Weak nucleon nucleon couplings are largely unknown because of the involved theoretical and experimental challenges. Theoretically the topic is difficult due to the non-perturbative nature of the strong interaction, which makes calculations of the couplings challenging. Experimentally, the topic is difficult given that 1) the observables are determined by ratios between strong couplings and weak couplings which differ in size by seven orders of magnitude, and 2) theoretically clean and predictable measurements are almost always restricted to simple systems that do not allow for effects that enhance the size of the asymmetry. However parity violation (PV) can be used to separate out the weak part and thus studies of PV in hadronic systems could offer a unique probe of nucleon structure. The n-3He experiment at the Spallation Neutron Source was performed to measure the parity violating asymmetry of the recoil proton momentum kp with respect to the neutron spin in the reaction n + 3He ---> p + T + 764 keV. This asymmetry is sensitive to the isospin-conserving and isospin-changing (∆I = 0, 1, 2) parts of the Hadronic Weak Interaction (HWI), and is expected to be small (~10-7). The goal of this experiment was to determine this PV asymmetry with a statistical sensitivity of 2x10-8. We also measured the parity even nuclear asymmetry proportional to kp · σn x kn for the first time for verification of nuclear theory and for confirmation of the sensitivity of our experiment to the parity violating asymmetry.

Le but premier de la physique des hautes énergies est d'améliorer notre connaissance de la structure fondamentale de la matière, et notamment des particules qui constituent le monde. L'une d'entre elles est le quark top, qui fut découvert en 1995 par les collaborations CDF et D0 auprès du collisionneur protons-antiprotons Tevatron. Un des buts principaux du Tevatron a été depuis l'étude fine des propriétés du quark top, et en particulier de la section efficace de production de paires top-antitop. Différentes analyses ont été menées dans les canaux leptons, dileptons, et tout hadronique afin de déterminer le plus précisément possible les valeurs de ces paramètres, et ainsi de tester la validité du Modèle Standard. Le but principal de cette thèse est de vérifier une des prédictions théoriques du Modèle Standard de la physique des particules, à savoir la section efficace de production top-antitop, auprès du collisionneur Tevatron. Le canal étudié est constitué d'un muon, d'un lepton tau, de leurs neutrinos associés, de de deux jets de quark b (l'un d'entre eux provenant d'un quark b, l'autre d'un anti-quark b). La reconstruction et l'identification des jets , des muons, des leptons taus (en particulier par l'utilisation d'un réseau de neurones dédié), et l'étiquetage des jets de b, représentent les éléments fondamentaux de cette étude. Au final, un bon accord entre les données et la simulation Monte Carlo est obtenu à la dernière étape de cette analyse. En outre, la mesure finale de la prédiction théorique au niveau NLL + NLO du calcul des pertubations sont compatibles. / The purpose of high energy physics is to improve our knowledge about the fundamental structure of matter, in particular about particles that constitute the world. One of these is the top quark, that was discovered in 1995 by the CFD and D0 collaborations at the Tevatron protons-antiprotons collider. One of the primary aim of the Tevatron has been then the fine study of the top quark propertiers, in particular the top-antitop production cross section. SDifferent analysis have been performed in the leptons, dileptons, and all-hadronic channels to determine accurately the values of these parmatersn and thus to test the validity of the Standard Model.The main goal of this thesis is to verify one of the theoretical predictions of the Standard Model of particle physics, the top-antitop production cross section, at the Tevatron collider. The channel studied is constituted by one muon, one tau lepton, their associated neutrinos, and two b-jets (one coming from the quark, the other one coming from a b anti-quark). The reconstruction and identification of jets, of muons, of taus (in particular with the use of a taus neural network), and the b-tagging of jets, represent the fundamental elements of this study. Endly, a good agreement between data and Monte Carlo simulation is obtained at the final stage of analysis. Moreover, the final measurement and the theoretical prediction at the NLL+NLO perturbations level are found to be compatible.

