Tendo em vista a crescente disseminação de sistemas de gestão da segurança e saúde no trabalho (SGSST), torna-se cada vez mais relevante a necessidade de instrumentos de avaliação da sua eficiência e eficácia. Nesse contexto, esta tese apresenta a proposta de um método de avaliação de sistemas de gestão de segurança e saúde no trabalho (MASST), o qual apresenta duas características inovadoras: a) a conciliação das abordagens estrutural (sistema prescrito), operacional (o que está acontecendo na prática) e por desempenho (resultados de indicadores); b) a adoção do enfoque da engenharia de resiliência (ER) sobre a segurança e saúde. O MASST foi desenvolvido a partir das contribuições da literatura, na qual foram identificados quatro princípios da ER (comprometimento da alta direção, flexibilidade, aprendizagem e consciência), bem como de um estudo de caso exploratório realizado em uma empresa de implementos agrícolas. Com base nisso, foram propostos vinte e sete itens distribuídos ao longo de sete critérios. Cada item possui um conjunto de requisitos que são avaliados com base em três fontes de evidências básicas: entrevistas, análise de documentos e observação direta. O MASST foi validado em um estudo de caso em uma empresa da cadeia automotiva. Os principais resultados revelaram que, no estudo de caso, em uma escala de pontuação de 0% a 100%, nove dentre quatorze itens relacionados à ER obtiveram pontuação entre 0% e 10%. Além disso, o MASST possibilitou a identificação dos pontos positivos do SGSST, a identificação das causas sistêmicas da falta de segurança e a identificação das prioridades de ação em termos de SST. Dentre as limitações do MASST percebidas durante o estudo de caso, salienta-se a necessidade de experiência do auditor acerca de conceitos e princípios da ER, os quais ainda não são amplamente aplicados de modo sistemático no meio industrial. / Due to the increasing dissemination of health and safety management systems (HSMS), both academics and practitioners have paid more attention to the assessment of their effectiveness and efficacy. This thesis introduces a method for assessing health and safety management systems (MASST) that has two innovative characteristics: a) it takes into account simultaneously the structural approach (prescribed system), the operational approach (what is really happening on the shop floor) and the performance approach (results of performance indicators); b) it adopts the resilience engineering (RE) perspective on health and safety. The MASST was developed based on both the literature review and an exploratory case study in a heavy machinery manufacturer. The literature review pointed out four major resilience engineering (RE) principles: top management commitment, flexibility, learning and awareness. Then, twenty-seven items grouped into seven major criteria were proposed. Each item encompasses a set of requirements that should be assessed based on three major sources of evidence: interviews, analysis of documents and direct observation. The MASST was tested in a case study that was carried out in a supplier of the automotive industry. The results pointed out that, considering a scale from 0% to 100%, nine out of the fourteen items related to the RE obtained a very low degree, ranging from 0% to 10%. Moreover, the MASST pointed out the positive aspects of the HSMS, identified systemic causes of the lack of safety and identified priorities in terms of health and safety management. The case study results also indicated that one of the main limitations of the MASST concerns the necessity of experienced auditors in terms of RE principles and concepts. This drawback is relevant since the RE perspective on health and safety has not yet been adopted by a large extent in the industry.

