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A research project submitted to the Faculty of Arts, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree Masters of Arts in Community-based Counselling Psychology by Coursework and Research Report / This research project aimed to explore how parents understand the causes, symptoms, existing sources of support and treatment options for adolescent mental health needs, as well as how these factors are impacted upon by broader social norms and cultural beliefs systems. Six parents of adolescent children were interviewed, using a semi-structured interview format. A thematic content analysis was used to analyse the data. Four themes emerged relating to: 1) parental causal attributions 2) symptom identification, 3) treatment seeking and sources of support, and 4) socio-cultural beliefs and stigma. The findings obtained indicated that parental perceptions of adolescent mental health were framed by social norms and cultural belief systems. The stigmatisation of adolescent mental health significantly impacted on the ways in which parents managed adolescent mental health difficulties. As a result of the stigmatised beliefs, parents placed emphasis on avoiding any behaviour which could potentially expose their adolescent children’s emotional difficulties. In this regard, parents adopted an unrealistic optimism regarding their adolescent children’s susceptibility to mental health difficulties. The causes of adolescent mental health difficulties were attributed to controllable factors, which were external to the adolescent. Parents also significantly reduced the symptom severity and in most cases attributed concerning adolescent emotional behaviours to normal adolescent development. Parents seemed to have limited knowledge and awareness of adolescent mental health difficulties, which inadvertently facilitated a lack of support seeking behaviours and treatment utilisation by parents. / MT 2018

A research report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts in Health Sociology in the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. / This study is founded on the argument that the health of a population is dependent on both structural factors and human agency. Literature shows that men are generally poor at attending to their health needs as compared to women, with statistics confirming higher mortality rates and lower life expectancy among them. This research study aimed to explore the factors influencing the health seeking behaviours of black South African working class men in Modimolle Township, Limpopo Province (South Africa). The study followed a qualitative approach where semi-structured face-to-face interviews were used for data gathering. A snowball non-probability sampling technique was used to select 15 black working class men between the ages of 29 and 50 years. All the interviews were conducted and audio recorded in Modimolle Township between two residential locations. The interviews were transcribed verbatim. Thematic content analysis was employed for data analysis in which emerging themes bordered around the identities of men, their relationship to their bodies and their perceptions of health care systems. The construction of masculinities among men created multiple and varied ways to their health seeking behaviors. Men engaged in multiple practices ranging from preventive medical check-ups, the use of various types of enemas as well as the use of traditional medicines for the maintenance of their health. These practices were associated with the construction of a responsible masculinity among the participants which challenges the notion that masculinity is associated with negative health seeking behaviors among men. / MT2018

