This thesis examines the nature of the relationship between migrants’ ideology and the dominant political culture in their host country, exploring what happened to German liberal migrant politicians in 19th century Wisconsin and Queensland. It does this by using Louis Hartz’s fragment theory which he developed in The Liberal Tradition in America and The Founding of New Societies. Hartz argues that the crucial factor in the political development of the new settler new societies was the migration of a fragment of European society bound by a common Weltanschauung or world view. In the United States, Hartz identifies the relevant group as the Puritans who fled Britain in the 17th century, and whose Calvinism he links to Lockean liberalism. Hartz and his collaborator Richard Rosecrance, who wrote the Australian section of New Societies, argue Australia was shaped by the lower-middle and working-class migrant fragment, inspired by political reform movement in England, and who arrived in the first half of the 19th century armed with a utilitarian-radical ideology. With no strong opposition these fragments congeal without reference to Europe and stagnate into monolithic political cultures where all the disparate elements merge into a broad - although at times quarrelsome – national consensus. According to Hartz, this consensus is re-enforced by the individualist capitalism of The American Dream or the radical collectivism of The Australian Legend – which become the foundation of the two nations’ respective national character. Hartz acknowledges that the new migrant from Europe is a constant threat to this political-cultural status quo. However, he says by “consciously articulating the fragment ethic”, the new migrant is absorbed, keeping in check the ideological challenges inherent in migration. This thesis argues that, in the case of the German liberals, who left their homeland in the 1840s and 1850s, the process was more complex than the one Hartz describes. In Wisconsin, German liberalism was most aligned to Jeffersonian democracy and the Germans either rejected outright or never fully embraced other strands within the political consensus such as Puritan moralism, Jacksonian democracy and Hamiltonian federalism. In Queensland their German liberalism was most compatible with utilitarianism and the Germans rejected most elements of classical liberalism, the evangelical element within social liberalism and the working-class radicalism of the Labor Party. They accepted Jeffersonian democracy and utilitarianism in their respective new homes because they were closest to their core German liberal principles of secularism, the primacy of the rule of law, romanticism, opposition to the aristocracy, and an aversion to rampant capitalism. Most important, however, were their attitudes towards the Staat and Volk. The Staat was both as a potential enemy and also a vital ally in liberal reform and the Volk were seen as potential colleagues in a liberal state but also as a danger to stability. Over the course of their careers they ideologically realigned, leaving parties and factions whenever challenged and using their German liberal ideals as their political reference point.

Die vorliegende Untersuchung hat in der Nordosten Hoch-ebene Stadt Nova Hartz, spielend in der erzbischöflichen Region Porto Alegre – Hauptstadte des Bundesland Rio Grande do Sul- stattgefunden . Das Ziel wurde die aktuelle Situation der umweltliche Verwitterung des Bach Arroio Grande durch Beschreibung und Übersicht des naturelles Zeiger zu erkennen. Das untersuchte Gelände fasst Teil des Arroio Grande Unterbecken um, das zum Bewässerungsbecken des Rio dos Sinos gehört. Zur physichen Daten nahm man eine Forschung bei ehmaliger Einwohner zu, um die soziale und umweltliche Landschaft von mitte des XX Jahrhundert bis heutzutage zu bilden. Die Wiederaufbau des pflanzliche Decke in dem Hang den Bergen wegen der Verzicht auf landwirtschaftliche Arbeit, als positiv gesehen und die Verwitterung des Wasserstoffreserven, als negative Ansicht, wurden in dieser Forschung festgestellt, beschreibt und analysiert. Wurde nachgeprüft, dass, trotz der menschliche Intervention, die die Änderung in dynamischen Gleichgewicht des ökologisches System verursacht, das Gelände naturelle Faktoren zeigt, die zu seiner Schwäche beitragen, und dass, das Verwitterungen zeugt. Diese Verwitterungen sind durch die menschliche unangemessene Akten über diese schwacheUmwelt schneller und verstärkt. Die