Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2007. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Health care reform has been a controversial topic in America since the early 1900s (PBS, 2010). Today, the United States spends more on health care than any other industrialized nation (National Center for Health Statistics, 2011), but despite spending more, the U.S. has 46.3 million citizens who are uninsured (CDC 2009). To date, only two studies were located that analyzed health educators' behaviors related to health policy (Cooper, 1986; Holtrop, Price, & Boardley, 2000) and no studies were found using qualitative research designs to study health educators' experience with and recommendations for any policy issues, including health care reform issues. The purposes of this study were to explore recommendations from health educators for health care reform in relation to the different levels of the determinants of health ecological model and to examine potential new roles for the health education profession in achieving an effective health care system. An interpretive approach was used to gain contextualized, value-laden, specific knowledge from health educators to understand and interpret their perceptions about what needs to be in place on multiple levels for health care reform to be successful, and the Healthy People 2020 determinants of health ecological model (USDHHS, 2011) was used to elicit their perceptions. Twelve online, chat room focus groups and two online, chat room interviews were held with CHES and MCHES certified health educators over a three-week period. Three overarching themes emerged from the data: prevention, health literacy, and a focus on larger levels of the determinants of health ecological model. In addition to the overarching themes, recommendations were made at each level of the determinants of health ecological model, participants suggested an increased role of health educators in the medical and political setting, and responses revealed that participants in this study were involved in many advocacy experiences. Results of this study suggest that this group of health educators wants to see health care become a right for everyone. Participants want prevention and health education to become a social norm in society and a visible component of health care reform policies in the United States. Basically, there is a real need for our health care system to change into a system that does not focus on treatment after people get sick, but one that focuses on preventing illness and promoting wellness throughout the lifecycle and at multiple levels. Recommendations for the health education profession include compiling priority recommendations into a position statement or white paper to influence policy makers and politicians in Washington D.C. If health educators can become an interest group supporting health care reform proposals that include prevention and health education, then maybe they can influence health policies that promote their recommendations and ideals.

Boston University. University Professors Program Senior theses. / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / 2031-01-02

Thesis (M.N.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland, School of Nursing, 1998. / Typescript. Bibliography: p. 108-114.

Thesis (M.N.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland, 2002. / Typescript. Bibliography: leaves 174-181.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 538-584).

Thesis (M.P.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 88-93).

Thesis (M.P.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 88-93). Also available in print.

Health care systems in many countries around the world have been subject to major reform initiatives since 1980s and 1990s. The main rationale for reform was an increasing need to control costs in health care as the countries struggled to adapt to the global economic conjuncture and deal with their financial problems. The movement to reform health care arose in that context and spread amongst health care experts and policy makers. The aim of this study is to understand how reforms were initiated and what forces drove them. This topic is addressed through the case studies of change in health care policies in Turkey and the Czech Republic, both of which having experienced the influence of global economic trends, yet are defined by fundamentally different economic, political and social conditions. The findings of the study support that health policy ideas were diffused to the two countries via international policy networks; domestic contexts facilitated the diffusion. Interest groups were important actors in both countries, but the role played by various groups differed in the two countries. Finally, the countries appear to have tendency to converge to a certain degree with regard to their health financing system. Key words: Health care reform, policy diffusion, globalization, Czech Republic, Turkey.

