Examensarbetet har undersökt Galileo HAS (High Accuracy Service), en satellitmeddelandekorrektions tjänst utvecklad av Europeiska unionens rymdprogrambyrå (EUSPA). Tjänsten syftar till att erbjuda positionsbestämning med decimeter precision och fungerar som en förbättring av befintliga globala gratistjänster. Galileo HAS kommer inte konkurrera med professionella betaltjänster då dessa erbjuder betydligt högre precision ner till centimeternivå. Galileo HAS är implementerat i två servicenivåer och tre faser. Fas 1 lanserades den 24 januari 2023, vilket inkluderar klock-, ban- och kodkorrektioner men inte faskorrektioner. I fas 1 erbjuds tjänsten med en avslappnad noggrannhet på < 2 dm i plan och < 4 dm i höjd, detta innebär att mätningar förväntas uppnå kraven till viss del. Framtida och slutliga fasen, fas 2, kommer erbjuda de lovade noggrannheterna för fas 1 då faskorrektioner tillkommer. I studien utvärderades mätkvaliteten med HAS-korrektioner med hjälp av mottagaren Arrow Gold + och en iPad som handenhet. Applikationerna EOS Tools PRO och ArcGIS Field Maps användes för att genomföra och följa mätningarna i realtid. Mätningarna utfördes i tre olika miljöer: bra, medelsvår och svåra förhållanden. Statisk och semi-kinematisk detaljmätning utfördes i respektive mätmiljö. En känd punkt i respektive miljö användes till den statiska mätningen. Statisk mätning genomfördes i 2 timmar totalt 4 gånger. Till studien valdes 12 detaljer med låg sannolikhet att rubbas under arbetets gång inför detaljmätning. Mätningen genomfördes genom att samla in 5 stycken 1-sekundersmätningar och skapa en medelpunkt av dessa i ArcGIS Field Maps. Varje detalj mättes 4 gånger var för beräkning av spridningen. Resultaten visade att vid statisk mätning uppnåddes fixlösning, vilket i detta fall innebär en mätkvaliteten under 1 dm enligt instrumentet, enbart i bra miljö och vid ett fall i medelsvår miljö. Däremot uppnåddes aldrig fixlösning i svår mätmiljö. De statiska mätningarna visade att den bra miljön resulterade i en RMS på 0,301 meter i plan och 0,335 meter i höjd. Resultatet för alla mätningar i medelsvår miljö resulterade i en RMS på 0,420 m i plan och 0,337 m i höjd medan den för svår miljö resulterade i RMS 10,322 m i plan och RMS 20,784 m i höjd. Detaljmätningen med minst avvikelse resulterade i en standardavvikelse i plan på 0,382 m och i höjd 0,616 m. Detaljmätningen med störst standardavvikelse resulterade i plan 8,917 m och i höjd 6,041 m. Detaljmätningarna visade att precisionen varierade beroende på miljön med störst lägesosäkerhet i skog. Den genomsnittliga konvergenstiden för mätningarna som uppnådde fixlösning resulterade i ca 1 timme och 24 minuter vid statisk mätning. Framtida studier rekommenderas när fas 2 av tjänsten initieras och faskorrektioner samt atmosfäriska korrektioner blir tillgängliga. / This work has examined Galileo HAS (High Accuracy Service), a satellite message correction service developed by the European Union Agency for the Space Programme (EUSPA). The service aims to provide positioning with decimeter precision and serves as an enhancement to existing global free services. Galileo HAS will not compete with professional paid services, as these offer significantly higher precision down to the centimeter level. Galileo HAS is implemented in two service levels and three phases. Phase 1 was launched on January 24, 2023, which includes clock, orbit, and code corrections but not phase corrections. In phase 1, the service is offered with a relaxed accuracy of < 2 dm in horizontal and < 4 dm in vertical, meaning that measurements are expected to meet the requirements to some extent. The future and final phase, phase 2, will offer the promised accuracies of phase 1 when phase corrections are added. The study evaluated the measurement quality with HAS corrections using the Arrow Gold + receiver and an iPad as the handheld device. The applications EOS Tools PRO and ArcGIS Field Maps were used to perform and monitor the measurements in real-time. Measurements were carried out in three different environments: good, moderate, and difficult environments. Static and semi-kinematic “detail” measurements were performed in each measurement environment. A known point in each environment was used for the static measurement. Static measurement was conducted for 2 hours a total of 4 times. Twelve details with a low probability of being disturbed during the work were selected for the semi-kinematic measurements. The measurement was performed by collecting five 1-second measurements and creating an average point from these in ArcGIS Field Maps. Each detail was measured 4 times for the calculation of the spread. The results showed that in static measurement, a fixed solution was achieved, which in this case means a measurement quality under 1 dm according to the instrument, in all good environments and in one case in the moderate environment. However, a fixed solution was never achieved in the difficult environment. The static measurements showed that the good