Zeigen von naturellen Verwitterungen, so wie Erosion, Auswaschung des Flussufer und Versandung den Wasserlaufen, kommen im ländlichen Gegend am meistens vor. Andere Zeigen Verwitterungen, wie Fehlen von wimperichem Wald und Entleerung häuslichen und industriellen Abfall, kommen stärker im städischen Gegend vor. Einige Vorschläge stehen in dieser Arbeit, in der Absicht neue Handlungen, die der Aufschlag den Zeigen minimizieren, zu ermöglichen, und so, zukunftliche Problemen, die in anderen Städten mit ähnlichen Kennzeichen als Nova Hartz vorkommen, zu verhindern. / O presente estudo foi realizado no município de Nova Hartz, localizado a nordeste da encosta do planalto médio, na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre, capital do Rio Grande do Sul. Objetivou-se diagnosticar a situação atual da degradação ambiental do arroio Grande, através da descrição e mapeamento de indicadores naturais e antrópicos. A área pesquisada abrange parte da sub-bacia do arroio Grande, pertencente à bacia hidrográfica do rio dos Sinos. Acrescentou-se aos levantamentos físicos, uma pesquisa junto aos moradores antigos com o objetivo de reconstruir o cenário sócio-ambiental desde meados do século XX até os dias atuais. A recuperação da cobertura vegetal nas encostas de morros devido ao abandono das atividades agrícolas, como aspecto positivo e a degradação dos recursos hídricos como aspecto negativo, foram constatados, descritos e analisados na presente pesquisa. Constatou-se que, apesar da intervenção humana estar causando alterações no equilíbrio dinâmico dos ecossistemas, a área apresenta fatores naturais que contribuem para sua fragilidade, gerando degradações cujos processos são acelerados e acentuados pelas atividades humanas inadequadas sobre esses ambientes frágeis. Os indicadores de degradação de origem natural, como erosões, solapamento das margens e assoreamento dos cursos de água, estão mais presentes nas áreas rurais. Indicadores de degradação de origem antrópica, como ausência de mata ciliar e despejo de efluentes domésticos e industriais, se fizeram presentes de forma mais acentuada nas áreas urbanizadas. Os resultados das análises de alguns parâmetros indicadores da qualidade das águas do arroio Grande mostraram uma significativa diminuição da qualidade das águas na área urbana e a jusante dela. Algumas sugestões foram somadas ao presente trabalho, no intuito de possibilitar ações que possam minimizar os impactos dos indicadores mapeados e evitar futuros problemas já ocorridos em outras cidades com características semelhantes à Nova Hartz. / The present study was carried out in the county (municipality) of Nova Hartz, localized to the northeast of the slope of the medium highlands, in the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre, capital of Rio Grande do Sul. Our goal was to diagnose the real situation of the environmental degradation of the rivulet Arroio Grande, through the description and the mapping of of natural and antropic indicators. The area under survey includes part of the sub-basin of Arroio Grande, belonging to the hydrographic basin of the river Rio dos Sinos. To the physical data we added a survey with the older dwellers aiming at reconstructing the socioenvironmental scenario since the middle of the 20th century till our days. The recovery of the vegetal cover on the moutain slopes due to the abandonment of agricultural activities, as a positive aspect and the degradation of the hydric resources as a negative aspect, were verified, described and analyzed through the perception of old dwellers of the place. It was verified that, in spite of the human intervention bringing about alterations on the dynamic balance of the ecosystems, the area presents natural factors contributing to its fragility, bringing about degradations whose processes are accelerated and accentuated by inadequate human activities on these fragile environments. These degradation indicators of natural origin, like erosion, underwash of brook banks and the silting up of water courses , are more present in rural areas. Degradation indicators like the absence of ciliary woods and the inflow of domestic and industrial wastewaters are much more accentuated in urbanized areas. Some suggestion were added to the present paper with the intent of allowing actions which might minimize the impact of the mapped indicators and help avoid future problems as have already happened in other towns with characteristics similar to Nova Hartz´s.

