique de 2.5 GeV. La mesure a été effectuée à GSI (Darmstadt) en utilisant le spectromètre HADES installé sur le synchroton SIS18. L’étude est motivée par l’observation par HADES d’un excès dans la production inclusive de di-électrons dans les réactions neutron-proton par rapport à la réaction proton-proton à la même énergie nominale. Ce résultat a mis fin au problème de longue date de la production inexpliquée de di-électrons mesurée dans les collisions d’ions lourds. L’ analyse combinée des deux canaux est justifiée par les prédictions de modèles qui suggèrent que la production de ρ « hors-couche » est une source significative de paires e+e-.Les composants du détecteur, l’identification de particules, la reconstruction de l’impulsion et la sélection du canal sont décrits et expliqués en détail. Les sections efficaces différentielles pour la production de di-pions et di-électrons mesurées dans l’acceptance d’HADES sont présentées et comparées aux prédictions des modèles. En particulier, pour le canal de di-pions, les masses invariantes des systèmes de di-pions et deuteron-di-pions sont comparées au modèle décrivant les données de l’expérience WASA. Les sources conventionnelles de production de di-pions, comme la décroissance de deux résonances Δ(1232) ou d’une résonance N(1440), ne décrivent pas les données d’HADES et réclament d’autres contributions, comme par exemple la formation d’un di-baryon. Cependant, l’existence de ce processus, bien qu’en bon accord quantitatif avec nos données, n’a pas pu être prouvée sans ambiguité dans le cadre de cette analyse. Dans le canal de di-électrons, une valeur limite de 49 nb a pu être extraite pour la réaction : np→pd→γ* d→ e⁺e⁻d. De plus, il est montré que la prise en compte du canal pn→ ΔΔ→ ppn→e⁺e⁻pn améliore de façon significative la description des données d’HADES. / The main subject of this work is a study of the exclusive di-pion (π+π-) and di-electron (e+e-) production associated with deuteron formation in a quasi-free neutron+proton reaction by means of deuteron beams with kinetic energy of 2.5 GeV. The measurement was conducted at GSI, Darmstadt exploiting the HADES spectrometer operating on SIS18 synchrotron. The study was motivated by the observation of the yield excess in the inclusive di-electron production in neutron-proton over the proton-proton collisions at the same nominal energy measured by the HADES and solving the long standing puzzle of the unexplained di-electron yield measured in heavy ion collisions. The relevance of the combined analysis of the two channels follows from predictions of model calculations suggesting a significant contribution to the e+e- yield from off-shell ρ meson production. Furthermore, the results on di-pion production provide valuable verification of the di-baryon formation, recently reported by WASA collaboration, in the complementary phase space region covered by the HADES.Detector components, particle identification, momentum reconstruction and the channel selection are described and explained in details. Differential cross sections for the di-pion and dielectron production, within the HADES acceptance, are presented and compared to model predictions. In particular, for the di-pion channel, the di-pion and deuteron-di-pion invariant mass distributions are compared to the model describing data from the WASA experiment. It is shown that conventional sources of di-pion production, like double Δ(1232) and N*(1440) decays do not describe HADES data and call for additional contributions, like for example di-baryon formation. However, the production of the latter one, though in quantitative agreement with our data, could not be unambiguously proven by the presented analysis. In the dielectron channel, an upper limit of 49 nb has been extracted for the np→pd→γ* d→ e⁺e⁻d reaction. Furthermore, it has been shown that inclusion of the recently suggested: pn→ ΔΔ→ ppn→e⁺e⁻pn improves significantly the description of the HADES dielectron data.

The quest to understand how the nucleon spin is decomposed into its constituent quark and gluon spin and orbital angular momentum (OAM) components has been at the forefront of nuclear physics for decades. Due to the non-perturbative nature of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) - the theory describing how quarks and gluons bind together to form protons and neutrons - making absolute predictions of nucleon spin structure is generally difficult, especially as a function of its quark and gluon longitudinal momentum fraction x. Measurements involving nucleon spin structure serve as a sensitive test for QCD, including ab-initio lattice QCD calculations due to the advent of the quasi-PDF formalism, and various predictions that diverge at large-x. The neutron spin asymmetry A1n at high-x is a key observable for probing nucleon spin structure. In the valence domain (x > 0.5), sea effects are expected to be negligible, and so the total nucleon spin is considered to be carried by the valence quarks. The valence region can therefore enable us to study the role of quark OAM and other non-perturbative effects of the strong force. A1^n was measured in the deep inelastic scattering region of 0.40 < x < 0.75 and 6 < Q^2 < 10 GeV^2 in Hall C at Jefferson Lab using a 10.4 GeV longitudinally polarized electron beam, upgraded polarized He-3 target, and the High Momentum Spectrometer (HMS) and Super High Momentum Spectrometer (SHMS). E12-06-110 provides the first precision data in the valence quark region above x = 0.60, and its preliminary results proved consistent with earlier data disqualifying a pQCD model that excluded quark OAM. Combined with previous world proton data, the ratio of the polarized-to-unpolarized up quark momentum distribution (∆u + ∆anti-u)/(u + anti-u) remained positive at large-x, and the down quark (∆d + ∆anti-d)/(d + anti-d) remained negative. / Physics