Tendo em vista a crescente disseminação de sistemas de gestão da segurança e saúde no trabalho (SGSST), torna-se cada vez mais relevante a necessidade de instrumentos de avaliação da sua eficiência e eficácia. Nesse contexto, esta tese apresenta a proposta de um método de avaliação de sistemas de gestão de segurança e saúde no trabalho (MASST), o qual apresenta duas características inovadoras: a) a conciliação das abordagens estrutural (sistema prescrito), operacional (o que está acontecendo na prática) e por desempenho (resultados de indicadores); b) a adoção do enfoque da engenharia de resiliência (ER) sobre a segurança e saúde. O MASST foi desenvolvido a partir das contribuições da literatura, na qual foram identificados quatro princípios da ER (comprometimento da alta direção, flexibilidade, aprendizagem e consciência), bem como de um estudo de caso exploratório realizado em uma empresa de implementos agrícolas. Com base nisso, foram propostos vinte e sete itens distribuídos ao longo de sete critérios. Cada item possui um conjunto de requisitos que são avaliados com base em três fontes de evidências básicas: entrevistas, análise de documentos e observação direta. O MASST foi validado em um estudo de caso em uma empresa da cadeia automotiva. Os principais resultados revelaram que, no estudo de caso, em uma escala de pontuação de 0% a 100%, nove dentre quatorze itens relacionados à ER obtiveram pontuação entre 0% e 10%. Além disso, o MASST possibilitou a identificação dos pontos positivos do SGSST, a identificação das causas sistêmicas da falta de segurança e a identificação das prioridades de ação em termos de SST. Dentre as limitações do MASST percebidas durante o estudo de caso, salienta-se a necessidade de experiência do auditor acerca de conceitos e princípios da ER, os quais ainda não são amplamente aplicados de modo sistemático no meio industrial. / Due to the increasing dissemination of health and safety management systems (HSMS), both academics and practitioners have paid more attention to the assessment of their effectiveness and efficacy. This thesis introduces a method for assessing health and safety management systems (MASST) that has two innovative characteristics: a) it takes into account simultaneously the structural approach (prescribed system), the operational approach (what is really happening on the shop floor) and the performance approach (results of performance indicators); b) it adopts the resilience engineering (RE) perspective on health and safety. The MASST was developed based on both the literature review and an exploratory case study in a heavy machinery manufacturer. The literature review pointed out four major resilience engineering (RE) principles: top management commitment, flexibility, learning and awareness. Then, twenty-seven items grouped into seven major criteria were proposed. Each item encompasses a set of requirements that should be assessed based on three major sources of evidence: interviews, analysis of documents and direct observation. The MASST was tested in a case study that was carried out in a supplier of the automotive industry. The results pointed out that, considering a scale from 0% to 100%, nine out of the fourteen items related to the RE obtained a very low degree, ranging from 0% to 10%. Moreover, the MASST pointed out the positive aspects of the HSMS, identified systemic causes of the lack of safety and identified priorities in terms of health and safety management. The case study results also indicated that one of the main limitations of the MASST concerns the necessity of experienced auditors in terms of RE principles and concepts. This drawback is relevant since the RE perspective on health and safety has not yet been adopted by a large extent in the industry.

Thesis (Ph.D. (Public Health)) -- University of Limpopo, 2022 / Background: The number of occupational injuries in manufacturing industries continues to rise despite safety regulations. Occupational injuries range from the spine, hands, head, lungs, eyes, skeleton and skin. Negligence, improper use of Personal Protective Equipment, lack of experience and age are some of the factors leading to occupational injuries. Even though there are measures to prevent these occupational injuries, the number of injuries amongst manufacturing industries keeps rising and the causes need to be identified. Objective(s): The purpose of the study was to develop a training programme for manufacturing industries in the Polokwane municipality. Methods: A qualitative, exploratory, descriptive and contextual design was used for the study. Five categories of manufacturing industries were visited where 22 participants were interviewed using a voice recorder until data saturation was reached. There were 4 managers, 6 supervisors and 12 general workers. Member checking was done to verify and clarify transcribed information. Field notes were also taken for non-verbal responses. Data were analysed using Tesch’s and Clarke and Braun open coding method following the eight steps. Results: The findings of the study indicated that hazards in the physical work environment of manufacturing industries in the Polokwane municipality contributed to most occupational accidents. It was also found that negligence, incorrect provision of PPE by management, improper use of PPE by workers, and lack of safety training were also contributors to workplace accidents. Commitment to health and safety by industries management was also found to be lacking and played a role in some occupational accidents in the manufacturing industries. Conclusions: The study concludes that lack of health and safety training, negligence, and commitment by those in management compromised the health and safety of workers

This research aim to develop a framework to evaluate critically the effectiveness of health and safety strategies in supply chains in the UK was achieved through a range of objectives which included a review of literature on health and safety management in supply chains and small and medium-sized enterprises, an explanation of the effect of poor health and safety performance on organisations and analysis of factors that inspire health and safety management in organisations. Other objectives are the analysis of health and safety improvement strategies, an establishment of a basis for the development of a framework, the establishment of the perception and attitude to supply chain health and safety management, and the development of a conceptual framework based on ideal and best practices as well as theory that may be used to evaluate critically health and safety strategies in supply chains in the UK. The study adopted a triangulated research approach which used a questionnaire survey to ascertain the views of respondents on some health and safety issues. These views were combined with observations of a case study organisation to underpin the basis for the framework. It was established that the reliance on regulatory measures as means of improving health and safety standards in organisations is no longer advisable. An alternative and best strategy is the use of the influences inherent in supply chain relationships. There were noticeable improvements in the relationship of the case study organisation with its suppliers, and in the general awareness of supply chain health and safety management, when the framework that was developed was tried in their supply chain.