Die vorliegende Untersuchung hat in der Nordosten Hoch-ebene Stadt Nova Hartz, spielend in der erzbischöflichen Region Porto Alegre – Hauptstadte des Bundesland Rio Grande do Sul- stattgefunden . Das Ziel wurde die aktuelle Situation der umweltliche Verwitterung des Bach Arroio Grande durch Beschreibung und Übersicht des naturelles Zeiger zu erkennen. Das untersuchte Gelände fasst Teil des Arroio Grande Unterbecken um, das zum Bewässerungsbecken des Rio dos Sinos gehört. Zur physichen Daten nahm man eine Forschung bei ehmaliger Einwohner zu, um die soziale und umweltliche Landschaft von mitte des XX Jahrhundert bis heutzutage zu bilden. Die Wiederaufbau des pflanzliche Decke in dem Hang den Bergen wegen der Verzicht auf landwirtschaftliche Arbeit, als positiv gesehen und die Verwitterung des Wasserstoffreserven, als negative Ansicht, wurden in dieser Forschung festgestellt, beschreibt und analysiert. Wurde nachgeprüft, dass, trotz der menschliche Intervention, die die Änderung in dynamischen Gleichgewicht des ökologisches System verursacht, das Gelände naturelle Faktoren zeigt, die zu seiner Schwäche beitragen, und dass, das Verwitterungen zeugt. Diese Verwitterungen sind durch die menschliche unangemessene Akten über diese schwacheUmwelt schneller und verstärkt. Die Zeigen von naturellen Verwitterungen, so wie Erosion, Auswaschung des Flussufer und Versandung den Wasserlaufen, kommen im ländlichen Gegend am meistens vor. Andere Zeigen Verwitterungen, wie Fehlen von wimperichem Wald und Entleerung häuslichen und industriellen Abfall, kommen stärker im städischen Gegend vor. Einige Vorschläge stehen in dieser Arbeit, in der Absicht neue Handlungen, die der Aufschlag den Zeigen minimizieren, zu ermöglichen, und so, zukunftliche Problemen, die in anderen Städten mit ähnlichen Kennzeichen als Nova Hartz vorkommen, zu verhindern. / O presente estudo foi realizado no município de Nova Hartz, localizado a nordeste da encosta do planalto médio, na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre, capital do Rio Grande do Sul. Objetivou-se diagnosticar a situação atual da degradação ambiental do arroio Grande, através da descrição e mapeamento de indicadores naturais e antrópicos. A área pesquisada abrange parte da sub-bacia do arroio Grande, pertencente à bacia hidrográfica do rio dos Sinos. Acrescentou-se aos levantamentos físicos, uma pesquisa junto aos moradores antigos com o objetivo de reconstruir o cenário sócio-ambiental desde meados do século XX até os dias atuais. A recuperação da cobertura vegetal nas encostas de morros devido ao abandono das atividades agrícolas, como aspecto positivo e a degradação dos recursos hídricos como aspecto negativo, foram constatados, descritos e analisados na presente pesquisa. Constatou-se que, apesar da intervenção humana estar causando alterações no equilíbrio dinâmico dos ecossistemas, a área apresenta fatores naturais que contribuem para sua fragilidade, gerando degradações cujos processos são acelerados e acentuados pelas atividades humanas inadequadas sobre esses ambientes frágeis. Os indicadores de degradação de origem natural, como erosões, solapamento das margens e assoreamento dos cursos de água, estão mais presentes nas áreas rurais. Indicadores de degradação de origem antrópica, como ausência de mata ciliar e despejo de efluentes domésticos e industriais, se fizeram presentes de forma mais acentuada nas áreas urbanizadas. Os resultados das análises de alguns parâmetros indicadores da qualidade das águas do arroio Grande mostraram uma significativa diminuição da qualidade das águas na área urbana e a jusante dela. Algumas sugestões foram somadas ao presente trabalho, no intuito de possibilitar ações que possam minimizar os impactos dos indicadores mapeados e evitar futuros problemas já ocorridos em outras cidades com características semelhantes à Nova Hartz. / The present study was carried out in the county (municipality) of Nova Hartz, localized to the northeast of the slope of the medium highlands, in the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre, capital of Rio Grande do Sul. Our goal was to diagnose the real situation of the environmental degradation of the rivulet Arroio Grande, through the description and the mapping of of natural and antropic indicators. The area under survey includes part of the sub-basin of Arroio Grande, belonging to the hydrographic basin of the river Rio dos Sinos. To the physical data we added a survey with the older dwellers aiming at reconstructing the socioenvironmental scenario since the middle of the 20th century till our days. The recovery of the vegetal cover on the moutain slopes due to the abandonment of agricultural activities, as a positive aspect and the degradation of the hydric resources as a negative aspect, were verified, described and analyzed through the perception of old dwellers of the place. It was verified that, in spite of the human intervention bringing about alterations on the dynamic balance of the ecosystems, the area presents natural factors contributing to its fragility, bringing about degradations whose processes are accelerated and accentuated by inadequate human activities on these fragile environments. These degradation indicators of natural origin, like erosion, underwash of brook banks and the silting up of water courses , are more present in rural areas. Degradation indicators like the absence of ciliary woods and the inflow of domestic and industrial wastewaters are much more accentuated in urbanized areas. Some suggestion were added to the present paper with the intent of allowing actions which might minimize the impact of the mapped indicators and help avoid future problems as have already happened in other towns with characteristics similar to Nova Hartz´s.