Orientadores: Marcio José Menon, Adriano Antonio Natale / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T10:42:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fagundes_DanielAlmeida_D.pdf: 3380651 bytes, checksum: 08e93d3ece7547315d7bffe849dfcaf5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Assim como a Eletrodinâmica Quântica (QED) representa a teoria fundamental das interações eletromagnéticas no domínio subatômico, a Cromodinâmica Quântica (QCD) qualifica-se atualmente como a melhor candidata a teoria fundamental das interações fortes - presentes no domínio nuclear, em distâncias características 1 fm (1015 m). Como uma teoria fundamental, a QCD busca descrever a estrutura de hádrons e núcleos em termos dos campos elementares de quarks e glúons. Por um lado, muitas de suas previsões tem sido confirmadas ao longo dos anos por experimentos realizados em aceleradores de partículas. Por outro lado, certos fenômenos ainda não encontram descrição completa no âmbito da QCD e carecem de investigação profunda, como é o caso dos espalhamentos hadrônicos suaves (a pequeno momento transferido) em altas energias, principal objeto de estudo dessa tese. Do ponto de vista teórico, devido à ausência de um formalismo único, fundamentado na QCD, capaz de tratar de forma sistemática o setor não-perturbativo, torna-se um desafio explicar a dinâmica dos processos difrativos suaves, elásticos e dissociativos, em termos fundamentais. Por essa razão, estudos desses processos têm sido realizados no escopo fenomenológico, visando extrair propriedades gerais das interações hadrônicas no regime de altas energias. Nesse contexto, dedicamo-nos nesta tese à apresentação de um estudo abrangente sobre o espalhamento elástico de hádrons com foco na fronteira de energia explorada no LHC, utilizando abordagens empíricas e fenomenológicas dos espalhamentos protón-próton (pp) e antipróton-próton em energias de centro de massa no intervalo, (s)^(1/2) = 5 GeV - 8 TeV. Investigamos ainda a saturação de limites de unitaridade em colisões pp e propriedades físicas das interações hedônicas em altíssimas energias. A apresentação dos resultados da tese abrange três abordagens distintas e efetivas para a análise e descrição de dados experimentais de grandezas físicas dos espalhamentos pp e pp. Inicialmente, discutimos a aplicabilidade de um modelo inspirado em QCD para o espalhamento elástico, o qual apresenta conexões explicitas com aspectos da dinâmica do setor não-perturbativo, de forma vinculada a resultados recentes de QCD na rede e de soluções de Equações de Schwinger-Dyson (SDE). O ponto central dessa abordagem é o estudo da influência de uma escala de massa, m0, associada à geração dinâmica de massa de gluons na região não-perturbativa da QCD. Em seguida, tratamos o problema do crescimento das seções de choque total, elástica e inelástica através de duas abordagens empíricas dos espalhamentos próton-próton e antipróton-proton e discutimos três possíveis cenários de saturação (assintótica) da razão entre as seções de choque elástica e total. Por fim, investigamos o problema da seção de choque diferencial elástica no LHC _a luz do modelo empírico de Barger-Phillips para a amplitude de espalhamento. Propomos a utilização desse modelo para descrição dos dados experimentais em 7 TeV da Colaboração TOTEM e apresentamos previsões para a seção de choque diferencial nas energias 8 TeV e 14 TeV do LHC. No âmbito desse modelo, assumimos a saturação de duas regras de soma assintóticas para a amplitude de espalhamento elástico, e estudamos o caso particular de saturação assintótica do limite de disco negro, estimando o valor de energia no qual tal limite poderia ser atingido / Abstract: Just as Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) is the fundamental theory of electromagnetic interactions at the subatomic level, Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) currently qualifies as the best candidate of an elementary theory of strong interactions - participating in hadronic reactions at typical distances ~ 1 fm (1015 m). As a fundamental theory, QCD seeks to describe the structure of hadrons and nuclei in terms of the elementary fields of quarks and gluons. On the one hand, many of its predictions have been confirmed in experiments using particle accelerators. On the other hand, several other phenomena still lack a full description in QCD and require thorough investigation, such as soft hadron-hadron scattering (at small momentum transfer) at high energies, the main object of study of this thesis. From the theoretical point of view, due to the absence of a formalism fully based on QCD, being able to treat systematically the nonperturbative sector, it becomes a challenge to explain the dynamical features of soft diffractive processes, elastic and inelastic dissociation, in fundamental terms. For this particular reason, studies of these processes have been done in the phenomenological scope, aiming to extract general properties of hadronic interactions at high energies. In this doctoral thesis we present