The safety literature describes senior managers as crucially influencing organisational safety. Yet, it is not fully understood, what contributes to their influence. This thesis investigated senior managers’ characteristics in relation to their impact on safety in air traffic management organisations. A review of the safety literature indicated research in this area would benefit from the introduction of a research model as a theoretical basis. The skills-based leadership model by Mumford and colleagues was proposed as a suitable model for senior managers’ influence on organisational safety. A safety–specific version of the model was devised, consisting of traits (Big Fives, regulatory focus), skills (problem solving, social competence) and safety knowledge as antecedents of safety commitment and organisational safety outcomes. Study 1 explored the relevance of these characteristics for senior managers’ work on safety using semi-structured interviews with senior managers (N = 9). Responses were coded into the characteristics with sufficient reliability using qualitative content analysis. The characteristics were found to be relevant for senior managers’ influence on safety and their content was refined based on the findings. Safety knowledge and social competence were frequently indicated. Interpersonal leadership emerged as additionally relevant. Study 2 investigated the characteristics’ relevance for safety managers’ and CEOs’ influence on safety with questionnaires consisting of open questions (N = 49). Responses were coded using qualitative content analysis with acceptable reliability. The results re-confirmed the relevance of the characteristics. As in the previous study, interpersonal leadership emerged. Furthermore, problem-solving, leadership and safety knowledge were found more frequently for CEOs than for safety managers, whereas personality was more frequently indicated for safety managers than for CEOs. Finally, Study 3 tested the characteristics’ influence on safety commitment, which was conceptualised as indicated through behaviours that reflect a positive attitude towards safety. Interview questions, scenarios and questionnaires were used to measure characteristics and safety commitment in a sample of senior managers (N = 60). Interview and scenario responses were quantified with acceptable reliability. The results indicated that not all characteristics that were previously found to be relevant for senior managers’ influence on organisational safety were also related to safety commitment. Mainly, problem solving was shown to influence safety commitment, with the ability to understand problems, to identify useful information-sources and to generate ideas that relate to changes in the organisation’s culture as most influential. The findings can inform guidance and training for senior managers. Future research in this area could benefit from a focus on the conceptualisation of safety commitment, the role of interpersonal leadership style, as well as safety knowledge and the skills included in the research model.

The primary purpose of this investigation was to determine the relationship between high school athletic administrators' job satisfaction and job-related stress. In addition, differences in the levels of administrators' job satisfaction and job-related stress according to gender, years of experience, and school size were examined. / Data were obtained from 371 high school athletic administrators employed in public schools from North Florida and South Georgia. Specifically, the subjects were head coaches who coached sports such as football, basketball, volleyball, softball, and baseball. / Three instruments were used in the investigation. They included a Personal Data Sheet, the Job Satisfaction Scale, and the Job-Related Stress Scale. The Pearson-Product Moment Correlation was used to test hypothesis one and a one-way Analysis of Variance was used to test hypotheses two through seven. The.05 alpha level was used as the criterion for the rejection of the hypotheses. / The following conclusions were made: (a) There is a positive correlation between satisfaction and job-related stress; (b) Gender appears to have an affect on job stress; (c) Gender does not appear to be a factor in the perception of job satisfaction; (d) Years of experience appears to have an affect on job satisfaction and job stress; and (e) School size appears to have an affect on job satisfaction and job stress. / The following recommendations were made: (a) Similar studies should be conducted using a national sample of head coaches and athletic administrators to examine the relationship between job satisfaction and job stress; (b) Future research should identify specific coping mechanisms used by head coaches to control and decrease the negative aspects of job stress. Also, measures should be taken to determine whether female head coaches use different stress-reducing mechanisms than male head coaches; (c) Future research should compare head coaches from larger schools to coaches from smaller schools to determine whether perceptions related to effectiveness and job satisfaction are different; (d) Future research should include interviews with former administrators and coaches to determine reasons why they quit coaching; and (e) Future research should include an analysis of the various sports to determine which sports activity may create the greatest potential for stress. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 53-11, Section: A, page: 3841. / Major Professor: Dewayne J. Johnson. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Florida State University, 1992.