Die vorliegende Untersuchung hat in der Nordosten Hoch-ebene Stadt Nova Hartz, spielend in der erzbischöflichen Region Porto Alegre – Hauptstadte des Bundesland Rio Grande do Sul- stattgefunden . Das Ziel wurde die aktuelle Situation der umweltliche Verwitterung des Bach Arroio Grande durch Beschreibung und Übersicht des naturelles Zeiger zu erkennen. Das untersuchte Gelände fasst Teil des Arroio Grande Unterbecken um, das zum Bewässerungsbecken des Rio dos Sinos gehört. Zur physichen Daten nahm man eine Forschung bei ehmaliger Einwohner zu, um die soziale und umweltliche Landschaft von mitte des XX Jahrhundert bis heutzutage zu bilden. Die Wiederaufbau des pflanzliche Decke in dem Hang den Bergen wegen der Verzicht auf landwirtschaftliche Arbeit, als positiv gesehen und die Verwitterung des Wasserstoffreserven, als negative Ansicht, wurden in dieser Forschung festgestellt, beschreibt und analysiert. Wurde nachgeprüft, dass, trotz der menschliche Intervention, die die Änderung in dynamischen Gleichgewicht des ökologisches System verursacht, das Gelände naturelle Faktoren zeigt, die zu seiner Schwäche beitragen, und dass, das Verwitterungen zeugt. Diese Verwitterungen sind durch die menschliche unangemessene Akten über diese schwacheUmwelt schneller und verstärkt. Die Zeigen von naturellen Verwitterungen, so wie Erosion, Auswaschung des Flussufer und Versandung den Wasserlaufen, kommen im ländlichen Gegend am meistens vor. Andere Zeigen Verwitterungen, wie Fehlen von wimperichem Wald und Entleerung häuslichen und industriellen Abfall, kommen stärker im städischen Gegend vor. Einige Vorschläge stehen in dieser Arbeit, in der Absicht neue Handlungen, die der Aufschlag den Zeigen minimizieren, zu ermöglichen, und so, zukunftliche Problemen, die in anderen Städten mit ähnlichen Kennzeichen als Nova Hartz vorkommen, zu verhindern. / O presente estudo foi realizado no município de Nova Hartz, localizado a nordeste da encosta do planalto médio, na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre, capital do Rio Grande do Sul. Objetivou-se diagnosticar a situação atual da degradação ambiental do arroio Grande, através da descrição e mapeamento de indicadores naturais e antrópicos. A área pesquisada abrange parte da sub-bacia do arroio Grande, pertencente à bacia hidrográfica do rio dos Sinos. Acrescentou-se aos levantamentos físicos, uma pesquisa junto aos moradores antigos com o objetivo de reconstruir o cenário sócio-ambiental desde meados do século XX até os dias atuais. A recuperação da cobertura vegetal nas encostas de morros devido ao abandono das atividades agrícolas, como aspecto positivo e a degradação dos recursos hídricos como aspecto negativo, foram constatados, descritos e analisados na presente pesquisa. Constatou-se que, apesar da intervenção humana estar causando alterações no equilíbrio dinâmico dos ecossistemas, a área apresenta fatores naturais que contribuem para sua fragilidade, gerando degradações cujos processos são acelerados e acentuados pelas atividades humanas inadequadas sobre esses ambientes frágeis. Os indicadores de degradação de origem natural, como erosões, solapamento das margens e assoreamento dos cursos de água, estão mais presentes nas áreas rurais. Indicadores de degradação de origem antrópica, como ausência de mata ciliar e despejo de efluentes domésticos e industriais, se fizeram presentes de forma mais acentuada nas áreas urbanizadas. Os resultados das análises de alguns parâmetros indicadores da qualidade das águas do arroio Grande mostraram uma significativa diminuição da qualidade das águas na área urbana e a jusante dela. Algumas sugestões foram somadas ao presente trabalho, no intuito de possibilitar ações que possam minimizar os impactos dos indicadores mapeados e evitar futuros problemas já ocorridos em outras cidades com características semelhantes à Nova Hartz. / The present study was carried out in the county (municipality) of Nova Hartz, localized to the northeast of the slope of the medium highlands, in the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre, capital of Rio Grande do Sul. Our goal was to diagnose the real situation of the environmental degradation of the rivulet Arroio Grande, through the description and the mapping of of