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Molecular mechanisms by which salvinorin A binds to and activates the k-opioid receptorYan, Feng. January 2008 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Case Western Reserve University, 2008. / [School of Medicine] Department of Biochemistry. Includes bibliographical references.
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The synthesis of some new heterocyclic esters having psychotomimetic activityKadin, Saul Bernard, January 1961 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1961. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 47-51).
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Ecstasy- und Halluzinogengebrauch bei Jugendlichen - Gibt es eine Zunahme? / Ecstasy and Hallucinogene Use in Adolescence on the Rise?Schuster, Peter, Wittchen, Hans-Ulrich 10 July 2013 (has links) (PDF)
Auf der Grundlage einer epidemiologischen Untersuchung an 3021 Probanden im Alter von 14-24 Jahren (Ausschöpfung 71%) werden Prävalenz von Gebrauch, Miβbrauch und Abhängigkeit von Ecstasy, verwandten Amphetaminen und Halluzinogenen bestimmt sowie Gebrauchsmuster und Korrelate des Gebrauchs untersucht. Als diagnostisches Interview wurde das computerisierte und standardisierte M-CIDI verwendet. Ergebnisse: (1) 14-24jährige gebrauchen Ecstasy häufig (4% aller Manner und 2,3% aller Frauen), XTC-verwandte Amphetamine werden mit 3,6% (Manner) bzw. 1,6% (Frauen) etwas seltener konsumiert. Die LSD-Gebrauchs-Prävalenz liegt bei 2,8% (Manner) bzw. 1,4% (Frauen); verwandte Halluzinogene werden von insgesamt 1,5% der Befragten angegeben. (2) Vergleiche mit Erhebungen aus dem Jahr 1990 lassen eine erhebliche Steigerung (Verdoppelung bzw. Verdreifachung) des Konsums sowohl von Ecstasy und verwandten Präparaten wie auch von Halluzinogenen erkennen. (3) Die Prävalenz klinisch manifester Miβbrauchs– und Abhängigkeitsdiagnosen nach DSM-IV liegen in der Altersgruppe 14-24jähriger bezüglich Ecstasy bei fast 1%, bei Halluzinogenen etwas darunter. Das Verhältnis Gebrauchs-Prävalenz zu diagnostischer Prävalenz von zirka 6:1 läβt auf ein signifikantes «Sucht»potential dieser Substanzen schlieβen. (4) Altersrisikoanalysen lassen erkennen, daβ sich das Einstiegsalter für beide Substanzen in jüngere Altersgruppen verschiebt. Nur für Ecstasy läβt sich über alle Altersstufen hinweg ein stetiger Anstieg von Erstgebrauchsraten nachweisen, demgegenüber bleibt die Rate von Erstkonsumenten bei Halluzinogenen nach dem 18. Lebensjahr stabil. (5) Bezüglich Einstiegs-und Ausstiegsmotivationen ergaben sich für beide Stoffgruppen recht unterschiedliche Muster, die als Hinweis für die Notwendigkeit substanz-spezifischer Präventionskonzepte interpretiert werden. Folgerungen: Die Verbreitung von Ecstasy und Halluzinogenen bei Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen nimmt offensichtlich weiter in beschleunigter Form zu. Im Zusammenhang mit einem bislang häufig unterschätzten «Sucht»potential wird ein rapid wachsender Präventions– und Therapiebedarf absehbar, der für die Verhaltenstherapie eine besondere Herausforderung darstellt.
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The forensic toxicology of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-n-propylthiophenethylamine (2C-T-7)Curtis, Byron Dale. January 2005 (has links) (PDF)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oklahoma. / Bibliography: leaf 122.
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Užívání nelegálních drog studenty Jihočeské univerzity / Abuse of illegal drugs by student of University of South BohemiaPLACHÁ, Markéta January 2015 (has links)
The thesis research the frequency of illegal drugs use by student sof Univerzity of South Bohemia in the Czech Budějovice. In the theoretical part are characterized by drugs, illegal drugs and the effects of drug use on health, describes the emergence of drug addiction and its types and developmental stages of drug use. Furthermore, illegal drugs are divided into categories according to their effects and further described. The main aim of the practical part is the analysis of illegal drug use by students of the University of South Bohemia. On the basis of a questionnaire compiled data was found and it was statistically analyzed by the method, compares and conclusions were drawn. Over the past year have used an illegal drug 37.83% of respondents, that 2.91% of the respondents use illegal drugs daily. Earlier experience with illegal drugs has 18.78% of students of the University of South Bohemia. Past experience with drugs is more common in women, while use in the last year is much more common in men. The most commonly used substances are cannabinoids, as well as hallucinogens, opiates and finally stimulanci.