environment resulted in an RMS of 0.301 m in horizontal and 0.335 m in vertical. The result for all measurements in a moderate environment resulted in an RMS of 0.420 m in horizontal and 0.337 m in vertical, while the difficult environment resulted in RMS of 10.322 m in horizontal and 20.784 m in vertical. The semi-kinematic measurement with the least deviation resulted in a standard deviation in horizontal of 0.382 m and in vertical 0.616 m. The semi-kinematic with the greatest standard deviation resulted in horizontal 8.917 m and in vertical 6.041 m. The semi-kinematic measurements showed that the precision varied depending on the environment, with the greatest positional uncertainty in the forest. The average convergence time for measurements that achieved a fixed solution resulted in approximately 1 hour and 24 minutes in static measurement. Future studies are recommended when phase 2 of the service is initiated and phase corrections as well as atmospheric corrections become available.

Abstract Informationization has become the trend of global development. The information technology casts impacts on diverse aspects, including politics, economy, society, culture & all activities related to human beings. The implementation of information technology has been considered a necessary & effective strategy to meet the needs of new crime trend, combat crimes, & enhance the efficiency of the police. As far as law enforcement agents in 21st century are concerned, the obsolete crime probe mindset & the outdated equipment have not kept up with the rapid pace of crime detection in new era. Consequently, the aid of information technology becomes an indispensable part in crime detection & prevention. The police should be equipped with the knowledge of technology so that they are able to fight new trend crimes & burden the responsibility of crime detection. It is therefore imperative 1) to comprehend the current capacity & bottlenecks demonstrated by the police in crime detection, 2) to examine the introduction of information technology as a strategy to improve efficiency of the police, 3) further to prevent crimes, maintain social security, & safeguard the lives & property of citizens. This is a questionnaire-based study in which a total number of 700 hundred surveys were issued. The valid questionnaires & relevant data were collected for statistical regression analysis corresponding to each research hypothesis. The study found that there was a significantly positive relationship between information technology & efficiency of police. Information technology was divided into four factors ¡§information integration¡¨, ¡§information analysis¡¨, ¡§information exploration¡¨, & ¡§information support¡¨, while police¡¦s efficiency was categorized into ¡§the pearsonal traits of police¡¨, ¡§the behavior of police¡¦s duty, & ¡§the proficiency of police¡¨. The findings of this study showed that the implementation of information technology has cast positive impacts on the efficiency of police, & this was conducive to enhancement of crimes detection for law enforcement agents.

Giloma derive from glial cell, which is the most common malignant and deadly primary tumor that affects the brain and nervous system, and the possible causes are not fully understood. Glioma cells are highly invasive, and can spread to distant area of the brain, this invasive behavior makes complete tumor debulking virtually impossible. Glioma even resists to high dose of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, the prognosis of malignant glioma remains dismal and the estimated median survival time is 12¡Ð15 months. The previous studies showed that the interaction of hyaluronan (HA), the abundant component of the ECM in the adult central nervous system, with cell-surface receptors, CD44 is able to mediate motility, tumor formation and multidrug resistance of glioma. In addition, the interacted between HA and CD44, that could up-regulate glioma HA production. But the effect of hyaluronan synthases (HAS) expression in this regulation mechanism was not described clearly. In this study, the HAS expression was a target gene in the rat glioma cell line¡ÐC6 on the conditions of HA addition or cd44 gene silence, respectively. The results showed that HA addition increased the HAS expression, and cd44 gene silence caused the less expression of HAS, and which could restored by HA addition. Futher, the HA addition could prolong cell proliferation , decrease the expression of the CD44 and GFAP, the astrocyte differentiation marker, and increase brain tumor stem cell marker¡Ðnestin expression, and this result could reappear by the cd44 gene silence alone. However, instead the stemness of cell, the cell toward differentiation and proliferation by HA addition after the cd44 gene silence. From those results, the interaction between HA and CD44 could exist the positive feedback to trigger the HA production, and HA could regulate cells proliferation and differentiation by interaction with CD44 in the glioma cells.