natural and antropic indicators. The area under survey includes part of the sub-basin of Arroio Grande, belonging to the hydrographic basin of the river Rio dos Sinos. To the physical data we added a survey with the older dwellers aiming at reconstructing the socioenvironmental scenario since the middle of the 20th century till our days. The recovery of the vegetal cover on the moutain slopes due to the abandonment of agricultural activities, as a positive aspect and the degradation of the hydric resources as a negative aspect, were verified, described and analyzed through the perception of old dwellers of the place. It was verified that, in spite of the human intervention bringing about alterations on the dynamic balance of the ecosystems, the area presents natural factors contributing to its fragility, bringing about degradations whose processes are accelerated and accentuated by inadequate human activities on these fragile environments. These degradation indicators of natural origin, like erosion, underwash of brook banks and the silting up of water courses , are more present in rural areas. Degradation indicators like the absence of ciliary woods and the inflow of domestic and industrial wastewaters are much more accentuated in urbanized areas. Some suggestion were added to the present paper with the intent of allowing actions which might minimize the impact of the mapped indicators and help avoid future problems as have already happened in other towns with characteristics similar to Nova Hartz´s.

This dissertation offers a genealogy of political theory as a subfield of American political science. Over five chapters, it traces the subfield’s development from late nineteenth-century America until the 1970s and asks how leading practitioners responded to a series of political conjunctions. The first chapter asks how political theory emerged from the progressive movement and was characterized by a racist, “Teutonist” intellectual framework that lasted until the First World War. The war led to the demise of this initial framework, leaving political theory without an anchor. The second chapter asks how a leading political theorist, Charles Merriam, sought to resuscitate political theory by making it more “scientific,” focusing on analyzing political behavior. This chapter demonstrates how interaction with the city of Chicago forced Merriam’s thought into more egalitarian directions. The third chapter charts political theory in “the age of fear.” It shows how Merriam and his student Harold Lasswell sought to thicken liberalism and conceptualize its totalitarian alternatives. The fourth chapter asks how leading behavioralists—including Gabriel Almond, Robert Dahl, and David Truman, as well as Louis Hartz—deployed political theory to characterize, congratulate, and criticize the tenets of American liberalism in the context of the Cold War. In the project’s final chapter, I ask how political theory went its own way as a subfield. Amidst the tumult of the 1960s, its leading practitioners—including Sheldon Wolin and Leo Strauss—found themselves politically at odds with behavioralism. Their opposition to the practice of political science led them to associate humanism with radical political critique. By offering a history of political theory that puts behavioralism at its center, the dissertation unsettles conventional narratives within political science that characterize political theory as the other of “empirical social science.” Second, by highlighting a tradition of thought that married systematic empiricism and normative intent, the dissertation critically recaptures a realistic mode of political theorizing. Raymond Geuss has called for political theory to engage more with the facts of the political world. My dissertation offers a way forward. It reminds readers that empiricism can be a normative venture and highlights the close affinity between political science and theory. Many political scientists, I argue, were engaged in a project we can term “operational political theory.” They took theoretic concepts—such as democracy—and furnished them with empirical evidence. They asked how political theory worked in practice and then evaluated extant practices according to political theoretic norms.