Abstract The objective of this study is to investigate the heavy metal pollution in our environment by sampling and analyzing the concentration of heavy metal in seawater, sediment, and aquatic organisms from the seaside along the Chang-hua Coastal Industrial Park. The Chang-hua Coastal Industrial Park, located by the west coast of Chung-hua county in middle Taiwan, is a large-scale and multi-functional industrial estate with industrial production, residence and leisure possibilities. Hsienhsi District is situated at the northern part of the Industrial Park. Lukang District is at the southern part. In the middle of it, it is Lunwei District. In the Chung-hua Coastal Industrial Park, there are the second most electroplate and metal coating factories in Taiwan. Metal waste from the process of electroplating and coasting could easily pollute the tidal flat in Chang-hua Coastal Industrial Park. In order to prevent potential pollution taking place, this study took seawater, segment, and the aquatic organisms from the coast of the Chung-hua Coastal Industrial Park to monitoring the concentration level of copper(Cu), zinc(Zn), nickel(Ni), lead(Pb), chromium(Cr) and cadmium(Cd) in each index. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) indicates distinctions of accumulation in various matrixes. Especially from BCFW and BCFS demonstrate that soldier crab is a better index to illustrate the accumulation of Pb and Cr. Muricidae is a better index for showing Cd accumulating concentration. Furthermore, saccostreamordax is the best index for illustrating accumulative level of Ni. Oyster is better in showing accumulating of Cu and Zn. Though each organism shows distinct accumulation of particular metal, they can still illustrate the concentration of other selected metals to image the pollution of the environment. The comparison of metal accumulating levels in seawater, segment, and aquatic organisms from each test site demonstrated: the heavy metal concentration at site2 was much higher than at the other sites. The second most heavy metal concentration was at site6 and site8. Matrixes at site4 contained the lowest heavy metal concentration. The result was thought to be caused by current capacities of factories in three districts of Chang-hua Coastal Industrial Park. Site2 was at Hsienhsi Districtin, in which contained about 58% of factories in residence. In Lukang District, it reached the highest-77%-where was site 6 and site 8. In terms of Site4, it situated at Lunwei District, where was Lunwei Harbor Reservation with least development following by least capacity of factories. Furthermore, without a sound environmental-protection biological sewage treatment device, residues and chemical waste produced from various highly contaminant industries would bring about this concentration comparison result as well.

Abstract Heavy metals and organics are always presented an important rule in the pollution control. In Taiwan, there are large amounts of toxic wastewater produced from electrical plating, metal surface-treating, steel, IC, electrics, photo-electrics, printed PC board, refinery, medicals, oil painting and foods manufactory industries. Those wastewater are contained toxic and hazardous materials materials to human body or environment quality. Thus, we believe it need immediately to develop the innovative process on removal of wastewater containing heavy metals and organic compounds. This study uses the strong oxidation of Fenton¡¦s Process to first remove the organic pollutant, EDTA, and then uses Ferrite Process to incorporate heavy metal ions into spinel structure for facilitating removal of heavy metal ions, and through this work, the best operation model of series treatment ¡§Fenton/Ferrite Process¡¨ is established. With respect to batch reaction in Fenton¡¦s Process, the emphasis in this work is placed the effect on EDTA removal by pH, ferrous ions concentration, and hydrogen peroxide . The results show that the best removal of EDTA occurs when Fenton is under acid condition (pH=2); and the removal of EDTA increase as the ferrous ions and hydrogen peroxide increase adequately, but when its quantity exceeds a certain value, the removal of EDTA would decrease as follows. Such a result may be caused by the excess of ferrous ions and hydrogen peroxide which could restain generation of hydroxyl radicals. As followed the Fenton¡¦s process, Ferrite Process is next used for treatment of wastewater in series; Ferrite Process has three stages, and the operating conditions are controlled temperature and pH. For the first stage, the operating condition is 70¢J, and pH is 9.0; and the operating condition is 90¢J, and pH is 9.0 in the second stage; and the operating condition is 80¢J, and pH is 10.0 in the last stage. From the results of series experiments, with respect to reaction time, each concentration of heavy metal in supernatant could meet the standards of discharge water when the total time of A-4 experimental condition is 90 minutes; if Hg ion is not included in wastewater, then the reaction time could be reduced to 50 minutes. I shows benefit for short reaction it the time. Under A-3 experimental condition, the reaction time is 56 minutes when Cd and Hg ions are not included in the wastewater, then each ions concentration of heavy metal could also reach the standards of discharge water, and this experiment need of ferrous ions is least of all. Thus, this experiment in this work has the economic benefits both for regarding time and cost-effectiveness. Keywords¡GFenton¡¦s Process¡BFerrite Process¡BEDTA¡BHeavy metal