The education is the national economy develops the biggest prop and the foundation industry, the network teaching took one kind of emerging teaching form surely obtains the vigorously development. China's economy level of development is imbalanced, the city and countryside difference is bigger, therefore the education resources ration in on partial has the enormous disproportionality. But the network teaching exactly can make up this , it is not the space and time and the education resources limit, can the conformity entire society's education resources, use for the different region study. In addition nearly several comes the China telecommunications the vigorous development, has laid the solid foundation for the network teaching popularization. Therefore, the 21st century networks teaching will substitute traditional the classroom instruction form, will raise the new revolution in the education domain. The information will be the major tendency which now the world economics and the society develops, the time information causes new knowledge, the new thing massively to emerge. This requests the people to have to move towards the lifelong study from the disposable study, but the network teaching went out the campus for the education to step has provided the powerful support to the society, caused the education socialization, caused the study adaptation. The network teaching will become has not encircled the school, will become the social life a part. Along with the society to the talented person demand transformation, the education more and more pays great attention to the student individuality development. Each student's individuality and cultural base irregular, therefore is also various to the teaching way request. If carries on the teaching with the unification teaching way unavoidably to have stretches the facts it to dislike, limits student's individuality development. The network teaching actually causes the individuality teaching which teaches students in accordance with their aptitude possibly to become.

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a high value biopolymer that has numerous biomedical and cosmetic applications. It is currently derived from two sources, namely animal tissues and bacterial fermentation (Fong Chong et al. 2005). The molecular weight (Mw) of HA can vary from several hundred thousand dalton (Da) to approximately 8 MDa (Widner et al. 2005). High Mw HA has surgical applications, and therefore constitutes a major component of the lucrative HA market. The current need is largely met by extraction from animal tissues, e.g., rooster comb and bovine vitreous humor (Shiedlin et al. 2004). However, the potential of contamination with adventitious agents (e.g., viruses) have raised regulatory concerns regarding the use of animal extracts in pharmaceutical products. Moreover, with recent reports of zoonotic diseases (e.g., bovine spongiform encephalitis and avian influenza virus), pharmaceutical companies are moving towards microbial HA sources. Although HA obtained from bacterial fermentation does not have the problem of viral contamination, this approach has not yet resulted in a process where HA of sufficiently high Mw for surgical applications can be derived. While attempts have been made to produce higher Mw HA through cross-linking, cross-linked HA is undesirable for certain medical procedures (e.g., ophthalmic applications) which requires a natural polymer with a short half-life. Nevertheless, due to its availability and the relative ease of purification, bacterial fermentation has the potential of replacing extraction from animal tissues as a preferred commercial source of HA. This thesis presents a good example of a metabolic engineering study where modern techniques (e.g., molecular biology, fermentation and omics technologies) are used to explain complex cell metabolism. The hypothesis for this study was that the precursors to HA, i.e., UDP-glucuronic acid and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine and consequently the genes involved in precursor generation, are important for HA Mw. However, environmental manipulation, e.g., anaerobic versus aerobic or glucose versus maltose, often results in large global changes in metabolite concentration and enzyme activities. This makes it impossible to resolve issues related to Mw control. Classical statistical methods do not provide a meaningful inference as the number of explanatory variables always exceeds the number of independent observations. Hence, it is difficult to distinguish between causative and accidental correlation. This work first examined the influence of manipulation of metabolite concentrations in the hyaluronan pathway to find an explanation for