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Este estudo teve como objetivo validar o resultado de enfermagem Comportamento de prevenÃÃo de queda, apresentado pela Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC). O processo de validaÃÃo focalizou pessoas acometidas por acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) e seus cuidadores, com foco no contexto domiciliar. Estudo do tipo metodolÃgico, realizado em duas etapas (validaÃÃo de conteÃdo e clÃnica) a partir de um instrumento proposto por Vitor (2010), o qual apresentou para o resultado 28 indicadores e definiÃÃes operacionais direcionadas inicialmente à populaÃÃo em geral. Estes foram revistos e organizados em 22 indicadores voltados ao ambiente domiciliar, local onde acontece o tipo mais comum de queda, a da prÃpria altura. A etapa de validaÃÃo de conteÃdo foi iniciada com avaliaÃÃo do instrumento por juÃzes quanto à aparÃncia. Em seguida, 22 especialistas avaliaram os tÃtulos e definiÃÃes de cada indicador, segundo os critÃrios psicomÃtricos de simplicidade, clareza, precisÃo e adequaÃÃo. ApÃs atendimento Ãs sugestÃes dos especialistas, procedeu-se à validaÃÃo clÃnica, precedida por um teste piloto para ajustes à populaÃÃo. Etapa realizada por duas duplas de profissionais treinados, no ambulatÃrio de dois hospitais de referÃncia ao atendimento a pacientes com AVC, com participaÃÃo de 106 pacientes e/ou cuidadores. Uma dupla aplicou o instrumento com as definiÃÃes operacionais e outra aplicou o instrumento contento apenas tÃtulos e escala da NOC. Os dados foram organizados em planilhas e analisados com o software SPSS 22. Para a etapa de validaÃÃo de conteÃdo foi calculado teste binomial, enquanto que, para a etapa clÃnica, utilizaram-se os testes de Friedman para verificar diferenÃa entre avaliadores, anÃlise da diferenÃa mÃnima significante (DMS), Alfa de Cronbach e Coeficiente de CorrelaÃÃo Intraclasse (CCI) para comparaÃÃo das avaliaÃÃes. O projeto foi apreciado por Comità de Ãtica em Pesquisa, aprovado sob os Pareceres n 49.912 e n 392.531; todos os participantes foram orientados quanto aos objetivos e assinatura do Termo de Consentimento. Na validaÃÃo de conteÃdo, a maioria dos especialistas foi de mulheres, mÃdia de 33,1 anos, 9,5 anos de formaÃÃo, doutores, profissionais de InstituiÃÃes de Ensino Superior. Os indicadores que se apresentaram estatisticamente significantes, pelo teste binomial, foram: Prende pequenos tapetes e Controla a inquietaÃÃo, e todos apresentaram-se apropriados ao paciente com AVC (100% e p=1,000). Na etapa clÃnica, houve discreta predominÃncia de homens participantes (51,9%), na maioria idosos, casados, aposentados, com baixa escolaridade e renda, residindo com a famÃlia e com sequelas fÃsicas do AVC, implicando a necessidade de um cuidador. O teste de Friedman indicou diferenÃas entre avaliaÃÃo das duplas em doze indicadores (p <0,05), destes, cinco demonstraram diferenÃas nas mÃdias de postos maiores que a DMS. Todos os indicadores apresentaram-se estatisticamente significantes (p<0,001) e satisfatÃrios segundo o (CCI). Esta etapa foi importante para constataÃÃo da manutenÃÃo ou nÃo de indicadores, que totalizaram 18 ao final. Assim, de forma geral, observou-se que houve maior concordÃncia entre a dupla que utilizou o instrumento com as definiÃÃes de cada indicador. Destaca-se a eficÃcia do processo de construÃÃo de referentes empÃricos e adequaÃÃo a populaÃÃes especÃficas, bem como a necessidade contÃnua de estudos nesta linha de conhecimentos. / This study aimed to validate the nursing outcome Fall prevention behavior from the Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC). The validation process focused on people with stroke and their caregivers in the home context. This is a methodological study performed in two stages (content and clinical validation) by a tool proposed by Vitor (2010) who presented 28 indicators and operational definitions related to the general population. The tool was revised and organized in 22 indicators towards to the home environment which is the most common place where falls from height happen. The content validity stage was started with assessment by judges about the appearance. Then, 22 specialists evaluated the titles and definitions of each indicator according to psychometric criteria of simplicity, clearness, precision and suitability. After perform the changes suggested by the specialists, the clinical validation was performed at first by a pilot test in order to adjust the tool to the population. This stage was developed with 106 patients and/or caregivers interviewed by two pairs of trained professionals in the ambulatory service of two hospitals that are reference in the care of people with stroke. One pair of evaluators applied the form with the operational definitions while the other pair applied the form with only the titles and NOC scale. The data were organized in sheets and analyzed by the SPSS 22 program through the calculation of the binomial test. The clinical validation stage applied the Friedman test to verify differences among the evaluators, the calculation of the minimum significant difference (MSD), Cronbach alpha and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) to compare the evaluatorsâ assessment. The study was approved by an Ethical Committee by the nÂ49.912 and nÂ392.531; all the participants (specialists, patients and caregivers) were oriented about the goals and the Consent Term. At the content stage, the specialists were most female, with age average of 33.1 years old, 9.5 years of graduation, PhD, working in Post-secondary Institutions. The indicators statistically significant by the Binomial test were: Attaches small rugs and Controls restlessness and all of them were appropriated to the patient with stroke (100% and p=1.000). Most participants were male (51.9%), elderly people, married, retired, with low school grade and low income, living with family and with physical sequelae from the stroke, which requires the need of a caregiver. The Friedman test showed differences in the evaluations of the pairs of professionals for twelve indicators (p<0.05), five of them showed difference in the mean rank higher than the MSD. All the indicators showed statistical significance (p<0.001) and the ICC. This stage was important to realize the need of keeping or not the indicators, which were 18 at the end. Thus, it is noted that the tests showed more agreement between de pair that used the tool with the indicators for each definition. It is possible to highlight the efficiency of empirical references construction and its suitability to specific populations, besides the need of continuous researches in this field of study.