The purposes of this study are to understand distributions and historical pollution records of heavy metals in sediments from the Kaoping coastal areas. Surface sediments were collected from coastal areas of the Kaohsiung 1st Harbor, the Kaohsiung 2nd Harbor and the Kaoping River. Three gravity cores were also collected from the Kaohsiung Harbor near the Chien-chen River mouth, coastal areas adjacent to the Kaohsiung 2nd Harbor and the Kaoping Estuary. Distributions of heavy metals( Al¡BCd¡BCr¡BCu¡BFe¡BMn¡BNi¡BPb¡BZn), total organic carbon(TOC), total nitrogen(TN) and grain size in sediments were investigated. 210Pb chronology and stable lead isotope ratios( 206Pb/207Pb¡B208Pb/206Pb¡B208Pb/207Pb) were applied for revealing the historical records of metal pollution. Experimental results show that sediments in the Kaoping coastal areas were polluted substantially with Cr, Pb and Zn. The metal pollution were relatively significant at the Kaohsiung 1st Harbor, the Kaohsiung 2nd Harbor, three outfall fields, nearshore areas (Da-lin-pu, Kaoping River, Tungkang River, Linpan River and Tapong Bay) and inner of the Kaoping Submarine Canyon. Distributions of heavy metals in sediments from the Kaohsiung Harbor coastal areas were apparently influenced by the distributions of grain size and organic matter. The metal pollution is heavier within the Kaohsiung Harbor than in coastal areas adjacent to the Harbor. The Chien-chen River is one of major sources of metal pollution in the Kaohsiung Harbor. According to 210Pb dating, the sedimentation rate near the Chien-chen River mouth is about 0.78 cm/y. The onset of rapid increase of metal pollution was in 1958, the time coincident with the re-construction of the Kaohsiung Harbor. The Kaoping Submarine Canyon played a major role on the transport and deposition of heavy metals discharged from the Kaoping River. The variation of topography and current results in enrichment of fine sediments in the Kaoping Submarine Canyon, where heavy metals were likely accumulated and enriched in fine sediments. Significant metal pollution beginning around 1972 was revealed from a sediment cone near the Kaoping Estuary. Anthropogenic metals may be released from the industrial parks along the Kaoping River.

The purpose of this study is to establish the background metal concentrations of several demersal aquatic organisms in the coastal waters off Yunlin county before the development of petroleum industries camp at Tai-shi area, S. W. Taiwan. In addition to, the proper bioindicators are also investigated for future monitoring purpose. Twenty-seven species of sedimentary organisms, including 11 species of fishes, 3 species of crabs, 9 species of shrimps, 2 species of mollusca, and 2 species of cephalopods were collected in 5 seasons from September 1998 to November 1999. Metal concentrations of Ag, As, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Se and Zn were analyzed in the muscles and internal organs. The results showed that metal concentrations were significantly different according to species and tissues. Muscle concentrations of As, Fe and Zn were higher in fish, shrimp and cephalopod, whereas Zn, Cu and As were in crab, and Fe and Zn in mollusca. In the internal organs, Fe concentrations were the highest metal contents of fish and mollusca, but Cu were the highest for crab and shrimp. Nevertheless, Fe and Cu concentrations were respectively the highest elemental contents in two species of cephalopods, Octopus ocellatus and Sepiotenthis lessoniana. In gonads, Zn was the highest metal concentration in both gender of fish. However, in crab, Cu and Zn were respectively the highest metal concentrations of Portunus pelagicus and Charybdis hellerii. Among the all, Ag, Co, Cd and Hg showed the lowest concentrations in the species. In most cases, the metal concentrations of internal organs were higher than those of muscles, except Ag and Hg turned out to be reverse. The mean metal concentrations found in this study were similar to those measured in uncontaminated waters worldwide, so that it represents the background values of the aquatic demersal organisms in Yin-lin waters. The metal concentrations in the editable parts of the organisms were all below the food safety standard worldwide. Among the 10 metals analyzed, only As, Se and Zn concentrations of gonad showed the gender-differences. A positive correlation between a metal concentration and the body size were found in several cases, e. g. Ag in internal organs of Neverita lineata, As in muscles of Penaeus cornutus, Hg in muscles of Sillago sihama, Penaeus cornutus, Penaeus hardwickii and Neverita didyma, and Zn in hepatopancrea of Portunus pelagicus. However, Zn in viscera of Neverita didyma revealed a negative correlation to the size. Seasonal variations of metal concentrations were also found in the internal organs of most species. The concentrations of Cu, Fe, Mn, Se, Zn and As of internal organs showed a peak in both February and April, which may relate to the seasonal in put of anthropogenic pollutants in the area. Based on the metal concentrations of internal organs, the ratio of internal organ to muscle and the relative deviations, we suggest Octopus ocellatus, Portunus sanguinolentus (great for Ag, Cd, Co, Cu, Se and Zn), Penaeus cornutus (great for As and Cd), Neverita didyma(great for Co, Hg and Zn) and Arius maculatus(great for Fe, Se and Zn), which potentially concentrated high levels of metals, could be the good bioindicators in future.