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Ecstasy- und Halluzinogengebrauch bei Jugendlichen - Gibt es eine Zunahme?Schuster, Peter, Wittchen, Hans-Ulrich January 1996 (has links)
Auf der Grundlage einer epidemiologischen Untersuchung an 3021 Probanden im Alter von 14-24 Jahren (Ausschöpfung 71%) werden Prävalenz von Gebrauch, Miβbrauch und Abhängigkeit von Ecstasy, verwandten Amphetaminen und Halluzinogenen bestimmt sowie Gebrauchsmuster und Korrelate des Gebrauchs untersucht. Als diagnostisches Interview wurde das computerisierte und standardisierte M-CIDI verwendet. Ergebnisse: (1) 14-24jährige gebrauchen Ecstasy häufig (4% aller Manner und 2,3% aller Frauen), XTC-verwandte Amphetamine werden mit 3,6% (Manner) bzw. 1,6% (Frauen) etwas seltener konsumiert. Die LSD-Gebrauchs-Prävalenz liegt bei 2,8% (Manner) bzw. 1,4% (Frauen); verwandte Halluzinogene werden von insgesamt 1,5% der Befragten angegeben. (2) Vergleiche mit Erhebungen aus dem Jahr 1990 lassen eine erhebliche Steigerung (Verdoppelung bzw. Verdreifachung) des Konsums sowohl von Ecstasy und verwandten Präparaten wie auch von Halluzinogenen erkennen. (3) Die Prävalenz klinisch manifester Miβbrauchs– und Abhängigkeitsdiagnosen nach DSM-IV liegen in der Altersgruppe 14-24jähriger bezüglich Ecstasy bei fast 1%, bei Halluzinogenen etwas darunter. Das Verhältnis Gebrauchs-Prävalenz zu diagnostischer Prävalenz von zirka 6:1 läβt auf ein signifikantes «Sucht»potential dieser Substanzen schlieβen. (4) Altersrisikoanalysen lassen erkennen, daβ sich das Einstiegsalter für beide Substanzen in jüngere Altersgruppen verschiebt. Nur für Ecstasy läβt sich über alle Altersstufen hinweg ein stetiger Anstieg von Erstgebrauchsraten nachweisen, demgegenüber bleibt die Rate von Erstkonsumenten bei Halluzinogenen nach dem 18. Lebensjahr stabil. (5) Bezüglich Einstiegs-und Ausstiegsmotivationen ergaben sich für beide Stoffgruppen recht unterschiedliche Muster, die als Hinweis für die Notwendigkeit substanz-spezifischer Präventionskonzepte interpretiert werden. Folgerungen: Die Verbreitung von Ecstasy und Halluzinogenen bei Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen nimmt offensichtlich weiter in beschleunigter Form zu. Im Zusammenhang mit einem bislang häufig unterschätzten «Sucht»potential wird ein rapid wachsender Präventions– und Therapiebedarf absehbar, der für die Verhaltenstherapie eine besondere Herausforderung darstellt.
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Differential regulation of serotonin 2A receptor responsiveness by agonist-directed interactions with beta-arrestin2Schmid, Cullen L. 31 March 2011 (has links)
No description available.
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Is the Use of Ecstasy and Hallucinogens Increasing?Schuster, Peter, Lieb, Roselind, Lamertz, Christina, Wittchen, Hans-Ulrich 22 November 2012 (has links) (PDF)
This report presents findings of a community survey of 3,021 adolescents and young adults aged 14–24 years in Munich, Germany, carried out to determine the prevalence of use and abuse of and dependence on ecstasy, amphetamines and hallucinogens. The response rate was 71%.
Results: (1) In 1995, 4% of the male and 2.3% of the female respondents aged 14–24 reported the use of ecstasy. Ecstasy-related substances (amphetamines and chemically related substances) were reported by 3.6% of men and 1.6% of women. Hallucinogens were reported slightly less frequently by 3% of men and about 2% of women (LSD combined with others). (2) Compared to findings from a 1990 survey this constitutes a substantial, at least twofold, increase in consumption rate of both types of substances. (3) Among lifetime users of both ecstasy and related substances as well as hallucinogens about two thirds could be regarded as regular users. (4) The prevalence of DSM-IV abuse and dependence on ecstasy and related substances is about 1%, identical to rates of hallucinogen abuse and dependence. Findings also point to a significant dependence potential for both substances. (5) Furthermore, considerable overlap between the two substances was found.