Humans are exposed daily to the deleterious effects of acute environmental stressors. Experimental research can provide solutions to the problems of protecting human life in adverse environments. However, it is not always possible or practical to employ human subjects when exploring acute or extreme conditions. Consequently, an applied nonhuman model may provide the best substitute for human subjects to assess the environmental impact. The model must be able to be evaluated and respond validly and reliably to the stressor. / In this study, a primate model was assessed during cold stress that conceivably may be encountered by civilian or military workers. Specifically, two of the hormones responsible for fluid shifts in the body during acute cold exposure and their relationships to urine output and body temperatures were studied in five male adult rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Plasma concentrations of vasopressin and norepinephrine were measured before, during (every 30 minutes), and after 2 hours at 6 and 26$\sp\circ$C. Urine volume and sodium and potassium concentrations were also determined. The monkeys did not exhibit diuresis or natriuresis during the exposure. Plasma vasopressin and norepinephrine increased significantly (p $<$ 0.05) during cold exposure. These data suggest that both vasopressin and norepinephrine are important in the body fluid response of the rhesus monkey during acute cold stress. It appeared that vasopressin may be the dominant hormone because of the antidiuretic effect observed. Norepinephrine did not induce a diuretic effect. This response is contradictory to previous works with other animals and humans. Despite these results, the rhesus monkey appeared to be suitable for examining the effects of cold at rest under controlled environmental conditions. However, data from cold research with this primate model may not extrapolate to humans or other animals. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 57-03, Section: B, page: 1549. / Major Professor: Emily Haymes. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Florida State University, 1996.

This thesis presents the findings of a research project to develop and implement a Lean and agile Construction System on a case study project. The aim of the research project, for the sponsor company, was to improve its projects site operations, making them safer for the worker and improving effectiveness and productivity. The findings have shown that the Construction System has proved to be a successful set of countermeasures that act as an antidote to the health, safety and productivity problems that exist in UK construction and that face the sponsor company. The System has been implemented on a large and complex mechanical and electrical case study project in the healthcare sector of UK construction. The outcome of this case study project shows that 37% less onsite labour was needed, meaning fewer workers were exposed to health and safety risks from site operations, leading to zero reportable accidents. Good ergonomics was achieved by focussing on workplace design, thus improving workers wellbeing, together with an improved quality of work for those required on site carrying out simpler assembly tasks. Productivity gains resulted by eliminating process waste, therefore reducing the risk of labour cost escalation that could otherwise have occurred. A 7% direct labour cost reduction was made meaning the labour budget allocation was maintained. Significantly, an overall productivity of 116% was achieved using the Construction System, which compares favourably to BSRIA's findings of an average overall productivity of only 37% when compared to observed best practice for the projects in that case study research. The results include the benefits found from the use of an innovative method to assemble, transport, and install frameless, preassembled mechanical and electrical services modules, where a 93% reduction in onsite labour was achieved together with an 8.62% cost benefit. No time slippage was experienced during onsite assembly to delay or disrupt other trades and the commissioning programme was not compressed that could otherwise have caused problems in handing over the facility to the customer. From a customer's perspective, the built facilities were handed over on-time, to their satisfaction and to budget. The research has achieved two levels of innovation, one at a process level and one at a product level. The process innovation is the development and successful implementation of the Construction System, which is a combination of methods acting together as an antidote to the research problem. The product innovation is the development of the innovative method for assembling, transporting and installing frameless mechanical and electrical corridor modules, whereby modularisation can be achieved with or without an offsite manufacturing capability. The System is built on Lean principles and has been shown to standardise the work, process and products to create flow, pull and value delivery. It is transferable across the sponsor company's business as well as the wider industry itself. The transformation that has occurred is the creation of a step-change in undertaking mechanical and electrical construction work, which has realised a significant improvement in performance for CHt that has "Transformed Traditional Mechanical and Electrical Construction into a Modern Process of Assembly".

This work undertook the examination of the perceived barriers that exist to the management of occupational noise exposure in the workplace. Exposure to excessive levels of noise results in cumulative damage to the hearing mechanism of the ear and a subsequent hearing loss. This hearing loss is permanent and does not recover over time. Initially the conventional method of addressing or controlling noise exposure was through Hearing Conservation Programs and more recently through Occupational Noise Management Programs that take more of a risk management approach. However, the numbers of new hearing loss claims submitted through the various ???workcover??? and ???worksafe??? authorities in Australia continue to remain very high. Hearing loss claims rank within the top two in number of new claims each year. The research conducted shows that there are four main barriers perceived by individuals that work against the institution of effective preventive action. These four main barriers in order of priority are hearing protectors, information, culture and management, and are themselves each composed of several lesser factors. Each of the barriers was examined more closely in an attempt to better understand how they operate and the potential to discover how they may be overcome. To briefly summarise the main barriers: 1) Hearing protectors are uncomfortable, impede communication and are unpleasant to wear; 2) Individuals would like more information on noise reduction and for this information to be supplied by management; 3) workplace and management culture needs to be supportive of occupational health and safety in general and with the implementation of supportive preventive measures in particular; and 3) management needs to be seen to place importance on occupational health and safety in the workplace in general and the reduction of excessive noise in particular. By being aware of the barriers and operation the design of future more effective intervention or better noise management programs should be possible.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of California, San Francisco, 2009. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-06, Section: B, page: 3427. Adviser: OiSaeng Hong.