殖民時期的香港一直被丛书新自由主義的經典例子。加上香港殖民政府的剝削本質，它一般不會提供廉價醫療服務給予普羅大眾。然而，儘管有「積極不干預主義」這口號，殖民政府仍然於香港留下了龐大公營醫療系統。為什麼龐大公營醫療系統與放任自由主義並存於二次世界大戰後的香港社會？ / 為了解答以上疑問，本研究將從一九六四年醫療改革，探討香港戰後醫療政策。本文認為，香港研究忽視了冷戰對香港公共衛生的影響。文獻回顧後，實證研究分為三部分。第一部分提出「衛生關注」(Sanitary Concern)不足以構成醫療改革的原因。第二部分通過文本分析，發現六十年代的主流報章不重視醫療改革，由此可見改革並非基於公眾的訴求。最後的部分從戰後政府檔案，發現長遠的公營醫療規劃沿於五十年代後期。同時，戰後公營醫療系統的擴張，更可能是因為殖民政府為了確保足夠的戰時緊急醫療服務，及防止左派利用社區診所滲透入基層。 / Hong Kong has been regarded as a textbook example of Neo Liberalism. The exploitative nature of a colonial government makes it unlikely for the colonial state to make commitment for low-cost medical services to the general public. However, the slogan of “positive non-interventionism notwithstanding, the strong public health sector in Hong Kong is also a colonial legacy. Why was such a state-centered medical system established in a laissez-faire society after the Second World War? / This thesis aims at investigating the 1964 hospital reform in Hong Kong to study the colonial governance and arguing that the Cold War factor has been neglected in the analysis of the medical-institutional change. After the literature review, there are three empirical sections to support this explanation. The first part finds that sanitary concern was not a strong reason for the reform. In the second part, a context analysis on newspaper during the 1960s shows that the hospital reform was simply neglected by most newspapers, which implies that the reform was not the direct result of public pressure. The final part looks into the long-term medical planning since the late 1950 and several related medical policies through different archives in order to demonstrate the impacts of Cold War’s politics on Hong Kong’s medical services provision. Evidences suggest that self-sufficiency of military-emergency medical services and control over the growing influence of left-wing community clinics could be a more convincing explanation for the reform. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Tang, Kai Yi. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 156-165). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Thesis/Assessment Committee --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / Acknowledgments --- p.iv / List of tables, graphs and figures --- p.v / Acknowledgments --- p.vii / Chapter Chapter One --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- The 1964 medical white paper: the first commitment in the colonial history --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2 --- A state-centred medical system as a colonial legacy --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3 --- The research question --- p.8 / Chapter 1.4 --- Methodology --- p.10 / Chapter 1.5 --- The central argument and outline of the thesis --- p.12 / Chapter Chapter Two --- Literature Review --- p.14 / Chapter 2.1. --- Politics of health in Hong Kong: a sudden change from the voluntary sector to the state? --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2 --- The origin of public health in Britain, India and Singapore --- p.17 / Chapter 2.3 --- Inadequate explanations for the 1964 hospital reform --- p.19 / Chapter 2.4 --- The nature of the Colonial governance: laissez-faire or Interventionist? --- p.21 / Chapter 2.5 --- British Hong Kong: Lacking commitments to local community --- p.24 / Chapter 2.6 --- The partial vision of public health in the colony --- p.25 / Chapter 2.7 --- Financial conservatism, the Pound crisis and social reforms in Hong Kong --- p.29 / Chapter 2.8 --- “1967 riot“ and “MacLehose“ as a explanation for the post-War social reforms --- p.33 / Chapter 2.9 --- An alternative: Cold War, the colonial governance and social service provision --- p.37 / Chapter Chapter Three --- Sanitary concern, diseases and state interventions in Hong Kong: Did the epidemic matter again? --- p.44 / Chapter 3.1 --- The origin of sanitary concern in Victorian Britain --- p.44 / Chapter 3.2 --- Impacts and limitations of sanitary concern in Hong Kong --- p.48 / Chapter 3.3 --- The 1894 Plague as a turning point: the first expansion in the colonial medical system --- p.50 / Chapter 3.4 --- Shadow of sanitary concern after the War --- p.53 / Chapter 3.5 --- Health profile in Hong Kong: a gradual improvement? --- p.56 / Chapter 3.6 --- A epidemiological transition in infectious diseases since 1945 --- p.59 / Chapter 3.7 --- Conclusion: Did diseases really matter? --- p.64 / Chapter Chapter Four --- Public opinion on public health: a driving force to the reform? --- p.65 / Chapter 4.1. --- The political culture in post-war Hong Kong --- p.66 / Chapter 4.2 --- From the rise in telephone fees to a social event in newspapers --- p.69 / Chapter 4.3 --- A content analysis on newspapers in 1964 --- p.72 / Chapter 4.4 --- Most medical news: informative but not critical --- p.73 / Chapter 4.5 --- Hospital reform: simply ignored? --- p.77 / Chapter 4.6 --- Reform: a result of public pressure? --- p.81 / Chapter 4.7 --- A social event: “charity clinics problem“? --- p.84 / Chapter 4.8 --- Conclusion: an ignored reform by an active Chinese community? --- p.88 / Chapter Chapter Five --- Politics of public health in post-war Hong Kong: clinics, hospitals and the Cold War --- p.89 / Chapter 5.1 --- British in Cold War: to defend a valuable but vulnerable port --- p.90 / Chapter 5.2 --- Coincidence: A growing government medical sector since 1957 --- p.97 / Chapter 5.3 --- Planning since 1957: reserved lands, standard clinic design and Executive Council --- p.108 / Chapter 5.4 --- Planning in New Territories: a Heung Yee Kuk’s petition for a new hospital --- p.113 / Chapter 5.5 --- A forgotten alternative in medical financing: medical insurance schemes --- p.117 / Chapter 5.6 --- Politics between Hong Kong and London: Mayo Clinic --- p.120 / Chapter 5.7 --- Incinerators and generators: the role of civil hospitals in defence --- p.123 / Chapter 5.8 --- Civil hospitals in M.D.S.: to defend the indefensible Colony --- p.124 / Chapter 5.9 --- “Inconsistent planning: to defend Hong Kong without military hospitals? --- p.135 / Chapter 5.10 --- Threats from the communist: regulations on refugee doctors and charity clinics --- p.138 / Chapter 5.11 --- Conclusion: 1964, a year of no significance? --- p.144 / Chapter Chapter Six --- Conclusion --- p.145 / Chapter 6.1 --- Summary of arguments --- p.145 / Chapter 6.2 --- A reference point: Cold War’s politics and the medical reform in Singapore --- p.148 / Chapter 6.3 --- Implications on public health and Hong Kong studies --- p.152 / Chapter 6.4 --- Limitations and directions of further study --- p.153 / Reference --- p.156