The effects of the four metals, copper, zinc, cadmium and manganese on the common cockle, Cerastoderma edule L., were investigated. With regard to both the inhibition of filtering rate and mortality of cockles, copper was the most toxic metal, followed by zinc then cadmium. Manganese was the least toxic and appeared to have no adverse effect on the animals. The accumulation of the metals by the cockles from a range of added concentrations was studied by analysing their soft tissues using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Copper, zinc and cadmium were all accumulated markedly, but the relationships between accumulation, added metal concentration and duration of exposure were complex. Manganese accumulation was almost undetectable. A major aim of the study was to investigate the effect of one metal on the accumulation of another. The inherent variability in these stable metal experiments made this very difficult. A technique was devised where the uptake of radioisotopes of the metals by excised and isolated cockle gills was measured. This reduced variability and was used in all further investigations. Unlike the uptake of zinc, cadmium and manganese, where uptake was proportionately less at higher added concentrations, the uptake of copper by the gills was proportionately greater at higher added levels. Uptake of manganese was much lower than that of the other metals. Experiments were performed where the amount of metal that was surface-bound to the gills and that which was internally bound was determined. With all the metals tested, the proportion of metal taken up that was bound internally increased with time. These findings are discussed in terms of the involvement of metal-binding ligands and the responses of whole animals to the metals. The excised gill method was used to examine interactions between the metals and it was found that zinc and copper generally reduced the uptake of cadmium and manganese. The latter two metals also inhibited each other's uptake. Severity of metal to metal interactions increased with time, emphasising their intracellular nature. The results are discussed with reference to the importance of metal interactions in polluted field situations and the desirability of setting flexible emission standards. These results, along with those from experiments on metal loss from gills and those from further experiments on interactions were used to produce a simplified model of metal uptake. It is proposed that at least two types of intracellular metal-binding ligands are involved, which have different affinities for the metals. Such ligands may be part of a metal detoxification mechanism on which metal resistance depends. The final part of the study involved comparing the responses to metals of cockles from two localities. It was shown that animals from the more polluted site displayed some tolerance of copper and zinc.

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The metal mining history goes thousands of years back. The downside of the mining industry is the large amount of tailings created during the mining operations. Drainage and leaching of heavy metals from these tailings may cause major environmental problems including acid mine drainage and leaching of heavy metals. This study examines a pond located near an old mining site, where part of the old mining facility has been recently (1990) restored. The objective was to assess eventual metal contamination from historical mining and the recently performed restoration using a sediment core as a natural archive of historical metal inputs to the pond. I found that the concentration of lead, copper, zinc and nickel were elevated in comparison to background levels in sediment. Elevated concentrations were found in the deep layer of the sediment core, 14-20 cm with an estimated age of ca 100 years. The highest concentrations were found near the surface (3-4 cm depth). Conclusion of the study was that the early mining operations has affected the ponds metal contamination history. The restoration of the mining site had weak impact on the pond, but may contribute to the high metal concentration in recent sediments.

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Zugl.: Münster (Westfalen), Univ., Magisterarbeit, 2005