the mechanism of Mw control. To achieve this, the five essential genes of the hyaluronan synthesis (has) operon in Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (S. zooepidemicus) were first examined. These genes are involved in two pathways which lead to the production of either UDP-glucuronic acid or UDP-N-acetylglucosamine. Overexpression of genes involved in UDP-glucuronic acid biosynthesis decreased HA Mw, while overexpression of genes involved in UDP-N-acetylglucosamine biosynthesis increased HA Mw. The Mw variation generated provided a stepping stone for further understanding of Mw control of HA. The highest Mw observed was achieved with combined overexpression of pgi and glmU. This study proved that there is a positive correlation between UDP-N-acetylglucosamine and Mw. The first model for HA Mw control based on the concentration of activated sugar precursors is described in this study (Chapter 3). This correlation observed led to the hypothesis that high Mw HA can be achieved when an appropriate balance of the two HA precursor is maintained. Three genes in the two precursor pathways are not found in the has operon of S. zooepidemicus. To obtain a complete overview of all genes in the HA pathway, these genes were also examined using overexpression studies. Individual overexpression of these genes had negligible effects on HA Mw and production. Despite the positive correlation previously observed between UDP-N-acetylglucosamine and Mw, sequential overexpression of genes involved in the UDP-N-acetylglucosamine precursor pathway did not increase Mw of HA produced. This is surprising since the highest pool of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine was achieved in this case. This suggests that a threshold effect is present in the correlation between UDP-N-acetylglucosamine and Mw. This threshold effect may be defined by a balance between the two precursors. To investigate this phenomenon further, the precursor ratio was also manipulated by co-metabolising glucose and N-acetylglucosamine. Similar to the previous experiment, a significant increase in UDP-N-acetylglucosamine levels was observed despite only a marginal increase in Mw (Chapter 4). Surprisingly, an increase in Mw was observed with the introduction of a plasmid in S. zooepidemicus. This plasmid effect was studied on a global scale using transcriptome and proteome analysis to understand the changes occurring in the system. The increase in Mw due to the plasmid effect is independent of the functions, i.e., nisin promoter or antibiotic resistance, encoded in the plasmid. A gene involved in UDP-N-acetylglucosamine production, UDP-N-acetylglucosamide 1-carboxivinyltransferase (murA), was significantly down-regulated in both the plasmid bearing strain and the high Mw strain (pgi). In addition, overexpression of murA decreased both the concentration of activated sugar precursors and HA Mw. There was however no evidence of down-regulation of murA in the plasmid containing strain from transcriptomics data. This suggests that control is exerted either at the translation level or by protein degradation (Chapter 5). This thesis contributes and represents an ongoing effort to understand the elusive mechanism of Mw control of HA.

INTRODUCTION: Characterized by recurrent episodes of partial or total obstruction of the upper airway during sleep apnea syndrome and obstructive sleep hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is the most common form of sleep-related breathing disorder that is considered an important cause of morbidity and mortality. The intermittent hypoxia and reoxygenation are increasing the activity of the sympathetic nervous system, on the other hand increase the blood pressure, altering the oxidative balance, inducing the formation of free radicals and consequent atherogenesis. The disease is classified in level of severity the according to the quantification of respiratory events per hour of sleep (AHI - apnea-hypopnea) as light, when they occur 5 to 15 events / hour sleep, moderate, 15 to 30 , and severe above 30. OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to verify the correlation between the severity of OSA, blood pressure in 24 hours, during waking and sleep, and serum lipids and glucose. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We studied 32 patients. These were assessed by completing a questionnaire, in addition to being weighed and measured. In the first assessment, was checked blood pressure (BP), the examination and ENT requested laboratory tests, including total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglycerides, total lipids and fasting glucose, polysomnography and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM). Patients were divided into four groups according to the AHI: control group (AHI <5), Group I (AHI 5-15), Group II (AHI 15-30), Group III (AHI> 30). RESULTS: There was no significant variation with respect to mean age between cases and controls (p = 0.749) and with a body weight (p = 0.075), despite having been an increase of body mass directly proportional to the severity of the disease. There was no statistically significant difference between groups with respect to the first assessment of BP (p = 0.339 for systolic and p = 0.238 for diastolic BP). There was no increase in blood pressure in groups cases, the verification of systolic (p = 0,429) and diastolic (p = 0,475) blood pressure in 24 hours, systolic (p = 0,277) and diastolic (p = 0,143) blood pressure during wakefulness, and systolic (p = 0,394) and diastolic (p = 0,703) blood pressure during sleep in the control group. When implementing the Spearman correlation test, was not observed a correlation directly proportional to the severity of the disease. Regarding the level of serum total cholesterol (p = 0,092), LDL (p = 0,242), HDL (p = 0,517), triglycerides (p = 0,947), total lipids (p = 0,602) and glucose (0,355), there was no statistically significant difference between groups (p> 0.05 for all parameters), there is a correlation between their values and severity of obstructive sleep apnea. CONCLUSION: there is no correlation between the severity of apnea and hypopnea syndrome Obstructive Sleep and blood pressure levels in 24 hours, during daytime, during the sleep and serum levels of LDL and HDL cholesterol. / INTRODUÇÃO: Caracterizada por episódios recorrentes de obstrução parcial ou total da via aérea superior durante o sono, a Síndrome da Apnéia e Hipopnéia Obstrutiva do Sono (SAHOS) é a forma mais freqüente de distúrbio respiratório relacionado ao sono, sendo considerada uma causa importante de morbidade e mortalidade. A hipóxia e reoxigenação intermitentes, além de aumentarem a atividade do Sistema Nervoso Simpático elevando a pressão arterial sistêmica, costumam alterar o balanço oxidativo, induzindo a formação de radicais livres e conseqüente aterogênese. A doença é classificada em grau de severidade de acordo com a quantificação dos eventos respiratórios por hora de sono (IAH índice de apnéia e hipopnéia) em: leve, quando ocorrem de 5 a 15 eventos/hora sono; moderada, de 15 a 30; e severa, acima de 30. OBJETIVO: Este estudo foi realizado a fim de se verificar a correlação existente entre a gravidade da SAHOS, a pressão arterial em 24 horas, durante a vigília e durante o sono, e os níveis séricos lipídicos e glicêmicos. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Participaram da pesquisa 32 pacientes. Estes foram avaliados mediante preenchimento de um questionário, além de serem pesados e medidos. Ainda na primeira avaliação, era verificada a pressão arterial (PA), realizado o exame otorrinolaringológico e solicitados os exames laboratoriais, dentre eles o colesterol total, LDL, HDL, triglicerídeos, lipídios totais e glicemia de jejum, a polissonografia e a monitorização ambulatorial da pressão arterial (MAPA). Os pacientes foram divididos em 4 grupos conforme o IAH: Grupo Controle (IAH < 5) ; Grupo I (IAH 5 - 15); Grupo II (IAH 15 - 30); Grupo III (IAH > 30). RESULTADOS: Não houve variação significante com relação a média da idade entre os casos e o controle (p = 0,749) bem como com relação ao peso corporal (p = 0,075), apesar de ter sido observado aumento da massa corpórea diretamente proporcional à gravidade da doença. Também não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos com relação a primeira avaliação da PA (p = 0,339 para PA sistólica e p = 0,238 para PA diastólica). Também não houve aumento dos níveis pressóricos nos grupos de casos, nas verificações da PA sistólica (p = 0,429) e diastólica (p = 0,475) em 24 horas, PA sistólica (p = 0,277) e diastólica (p = 0,143) durante a vigília, e PA sistólica (p = 0,394) e diastólica (p = 0,703) durante o sono, em relação ao grupo controle Ao ser aplicado o teste de correlação de Spearman, não foi observado existência de uma correlação diretamente proporcional à gravidade da doença. Quanto ao nível sérico do colesterol total (p = 0,092), suas frações LDL (p = 0,242) e HDL (p = 0,517), triglicerídeos (p = 0,947), dos lipídios totais (p = 0,602) e da glicose (p = 0,355), também não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos, não havendo uma correlação entre seus valores e a gravidade da Apnéia Obstrutiva do Sono. CONCLUSÃO: não há correlação entre a gravidade da Síndrome da Apnéia e Hipopnéia Obstrutiva do Sono e os níveis tensionais em 24 horas,durante a vigília e durante o sono.e os níveis séricos do LDL e HDL colesterol.

