Thesis (Ph.D.); Submitted to the University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 (US); 1 Dec 2004. / Published through the Information Bridge: DOE Scientific and Technical Information. "LBNL--56842" Barber IV, John Letherman. USDOE Director. Office of Science. Advanced Scientific Computing Research (US) 12/01/2004. Report is also available in paper and microfiche from NTIS.

Tem-se como intuito desse projeto a construção e o desenvolvimento de um Hamiltoniano intensity dependent, cuja interação entre radiação-matéria dependa do número de fótons que residem dentro da cavidade do laser. O Hamiltoniano de Jaynes Cummings é tradicionalmente conhecido por descrever a interação radiação-matéria, e através de uma modificação efetuada no mesmo, criando um Hamiltoniano não-linear em termos dos operadores de criação e aniquilação, pretende-se obter uma nova distribuição do número de fótons dentro de tal cavidade, bem como uma nova estatística em relação ao modelo usual de laser. Para tal,faz-se uso de um modelo de átomo de dois níveis para a descrição da matéria dentro da cavidade, bem como conhecimentos de informação e óptica quântica para o desenvolvimento e análise dos resultados obtidos, como o fator Q de Mandel, juntamente com aplicações de Hamiltonianos não lineares, necessários para o entendimento do projeto. Finalmente, discute-se as consequências da nova distribuição; suas semelhanças e suas diferenças em relação à tradicional, focando nos papéis dos parâmetros do laser. / The purpose of this work is the construction and development of an intensity dependent Hamiltonian, whose interaction between radiation and matter depends on the photon number inside the laser cavity. The Jaynes Cummings\'s Hamiltonian is traditionally known because of its description of the radiation-matter interaction, and through a modification on this hamiltonian, building a non-linear hamiltonian in terms of the creation and anihilation operators, we intend to obtain a new distribuition of the photon number inside the laser cavity, as well as a new statistics regarding the usual laser model. In order to do it, we use two levels atom model to describe the matter inside the cavity, as well as knowledge of quantum optical and quantum information to develop and analyze the obtained results, like the Mandel Q parameter, along with the non-linear hamiltonian applications, necessary to understand this project. Finally, we discuss the consequences of its new distribution, its similarities and diferences about the traditionals, focusing on the roles of the laser parameters.

No description available.