Conclusion: Our study suggests a substantial increase in both the use of ecstasy and related substances as well as hallucinogens. The data further suggest that the increase is strongest in younger age groups, but the risk of first use of these substances continues to be present up to the age of 24 years. The higher proportion of women contributing to this increase is noteworthy.
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5-HT2B Receptor-mediated Cardiac ValvulopathyNistala, Pallavi 01 January 2018 (has links)
5-HT2B receptor agonism causes cardiac valvulopathy, a condition characterized by thickening of the heart valves and as a result, regurgitation of blood within the heart. The anti-obesity drug fenfluramine, which was originally prescribed as an anorectic, was withdrawn from the market due to causing cardiac valvulopathy. Fenfluramine, after metabolism by N-dealkylation, produces the metabolite norfenfluramine, which acts as a more potent valvulopathogen. The same was seen with MDMA (ecstasy), a popular drug of abuse, which is metabolized by N-dealkylation to produce MDA, a more potent valvulopathogen. Glennon and co-workers. studied a series of 2,5-dimethoxy-4- substituted phenylisopropylamines (DOX type) hallucinogens and determined their affinities at the three types of 5-HT2 receptors. A high correlation was found between the affinities of these molecules at 5-HT2A and 5-HT2B receptors. Therefore, these hallucinogens have a high possibility of causing valvulopathy, which gives rise to a new class of valvulopathogens.
Since certain hallucinogens have the common phenylisopropylamine structural scaffold as that of MDA and norfenfluramine, we conducted 3D-QSAR studies to identify the common structural features of these molecules that are responsible for their high affinities. We were unable to obtain a suitable CoMFA and CoMSIA model for 5-HT2B receptors, but we were able to obtain an internally and externally validated model for 5-HT2A receptor affinities which indicated the hydrophobicity of the substituent at the 4- position was essential for high affinity. Following up with this evidence, we conducted a correlation analysis for the hydrophobicity (π-value) of the 4-position substituent and found a positive correlation between the π-value and the affinity of the molecules. The same results were not observed for the volume of the substituents.
We docked the molecules into the 5-HT2B receptor and successfully generated models of the putative interactions made by the DOX molecules and the receptor. In order to compare their binding modes with respect to known valvulopathogens, we also generated models for norfenfluramine and MDA. Our docking results revealed that DOX molecules bind in a more or less similar manner to valvulopathogens MDA and norfenfluramine. Ours is the first in silico model developed for the potent valvulopathogen MDA and the hallucinogenic DOX series of molecules.
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Use, abuse and dependence of ecstasy and related drugs in adolescents and young adults – a transient phenomenon? Results from a longitudinal community studySydow, Kirsten von, Lieb, Roselind, Pfister, Hildegard, Höfler, Michael, Wittchen, Hans-Ulrich 05 April 2013 (has links) (PDF)
Objective: To determine incidence and patterns of natural course of ecstasy/stimulant/hallucinogen (ESH) use and disorders as well as cohort effects in a community sample of adolescents and young adults.
Method: Cumulative incidence and patterns of ecstasy use and disorders were examined in a prospective longitudinal design (mean follow-up period=42 months) in a representative sample (N=2446) aged 14–24 years at the outset of the study. Patterns of DSM-IV defined ESH use, abuse and dependence were assessed with the Munich Composite International Diagnostic Interview (M-CIDI).
Results: (1) Cumulative lifetime incidence for use of ESH at second follow-up: 9.1%, 1.0% for abuse, 0.6% for dependence; (2) men used and abused ESH more often than women; (3) the younger birth cohort (1977–81) tended to start earlier with substance (ab)use compared to the older birth cohort (1970–77); (4) use of ESH was associated with increasing rates of concomitant use of other licit and illicit drugs; (5) the majority of the lifetime ESH users without disorder had stopped to use these substances and not consumed them during the 12 months preceding the second follow-up; (6) those who had stopped to take ecstasy and related drugs at follow-up also took other illicit drugs less often than those who continued to consume ESH.
Conclusions: Use of designer drugs is widespread in our sample, but the probability of developing use disorders is fairly low (1.6%). The majority of the ESH users stopped their use spontaneously in their twenties (80% of the prior users without disorder, 67% of the prior abusers), but 50% of those that once had fulfilled DSM-IV criteria of dependence continued to use these substances.
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