a comprehensive study of elastic hadron scattering with focus in the energy frontier explored at the LHC, using empirical and phenomenological approaches to treat proton-proton and antiproton-proton scattering at center of mass energies in the range (s)^(1/2) = 5 GeV - 8 TeV. Moreover, we investigate possible scenarios of unitarity saturation in pp collisions and asymptotic properties of hadronic interactions. The results displayed here encompass three distinct approaches to elastic pp and _pp hadron scattering at high energies, being effective in the description of all experimental data analyzed. Firstly, we discuss the applicability of a QCD-inspired model to elastic scattering, with the main virtue of providing explicit connections with the dynamics of nonperturbative QCD, linked to recent results from lattice QCD and solutions of Schwinger-Dyson Equations (SDE) for the gluon propagator. In effect, the major goal of this approach, henceforth called DGM (Dynamical Gluon Mass), is to study the influence of a mass scale, m0, related to dynamical gluon mass generation at the infrared QCD sector. Secondly, one treats the problem of the rise of total, elastic and inelastic cross sections in proton-proton and antiproton-proton scattering from an empirical perspective, discussing three possible scenarios of saturation of the ratio between the total and elastic cross sections. Finally, we investigate the problem of the elastic differential cross section at the LHC in the light of an empirical model for the scattering amplitude by Barger and Phillips. We propose to use this model to describe the experimental data by the TOTEM Collaboration at 7 TeV and give predictions for the differential elastic cross section at LHC higher energies 8 TeV and 14 TeV. Using this model, we assume the saturation of two asymptotic sum rules for the elastic amplitude in order to estimate the energy frontier in which the black disc limit might be achieved / Doutorado / Física / Doutor em Ciências

The research presented in this dissertation investigated selected processes that involve baryons and nuclei in hard scattering reactions. These processes are characterized by the production of particles with large energies and transverse momenta. Through these processes, this work explored both, the constituent (quark) structure of baryons (specifically nucleons and ∆-Isobars), and the mechanisms through which the interactions between these constituents ultimately control the selected reactions. The first of such reactions is the hard nucleon-nucleon elastic scattering, which was studied here considering the quark exchange between the nucleons to be the dominant mechanism of interaction in the constituent picture. In particular, it was found that an angular asymmetry exhibited by proton-neutron elastic scattering data is explained within this framework if a quark-diquark picture dominates the nucleon’s structure instead of a more traditional SU(6) three quarks representation. The latter yields an asymmetry around 90o center of mass scattering with a sign opposite to what is experimentally observed. The second process is the hard breakup by a photon of a nucleon-nucleon system in light nuclei. Proton-proton (pp) and proton-neutron (pn) breakup in 3He, and ∆∆-isobars production in deuteron breakup were analyzed in the hard rescattering model (HRM), which in conjunction with the quark interchange mechanism provides a QCD description of the reaction. Through the HRM, cross sections for both channels in 3He photodisintegration were computed without the need of a fitting parameter. The results presented here for pp breakup show excellent agreement with recent experimental data. In ∆∆-isobars production in deuteron breakup, the HRM angular distributions for the two ∆∆ channels were compared to the pn channel and to each other. An important prediction from this study is that the ∆++∆- channel consistently dominates ∆+∆0, which is in contrast with models that unlike the HRM consider a ∆∆ system in the initial state of the interaction. For such models both channels should have the same strength. These results are important in developing a QCD description of the atomic nucleus.

Orientadores: Edmilson José Tonelli Manganote, José Augusto Chinellato / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-31T19:37:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_AndreVieirada_M.pdf: 2116619 bytes, checksum: 5594853aef0531bf0dd2835de169710d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / Resumo: Nesse trabalho, estudamos os processos difrativos nos eventos de interação hadrônica, observados pelos experimentos dos aceleradores HERA, TEVATRON e LHC. Analisamos uma categoria específica de eventos, os chamados eventos C-jatos, observados pela CBJ através exposição de detectores (Câmara de Emulsão Nuclear) à radiação cósmica, no Monte Chacaltaya. Nessa análise foram obtidas as distribuições de multiplicidade e energia em função do ângulo azimutal e a pseudorapidez, a partir dos dados de posição e energia dos eventos C-jatos. Essas distribuições são fundamentais na busca por uma compreensão dos processos de interação que deram origem aos eventos C-jatos. Os resultados da análise mostram as características de uma partícula líder nos eventos C-jatos, numa região frontal em alta pseudorapidez (6 ? ? ? 