Les acteurs de la santé publique ont aujourd'hui de nombreux défis à relever relatifs à des besoins nouveaux liés, entre autres, au vieillissement de la population et à l’augmentation du nombre de maladies chroniques. Ces besoins et leurs coûts obligent à repenser la prise en charge des patients et à rationaliser leurs parcours de soins afin de les rendre plus efficients.Nos travaux de thèse ont permis les résultats principaux suivants.Dans un premier temps et après avoir présenté le système de santé en général, nous avons analysé les évolutions du système de santé, ses grands principes et ses challenges. Nous avons ensuite donné un aperçu des tendances et innovations organisationnelles en réponse à ces challenges.Dans un deuxième temps et sur une base bibliographique, nous avons présenté nos définitions du parcours (de soin, de santé, de vie), leur positionnement relatif et l’influence des challenges préalablement définis sur ces derniers.Puis, afin de modéliser les parcours, nous avons analysé les concepts introduits par les définitions précédentes et nous les avons structurés dans le cadre d'un méta-modèle. Nous avons ensuite utilisé celui-ci pour enrichir un langage de modélisation d'entreprise existant (GRAI Extended Actigram) et obtenir ainsi un langage totalement adapté à nos besoins. Ensuite, et à titre d’exemple, nous avons utilisé ce langage enrichi pour représenter les processus de soins de deux maladies (la grippe A(H1N1) et la BPCO) tout en soulignant plusieurs aspects méthodologiques : sources d'information, traduction, pour n’en citer que quelques-uns. Enfin et sur la base d'un état de l'art des services proposés par des plateformes informatiques existantes, nous avons proposé une méthodologie de définition de services à forte valeur ajoutée qui offrent une meilleure accessibilité à l'information et donc qui améliorent la dynamique et l'efficience des soins sur la base des parcours de soins modélisés. / Today, the actors of public health face many challenges related to the ever-changing needs of an aging population and the increasing number of chronic diseases.These needs and the related cost, lead to rethink the care management and rationalize the patient healthcare pathways to make them more efficient.Our thesis work has the following main results.First a general introduction of the health system is presented, followed by an analysis of the evolution of the health system, its principles and its challenges. Next, we provided an overview of trends and organizational innovations in response to these challenges.Secondly, based on a bibliographic, we presented our definitions of pathways (healthcare, health, and life), their relative positioning and their influence on the challenges mentioned above.To model the pathways, we analyzed the concepts mentioned in the preceding definitions and we structured them into a meta-model. Then we used it to enrich an existing enterprise modeling language (GRAI Extended Actigram) and thus obtain a language totally suited to our needs.The latter was used to represent the heathcare processes of two examples of diseases, influenza A (H1N1) and COPD. In the frame of this presentation, methodological aspects were discussed (information resources, translation, etc.).Finally, on the basis of a state-of-the-art of the offered services by current computer platforms, we proposed a methodology for defining value-added services providing an improved access to information and improving the dynamics and efficiency of healthcare based on the modeled healthcare processes.

An employee is usually entitled to representation in a disciplinary hearing. The question arises whether this representation includes legal representation or whether it is limited to representation by union representatives or a fellow employee? An employee's right to legal representation will in most cases be determined by a collective agreement, the employment contract or a disciplinary code. Over the years the Courts have indicated that they are not prepared to grant an absolute right to legal representation in disciplinary enquiries. Yet in some cases the courts found legal representation to be a sine qua non for a fair hearing and an intrinsic part of natural justice. It seems that the conclusion that can be drawn from this research is that legal representation might soon become a requirement for a fair disciplinary hearing in serious and complex matters. This research looks at numerous decisions both in die public and private sector before and after 1994. The right to legal representation is also discussed in the light of a fair hearing. The various advantages and disadvantages of legal representation are briefly examined. It is argued that all employees should be granted legal representation in complex and serious matters where the employee is likely to be dismissed. It is thus said that all presiding officers should be granted a discretion to allow legal representation in serious and complex matters. / Thesis (LL.M. (Labour Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) - Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Su Ürünleri Yetiştiriciliği Anabilim Dalı, 2008. / Kaynakça var.

An employee is usually entitled to representation in a disciplinary hearing. The question arises whether this representation includes legal representation or whether it is limited to representation by union representatives or a fellow employee? An employee's right to legal representation will in most cases be determined by a collective agreement, the employment contract or a disciplinary code. Over the years the Courts have indicated that they are not prepared to grant an absolute right to legal representation in disciplinary enquiries. Yet in some cases the courts found legal representation to be a sine qua non for a fair hearing and an intrinsic part of natural justice. It seems that the conclusion that can be drawn from this research is that legal representation might soon become a requirement for a fair disciplinary hearing in serious and complex matters. This research looks at numerous decisions both in die public and private sector before and after 1994. The right to legal representation is also discussed in the light of a fair hearing. The various advantages and disadvantages of legal representation are briefly examined. It is argued that all employees should be granted legal representation in complex and serious matters where the employee is likely to be dismissed. It is thus said that all presiding officers should be granted a discretion to allow legal representation in serious and complex matters. / Thesis (LL.M. (Labour Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.