Religiousness and spirituality are important to most Americans and while beneficial associations between forgiveness and health are consistently observed, little is known regarding the mechanism of association. Cross-sectional multiple mediation-based analyses of associations between dimensions of forgiveness and physical and mental health were conducted using a sample of 363 undergraduate students from rural Southern Appalachia. Controlling for demographic variables (i.e., gender, age, education, ethnicity, and marital status) and lifetime religiousness, multivariable analyses reflected associations of forgiveness of self and forgiveness of others, but not feeling forgiven by God, with physical health status, somatic symptoms, mental health status, and psychological distress. All such associations operated through health behavior and/or social support; however, only in the context of forgiveness of self did such associations also operate through interpersonal functioning (problems). While forgiveness of self and forgiveness of others each appear to have a robust indirect relationship with health, mediation-based associations involving forgiveness of self were nearly twice as frequent. It may be that forgiveness of self is relatively more important to health-related outcomes.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. / The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on December 14. 2007) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

<p>I dagens svenska samhälle är motion och matvanor aktuella ämnen. Forskning i ämnet har bedrivits med kvantitativ ansats där fokus ofta ligger på hälsoproblem som övervikt eller ätstörningar. I kontrast till fokuseringen på ohälsa syftar föreliggande studie till att undersöka uppkomsten av positiva hälsobeteenden genom att belysa moderspåverkan på sina döttrars mat och motionsvanor. Tidigare forskning har påvisat att modern har en betydande påverkan på dotterns hälsobeteenden genom att fungera som en modell samt genom socialisationsstrategier. Kvalitativa intervjuer genomfördes med nio unga kvinnor som alla motionerar regelbundet. Intervjuerna analyserades med meningskoncentrering. Resultatet visade att det finns en koppling mellan mor och dotters mat- och motionsvanor men att sambanden inte alltid upplevs så starka av döttrarna.</p>

I dagens svenska samhälle är motion och matvanor aktuella ämnen. Forskning i ämnet har bedrivits med kvantitativ ansats där fokus ofta ligger på hälsoproblem som övervikt eller ätstörningar. I kontrast till fokuseringen på ohälsa syftar föreliggande studie till att undersöka uppkomsten av positiva hälsobeteenden genom att belysa moderspåverkan på sina döttrars mat och motionsvanor. Tidigare forskning har påvisat att modern har en betydande påverkan på dotterns hälsobeteenden genom att fungera som en modell samt genom socialisationsstrategier. Kvalitativa intervjuer genomfördes med nio unga kvinnor som alla motionerar regelbundet. Intervjuerna analyserades med meningskoncentrering. Resultatet visade att det finns en koppling mellan mor och dotters mat- och motionsvanor men att sambanden inte alltid upplevs så starka av döttrarna.

This study examined the behaviors relating to the utilization of prescription and over-the-counter medications in a small group of elderly subjects in the 65 years and over age range. This group was attending an Elderhostel at Western Oregon State College during the summer of 1991, when the information was obtained. The objectives of this study were to ascertain specific medication taking behaviors, and whether or not directions were adhered to as prescribed by physicians for this highly educated group, or if their behaviors were similar to those referred to in the literature for all elderly. A sample of 38 elderly was obtained during an Elderhostel Wellness Vacation at Western Oregon State College in Monmouth, Oregon during July, 1991. Subjects completed questionnaires regarding medication-taking behaviors as part of a wellness class session regarding the safe use of medications. Questionnaires were filled out prior to the class discussion. Data were assembled using one survey instrument with questions relating to medication usage. Descriptive statistics using histograms showing frequency distributions were used for data analysis. Sixty-five percent of this group were taking prescription medications and sixty-eight percent of this group were taking over-the-counter medications. Medications were being obtained from more than one physician and more than one pharmacy. The subjects took fewer doses of medications per day and less medication per dose than prescribed. Medications were discontinued prematurely if feeling better or worse. Leftover medications from previous prescriptions were being taken. Outdated or expired medications were being taken. Alcoholic beverages were being used in conjunction with the use of prescription medications. In some cases, prescriptions were not filled because they were considered to be unnecessary. Recommendations for education and future research in the problematic area of drug use in the elderly include: 1) More time spent by health care professionals to educate the elderly in the correct and safe use of medications; 2) Community health promotion programs targeted at the well elderly; 3) Personalized "brown bag" medication counselling sessions; 4) Medication education programs at Elderhostels throughout the country; 5) Education programs through the American Association of Retired Persons; and 6) Further studies of larger groups of well-educated, healthy and active elderly. / Graduation date: 1993

The focus of the research study was to investigate the relationship of perceived benefits and perceived barriers to the health behaviors of exercise, nutritional eating practices, and elimination of smoking. Perceived barriers and benefits were measured by a tool developed by Sechrist , Walker, & Pender (1987).A randomized sample of 300 adults living in Indiana were surveyed. The adults were employed by Hooks-Super X, Inc. and were randomly selected from a population of 3200 adults employee.Variables of exercise, nutritional eating practices, and smoking behavior were examined to determine if a relationship existed between the variables and perceived barriers and benefits. Individual items measured the frequency of the variables.Three-way analysis of variance demonstrated that there was a relationship between exercise and perceived barriers and benefits. Chi Square Goodness of Fit demonstrated that age evidenced a significance relationship with exercise.The findings of the study revealed a relationship between the Health Promotion Model and exercise and perceived barriers and perceived benefits. / School of Nursing