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A determinação da massa de raios cósmicos ultra energéticos é uma questão em aberto devido a flutuação natural da primeira interação e o desconhecimentos da seção de choque para altas energias (E > 1017 eV). Alguns estudos (1) mostraram que modificações sistemáticas das propriedades em interações hadrônicas interfere significativamente no desenvolvimento de chuveiros atmosféricos extensos e, consequentemente, provêm diferentes interpretações para os resultados de raios cósmicos. No limite de altas energias, pode ocorrer a saturação de glúons na superfície nuclear, o que resulta no aumento da seção de choque próton-próton e próton-núcleo em relação ao modelo de Glauber. A seção de choque cresce com a energia e está relacionada com a função de distribuição de probabilidade de encontrar um centro espalhado que é maior no modelo de saturação de glúons. Neste trabalho analisamos a seção de choque próton-ar e núcleo-ar para energias acima de 1018 eV usando a hipótese da saturação de glúons (2). Implementamos a saturação de glúons no modelos de interações hadrônicas de altas energia SIBYLL e estudamos o desenvolvimento do chuveiro atmosférico extenso usando o programa CORSIKA. Comparamos os resultados com a taxa de elongação medida pelo Observatório Pierre Auger. Concluímos mostrando o efeito da saturação de glúons na interpretação na composição da massa de raios cósmicos ultra energéticos. / The determination of the composition of ultra high energy cosmic rays is an open question due to natural fluctuations of the first interaction point and unknow high energy cross sections. Some studies (1) have shown that systematic modifications in the hadronics interaction properties infer significantly in the development of extensive air showers and, consequently, provides different interpretations of cosmic ray results. In high energy limit (E > 1018eV), gluon saturation may occur in the nuclear surface region, so that the cross section proton-proton and proton-nucleus increase more rapidly with incident energy than Glauber theory. The cross section rise with energy is related to the probability distribution function of scattering centers which is larger for gluon saturation models. In this work we analyze the cross section proton-proton and proton-nucleus at energies above 1018 eV using the gluon saturation hypothesis (2). We implemented the gluon saturation physics in the SIBYLL hadronic interaction model and we studied the development of the air shower using the CORSIKA program. Different extrapolation models of high energy interaction with gluon interaction have been implemented in SIBYLL. We compared the simulation results using gluon saturation with the measured elongation rate published by the Pierre Auger Collaborations. We conclude by showing the effect of gluon saturation in the interpretation of cosmic ray by composition.

O comportamento das interações hadrônicas para energias de centro de massa superiores a 50 TeV/núcleon é uma fonte importante de incerteza sistemática na interpretação de dados de observatórios de raios cósmicos. Nesta tese, estudamos por meio de simulações de Monte Carlo observáveis dos chuveiros atmosféricos que pudessem ser correlacionados com aspectos dos diferentes modelos destas interações. Especial atenção foi dada à componente muônica que sabidamente é gerada do decaimento de partículas de natureza hadrônica na cascata. A precisão e a acurácia de uma rede esparsa de contadores de múons foram estudadas como função da granularidade da rede de detectores e da área de coleção de suas células. Mostramos, em particular, as diferenças na dependência radial da densidade de múons no plano transversal ao eixo da cascata para os diferentes modelos. Tais diferenças se mostram mais acentuadas na vizinhança do eixo e poderiam ser exploradas experimentalmente com um detector com alcance dinâmico suficiente para evitar saturação da eletrônica. Além disso, por meio de um tratamento fenomenológico, investigamos o impacto no desenvolvimento do chuveiro causado por variações na distribuição de pseudorapidez $dN/d\\eta$ de secundários produzidos na colisão primária. Mostramos que diferentemente de quantidades como seção de choque inelástica, multiplicidade, razão de carga e elasticidade, mudanças em $dN/d\\eta$ que preservem tais quantidades são rapidamente diluídas nas sucessivas camadas de interações posteriores à colisão primária. / The behavior of the hadronic interactions at center of mass energies greater than 50 TeV/nucleon is an important source of systematic uncertainty on interpreting data from cosmic ray observatories. In this thesis, we study through Monte Carlo simulations the atmospheric shower observables that could be correlated with different aspects of these interactions. Special attention was paid to the muonic component that is known to be generated from the decay of hadronic particles. The precision and accuracy of a sparse grid of muon counters were studied as a function of the array granularity and the collection area of its cells. In particular, we studied the differences in the radial dependence of the muon density in the shower plane for different models. These differences are shown to be larger in the vicinity of the shower axis and, therefore, could be explored with a detector of sufficiently large dynamic range as to avoid saturation of its acquisition electronics. In addition, through a phenomenological treatment, we investigated the impact on the shower development caused by variations in the distribution of pseudorapidity $ dN/d\\eta $ of secondaries particles produced in the primary collision. We show that unlike quantities such as inelastic cross section, multiplicity, charge ratio and elasticity, changes in $ dN/d\\eta $ that preserve such quantities are rapidly diluted in successive interaction layers subsequent to the primary collision.