The existence of bulk magnetism in matter can be attributed to the magnetic properties of the sub-atomic particles that constitute the former. The fact that the origin of these microscopic magnetic moments cannot be related to the existence of microscopic currents became apparent when this assumption predicted completely featureless bulk magnetic properties in contradiction to the observation of various bulk magnetic properties [1]. This microscopic magnetic moment, independent of other motions, hints at the existence of a hitherto unknown degree of freedom that a particle can possess. This property has come to be known as the "spin" of the particle. The atomic nucleus is comprised of the protons and the neutrons which possess a spin each. The composite object- the atomic nucleus is therefore a tiny magnet itself. In the presence of an external bias like a magnetic field, the nucleus therefore evolves like a magnetic moment and attains a characteristic frequency in its evolution called the Larmor frequency given by, (formula) where η is the magnetogyric ratio of the particle and B is the applied magnetic field. The existence of a natural frequency presents the possibility of a resonance behaviour in the response of the system when probed with a driving field. This is the basic principle of magnetic resonance, which in the context of the atomic nucleus, was discovered independently by Purcell [2] and Bloch [3]. From its conception, the technique and the associated understanding of the involved phenomena have come a long way. In its original form the technique involved the study of the steady-state response of the nuclear magnetic moment to a driving field. This continuous wave NMR had the basic limitation of exciting resonances in a given sample, serially. In due course of time, this technique was replaced by the Fourier transform NMR (FTNMR) [4]. This technique differed from the continuous wave NMR in its study of the transient response of the system in contrast to the steady-state response in the former. The advantage of this method is the parallel observation of all the resonances present in the system ( within the band-width of the excitation). In addition to the bias created by the external field, other internal molecular fields produce additional bias which in turn produce interesting signatures on the spectrum of the system, which are potential carriers of information about the molecular state. The fact that the spins are not isolated from the molecular environment, produces a striking effect on the ideal spectrum of the system. These effects contain in them, the signatures of the molecular local environment and are hence of immense interest to physicists, chemists and biologists.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Neste trabalho foram estudadas as propriedades estruturais e termomagnéticas dos pseudobinários Ho1-yGdyAl2, através de abordagens experimentais e teóricas. A parte experimental envolveu a preparação de cinco amostras, com as concentrações y = 0, 0,25, 0,5, 0,75 e 1, assim como medidas de magnetização, calor especifico e da variação adiabática da temperatura. Na parte teórica usamos um hamiltoniano modelo que leva em consideração a interação dos íons com o campo magnético aplicado, com o campo elétrico cristalino e a troca entre os íons magnéticos. A entropia da rede foi considerada na aproximação de Debye e a entropia eletrônica na aproximação do gás de elétrons livres. A influência das reorientações de spin, espontâneas e induzidas pelo campo magnético, na magnetização e no calor especifico foram investigadas sistematicamente tanto a partir de dados experimentais quanto teoricamente. Também obtemos resultados teóricos para a variação de entropia e variação adiabática da temperatura alterando a intensidade ou a direção do campo magnético. / In this work the structural and thermomagnetic properties of the pseudobinaries Ho1-yGdyAl2 have been studied by experimental and theoretical approaches. The experimental part included the preparation of five samples, with concentrations y = 0, 0,25, 0,5, 0,75 and 1, as well as magnetization, specific heat and adiabatic temperature change measurements. In the theoretical part we used a model Hamiltonian which includes the interaction of the ions with the applied magnetic field, the crystalline electrical field and exchange interactions with others magnetic ions. The lattice entropy has been considered within Debyes approach and the electronic entropy as that of a free electron gas. The spin reorientation influence, spontaneous and magnetic field induced ones, in magnetization and specific heat has been systematically investigated either from experimental data as well as theoretically. We have also obtained theoretical results for the isothermal entropy change and the adiabatic temperature change by modifying either the magnetic field strength or its direction.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:16:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2389.pdf: 676894 bytes, checksum: 7c529b06a0e41de3d113cccbae2281c9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-18 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / In the Quantum Optics area, the construction of effective hamiltonian is a matter of great importance, since from them we can generate and manipulate quantum states and logical operations. In this work we discuss 3 approximate methods for obtaining such effective hamiltonians: i) adiabatic elimination, ii) method of effective dynamics for oscillating hamiltonians and iii) nonlinear small rotations. Here we analyze the regime of validity of these techniques, their disadvantages and advantages. We note that, although adiabatic elimination is the most used and known, it has inconsistencies and can provide incorrect effective hamiltonians. The method of effective dynamics, although a very simple technique, also has inconsistencies and is not applicable to dissipative systems. Moreover, the method of nonlinear small rotations, which appears as the most accurate, is rarely used in the literature. / Em Óptica Quântica a construção de hamiltonianos efetivos é um assunto de suma importância, visto que a partir deles podemos manipular e gerar estados quânticos e operações lógicas. Nesta dissertação discutimos 3 métodos aproximativos para a obtenção de hamiltonianos efetivos: i) a eliminação adiabática, ii) o métodos de dinâmicas efetivas para hamiltonianos oscilantes e iii) o método de pequenas rotações não-lineares, de forma a analisar o regime de validade destas técnicas, desvantagens e vantagens. Notamos que, embora a eliminação adiabática seja a mais utilizada e divulgada, apresenta inconsistências e prevê hamiltonianos efetivos incorretos. O método de dinâmicas efetivas, embora seja uma técnica simples e muito operacional, também apresenta inconsistência e não se aplica a sistemas dissipativos. Por outro lado, o método de pequenas rotações não-lineares, que aparece como o mais preciso, é muito pouco utilizado na literatura.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Neste trabalho foram estudadas as propriedades estruturais e termomagnéticas dos pseudobinários Ho1-yGdyAl2, através de abordagens experimentais e teóricas. A parte experimental envolveu a preparação de cinco amostras, com as concentrações y = 0, 0,25, 0,5, 0,75 e 1, assim como medidas de magnetização, calor especifico e da variação adiabática da temperatura. Na parte teórica usamos um hamiltoniano modelo que leva em consideração a interação dos íons com o campo magnético aplicado, com o campo elétrico cristalino e a troca entre os íons magnéticos. A entropia da rede foi considerada na aproximação de Debye e a entropia eletrônica na aproximação do gás de elétrons livres. A influência das reorientações de spin, espontâneas e induzidas pelo campo magnético, na magnetização e no calor especifico foram investigadas sistematicamente tanto a partir de dados experimentais quanto teoricamente. Também obtemos resultados teóricos para a variação de entropia e variação adiabática da temperatura alterando a intensidade ou a direção do campo magnético. / In this work the structural and thermomagnetic properties of the pseudobinaries Ho1-yGdyAl2 have been studied by experimental and theoretical approaches. The experimental part included the preparation of five samples, with concentrations y = 0, 0,25, 0,5, 0,75 and 1, as well as magnetization, specific heat and adiabatic temperature change measurements. In the theoretical part we used a model Hamiltonian which includes the interaction of the ions with the applied magnetic field, the crystalline electrical field and exchange interactions with others magnetic ions. The lattice entropy has been considered within Debyes approach and the electronic entropy as that of a free electron gas. The spin reorientation influence, spontaneous and magnetic field induced ones, in magnetization and specific heat has been systematically investigated either from experimental data as well as theoretically. We have also obtained theoretical results for the isothermal entropy change and the adiabatic temperature change by modifying either the magnetic field strength or its direction.

No description available.

No description available.

Submitted by Eunice Novais (enovais@uepg.br) on 2018-03-13T21:29:18Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) André Gustavo de Oliveira.pdf: 22922599 bytes, checksum: 2b3b9c7fe5748930111b8a3585d9a410 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-13T21:29:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) André Gustavo de Oliveira.pdf: 22922599 bytes, checksum: 2b3b9c7fe5748930111b8a3585d9a410 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-26 / Neste trabalho são analisados os efeitos da adição de um termo de acoplamento baseado na interação dipolar entre núcleos quadrupolares em RMN na produção de spin squeezing através de Hamiltonianos de One-Axis Twisting. Diversos regimes de acoplamento são abordados para o caso de subsistemas com momento angular I=7/2 e J=3/2. Verifica-se através das dinâmicas abordadas e pelos valores mínimos do parâmetro de spin squeezing _S^2 em função da intensidade do acoplamento D que, apesar de mudanças significativas nas dinâmicas, estados spin squeezed ainda são encontrados durante as evoluções / In this work, are analyzed the effects of the addition of a coupling term based on the dipole interaction between quadrupolar nuclei in NMR in the production of spin squeezing through One-Axis Twisting Hamiltonians. Several coupling regimes are addressed in the case of subsystems with angular momentum I = 7/2 and J = 3/2. It is verified through the dynamics addressed and by the minimum values of the spin squeezing parameter _S^2 as a function of the coupling intensity D that, despite significant changes in the dynamics, spin squeezed states are still encountered during the evolutions