15) não observada pelos detectores dos aceleradores. Essas características experimentais podem ser indícios a respeito de física difrativa em eventos da radiação cósmica. Em particular, comparamos as distribuições dos eventos C-jatos com as distribuições geradas pelo simulador PYTHIA 8 para processos elásticos e difrativos, na busca por uma caracterização dos eventos C-jatos / Abstract: In this work, we study the diffractive processes in the hadronic interaction events observed by the HERA, TEVATRON and LHC accelerator experiments. We analyzed a specific category of events, the so-called C-jets events, observed by CBJ through exposure of detectors (Nuclear Emulsion Chamber) to cosmic radiation in Mount Chacaltaya. In this analysis the multiplicity and energy distributions were obtained as a function of the azimuth angle and the pseudorapidity, from the position and energy data of the C-jets events. These distributions are fundamental in the search for an understanding of the interaction processes that gave rise to the C-jets events. The results of the analysis show the characteristics of an leading particle in the C-jets events, in a front region in high pseudorapidity (6 ? ? ? 15) not observed by the accelerator detectors. These experimental features may be clues about diffractive physics in events of cosmic radiation. In particular, we compared the distributions of C-jets events with the distributions generated by the PYTHIA 8 simulator for elastic and diffractive processes, in the search for a characterization of C-jets events / Mestrado / Física / Mestre em Física / 165762/2014-4 / CNPQ

The Large Hadron Collider is an accelerator based in the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN). It accelerates protons to the highest energies ever reached by the mankind. The ATLAS experiment records data from the proton-proton collisions. Common objects born in the collisions are jets, i.e. collimated bursts of hadrons. This thesis presents the newest ATLAS measurement of the inclusive jet cross-section. The data sample used was recorded in 2011 at 7 TeV centre-of-mass energy. Calorimeter is the most important part of ATLAS for the jet reconstruction. During the data taking, the hadronic calorimeter faced several failures of its components, modules. These non-operating parts have important impact on the jet energy measurement. The thesis describes tests of two available software corrections of the affected jet energies. 1

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Thesis (PhD (Physics))--University of Stelllenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this dissertation a fully relativistic model for polarized inclusive quasielastic proton-nucleus scattering is developed. Using a standard relativistic impulse approximation (RIA) treatment of quasielastic scattering and a two-body SPVAT form of the current operator, it is shown how the behaviour of projectile and target can be decoupled. Subsequently, different models for projectile and target can be adopted and combined to examine a variety of relativistic effects. The most simplistic model of the target is provided by a mean-field nuclear matter approximation to the relativistic meson-nucleon model, quantum hadrodynamics (QHD). Here relativistic effects manifest as an effective mass, which is lower than the free mass, of the constituent nucleons. This model is improved upon by including many-body correlations through medium-modification of meson propagators in the relativistic random-phase approximation (RPA). Since it is generally accepted that the strong nuclear force and the extended range of the nuclear potential lead to distortion effects on the projectile and ejectile (seen as a modulation of the wave functions), our formalism is geared towards the use of relativistic distorted waves (RDWIA). The distorted waves are written as partial wave expansions and are solutions to the Dirac equation with potentials. The inclusion of distortions, however, greatly increases the computational burden and we show how a number of analytical and numerical techniques can be used to facilitate the process of calculation. It is also shown how the standard relativistic plane wave treatment (RPWIA) can, instead, be easily employed to obtain a baseline for determining the impact of distortions. A calculation is performed for the reaction 40Ca(!p, !p !) at a beam energy of 500 MeV. Here it is found that the effect of correlations on the RPWIA calculation can be seen as a quenching of the cross section that is expected to become more pronounced at lower energies or for higher density targets. A RDWIA calculation shows additional reduction and if target correlations are included this effect is enhanced. To our knowledge this is the first calculation that attempts to include both these effects (RPA and RDWIA) in the context of quasielastic proton-nucleus scattering. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie proefskrif word ’n ten volle relatiwistiese model vir die berekening van inklusiewe kwasielastiese proton-kern verstrooiing daargestel. Deur gebruik te maak van ’n standaard relatiwistiese impulsbenadering (RIA) vir kwasi-elastiese verstrooiing asook ’n twee-deeltjie-SPVAT-vorm vir die stroom-operator, word daar gewys hoedat die gedrag van die projektiel en teiken ontkoppel kan word. Verskillende modelle kan dus vir die projektiel en teiken gebruik word om ’n verskeidenheid relatiwistiese effekte te bestudeer. Die mees simplistiese model vir die teiken word verskaf deur ’n gemiddelde-veld kernmateriaalbenadering tot die relatiwistiese meson-nukleon-model, kwantum-hadrodinamika (QHD). In hierdie model manifesteer relatiwistiese effekte as ’n effektiewe massa, wat kleiner is as die vrye massa, van nukleone in die kern. Hierdie model word verbeter deur die inagneming van veeldeeltjie korrelasies deur medium-gewysigde meson-propagators in die relatiwistiese ewekansige-fase-benadering (RPA). Aangesien dit algemeen aanvaar word dat die sterk-wisselwerking en die reikwydte van die kernpotensiaal aanleiding gee tot vervormingseffekte op die projektiel en ejektiel (gesien as die modulasie van golffunksies), is ons model optimaal geformuleer om gebruik te maak van relatiwistiese vervormde golwe (RDWIA). Die vervormde golwe word geskryf as parsi¨elegolf uitbreidings en dien as oplossings vir die Dirac-vergelyking met potensiale. Insluiting van vervormings vermeerder egter die berekeningslas geweldig en ons toon hoedat ’n aantal analitiese en numeriese tegnieke gebruik kan word om die proses te vergemaklik. Daar word ook aangetoon hoe die standaard- relatiwistiese-vlakgolf-benadering (RPWIA), in plaas van vevormde golwe, maklik gebruik kan word om ’n verwysingspunt vir die meting van die effek van vervormings te bepaal. ’n Berekening vir die reaksie 40Ca(!p, !p !) teen ’n projektiel-energie van 500 MeV word getoon. Hier word dit gevind dat die effek van korrelasies op die RPWIA-berekening gesien kan word as ’n verlaging van die kansvlak. Daar word verwag dat hierdie effek duideliker sal word by laer energie¨e en ho¨er kerndigthede. ’n RDWIA-berekening word getoon wat daarop dui dat addisionele verlaging in die kansvlak voorkom en indien korrelasies hier ingesluit word, word hierdie effek vergroot. Sover ons kennis strek, is hierdie die eerste berekening wat poog om beide hierdie effekte (RPA en RDWIA) in die konteks van kwasi-elastiese proton-kern verstrooiing in te sluit.

In dieser Arbeit wird die Erzeugung der Charmonium-Zustände J/psi und psi(2S) in Proton-Kern-Reaktionen bei Schwerpunktsenergien von 42 GeV untersucht. Die Daten wurden mit dem HERA-B-Experiment aufgenommen, das in HERA den Protonstrahl nutzt, um Protonen an den Kernen verschiedener Drahttargets zu streuen. Mehr als 150 000 J/psi und 2400 psi(2S)-Zerfälle in Myon-Paare wurden beobachtet. Die HERA-B-Daten decken den kinematischen Bereich in Feynman-x (x_F) zwischen -0.36 und 0.10 und im Transversalimpuls (p_T) bis 4.5 GeV/c ab. Die x_F - und p_T-Verteilungen für die Produktion von J/psi und psi(2S) wurden für Kohlenstoff- und Wolfram-Targets gemessen. Die x_F-Verteilung stimmt gut mit nicht-relativistischen QCD-Rechnungen überein. Bei der p_T-Verteilung findet man einen klaren Anstieg des mittleren p_T für schwerere Kerne: Kohlenstoff = 1.244 +- 0.003 +- 0.034 GeV/c und Wolfram = 1.336 +- 0.004 +- 0.041 GeV/c. Der Vergleich der Erzeugungsraten von psi(2S) und J/psi ergibt: (B''_{muon muon} sigma(psi(2S)) ) / (B_{muon muon} sigma(J/psi)) = 165 +- 9 +- 4 ( x 0.0001) für Kohlenstoff und 154 +- 16 +- 8 ( x 0.0001) für Wolfram. Diese Verältnisse wurden auch für die x_F - und p_T-Verteilungen bestimmt. / In this thesis the production of the charmonium states J/psi and psi(2S) in proton-nucleus collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 42 GeV is studied. The data have been taken by the HERA-B experiment which uses the HERA proton beam to scatter protons off the nuclei of different wire targets. Over 150 x 10^3 J/psi and 2400 psi(2S) decaying to muon pairs are observed. The HERA-B data cover the kinematical range in Feynman x (x_F) between -0.36 and 0.10 and in transverse momentum (p_T) up to 4.5 GeV/c. The x_F and p_T differential distributions for the production of J/psi and psi(2S) mesons are measured for carbon and tungsten target materials. The J/psi x_F distribution agrees well with non-relativistic QCD calculations. From the p_T distributions we find a clear increase of the average p_T for heavier nuclei: Carbon = 1.244 +- 0.003 +- 0.034 GeV/c and Tungsten = 1.336 +- 0.004 +- 0.041 GeV/c. We compared the production rates of psi(2S) to J/psi mesons: (B''_{muon muon} sigma(psi(2S)) ) / (B_{muon muon} sigma(J/psi)) = 165 +- 9 +- 4 ( x 0.0001) for carbon and 154 +- 16 +- 8 ( x 0.0001) for tungsten. These ratios have also been determined for the x_F and p_T distributions.