A common theme in amyloid disorders is the deposition of disease-specific protein aggregates in tissues. Amyloid proteins bind to heparan sulfate (HS), a sulfated glycosaminoglycan, and HS has been found to promote the aggregation process. The present work relates to HS mediated mechanisms of amyloidosis, particularly transthyretin (TTR) amyloidosis, AA-amyloidosis and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). TTR is a transport protein present in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid, which under unclear circumstances can deposit as amyloid in the myocardium of elderly individuals. Examination of cardiac tissue from a 70 year old patient with reported cardiomyopathy reveald co-deposition of TTR amyloid and HS. Studies revealed that HS promotes TTR fibrillization through interaction with a basic motif in the protein. Empolyment of a cell model demonstrated that cell surface HS mediates internalization of TTR, an effect likely facilitated by HS-binding to the basic motif on TTR. Collectively, HS-TTR interactions at the cell surface may have dual outcomes, resulting in either fibrillization or internalization, respectively. During inflammatory conditions, serum amyloid A (SAA), an acute-phase protein associated with the high-density lipoprotein (HDL), can assemble into insoluble amyloid fibrils, causing AA-amyloidosis. We found that HS structures exceeding 12-14 sugar units in length separates SAA from HDL and induces subsequent aggregation of the polypeptide. Our result proposes a novel role for HS in AA-amyloidosis in which a critical length of HS is required for separation of SAA from HDL. Late-onset AD patients show reduced ability to clear cerebral amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregates, a pathological hallmark of the disease. Althought the pathway of Aβ clearance is still unclear, several cell-surface receptors are implicated in Aβ internalization. We found that ApoE facilitated Aβ uptake through interactions with HS-proteoglycans and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1. The ApoE interaction with Aβ likely promotes Aβ clearance in the brain, but, if unbalanced, may contribute to the pathology of AD.     These findings are in accord with the concept of HS as a promoter of amyloid protein aggregation, but also point to more complex relationship.

Heparan sulfates (HSs) are a class of anionic carbohydrate chains found at cell surfaces and in the extracellular matrix where they interact with a number of proteins. HS is characterized by extreme structural heterogeneity, and has been implicated in a number of biological phenomenon like embryogenesis, morphogen gradient formation and signalling of growth factors such as FGF, PDGF etc. Despite the characteristic structural heterogeneity, evidence from compositional studies show that the HS structure is expressed in a tightly regulated manner, implying a functional significance, which is most likely in the modulation of cell behaviour through HS-protein interactions. The lack of molecular tools has, however, hampered the understanding of HS structures with functional significance. This work therefore aims at characterizing the structural requirements on HS involved in the interaction with the anti-HS phage display antibodies HS4C3, AO4B08 and HS4E4 and a selected growth factor PDGF-BB. The characterization was done with the help of tailored oligosaccharide libraries generated from sources bearing structural resemblance to HS. The work has thus made available tools that preferentially recognize certain structural features on the HS chain and will aid in the further study of HS structure and its regulation. Evidence is also provided to support the notion that HS protein interactions can occur in multiple manners, utilizing any of the structural features on the HS chain.

<p>Growth factors and their receptors coordinate neuronal differentiation during development, yet their roles in the embyronal tumor neuroblastoma, where differentiation is a validated treatment strategy, remain unclear. The neuroblastoma tumor stroma is thought to suppress neuroblast growth via release of soluble differentiating factors. Here we identify critical components of the differentiating stroma secretome and describe preclinical testing of a novel therapeutic strategy based on their mechanism of action.</p><p>Expression of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), including T&#946;RIII, GPC1, GPC3, SDC3, and SDC4, is decreased in neuroblastoma, high in the stroma, and suppresses tumor growth. High expression of T&#946;RIII, GPC1, and SDC3 is associated with improved patient prognosis. HSPGs signal via heparan sulfate binding to FGFR1 and FGF2, which leads to phosphorylation of FGFR1 and Erk MAPK, and upregulation of the transcription factor inhibitor of DNA binding 1 (Id1). Surface expression and treatment with soluble HSPGs promotes neuroblast differentiation via this signaling complex. Expression of individual HSPGs positively correlates with Id1 expression in neuroblastoma patient samples and multivariate regression demonstrates that expression of HSPGs as a group positively correlates with Id1 expression, underscoring the clinical relevance of this pathway. HSPGs also enhance differentiation from FGF2 released by the stroma and FGF2 is identified as a potential serum prognostic biomarker in neuroblastoma patients. </p><p>The anticoagulant heparin has similar differentiating effects to HSPGs, decreasing neuroblast proliferation and reducing tumor growth while extending survival in an orthotopic xenograft model of neuroblastoma. Dissection of individual sulfation sites identifies 2-O-, 3-O-de-sulfated heparin (ODSH) as a differentiating agent that suppresses orthotopic xenograft growth and metastasis in two models while avoiding anticoagulation. These studies form the preclinical rationale for a multicenter clinical trial currently being proposed.</p><p>In conclusion, these studies translate mechanistic insights in neuroblast HSPG function to identify heparins as differentiating agents for clinical development in neuroblastoma, while demonstrating that tumor stroma biology can inform design of targeted molecular therapeutics.</p> / Dissertation

No description available.

Cartilage development relies on the coordinated presentation of biological signals to direct chondrocyte morphology and function. This is largely controlled by perlecan, a heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG). Understanding the role of perlecan and its pendant glycosaminoglycan chains (GAG) in cartilage development is essential for advances in tissue engineered cartilage replacement strategies. Perlecan was immunolocalised to the pericellular matrix of prehypertrophic and hypertrophic chondrocytes in human fetal feet. Human fetal chondrocytes were isolated and cultured in 3-dimensional (3D) scaffolds for a period of 4 weeks. Their chondrogenic phenotype, based on extracellular matrix (ECM) components, was assessed and compared to 2D cultures. Chondrocyte perlecan was immunopurified from human fetal chondrocytes grown in vitro and fetal cartilage tissue and characterised using a combination of antibody-based techniques (ELISA, Western blotting) and gel electrophoresis. The biological function of chondrocyte perlecan was determined by its ability to form ternary complexes with fibroblast growth factors (FGF) and their receptors (FGFR) using an antibody-based technique as well as a cell proliferation assay using cells expressing FGFR isotypes. Perelcan was restricted to the prehypertrophic and hypertrophic zones of cartilage. This zonal organisation of chondrocytes and chondrogenic properties, determined by their morphology and PG deposition, was recapitulated in the 3D constructs while 2D cultures displayed dedifferentiated chondrocytes. Exogenous FGF2 promoted chondrocyte proliferation, while FGF18 stimulated the synthesis of perlecan, reflecting chondrocyte hypertrophy. Chondrocyte perlecan (630kDa) contained HS, chondroitin sulfate (CS) and keratan sulfate (KS) chains. Chondrocyte perlecan formed HS dependent ternary complexes with FGF2-FGFR1c and FGF18-FGFR3c, while FGF18-FGFR3c binding to perlecan protein core was also observed. Binding of FGF18-FGFR3c to chondrocyte perlecan HS was more promiscuous than FGF2-FGFR1c. Furthermore, chondrocyte perlecan HS mediated biological activity with FGF18 via FGFR3c, which was modulated by mammalian heparanase, while no biological activity was elicited by FGF2-FGFR1c. The findings underline how perlecan and its GAGs interact with FGF and FGFR in a spatio-temporal manner to promote signalling, effecting chondrocyte behaviour and morphology in cartilage development. This insight can be utilised in tissue engineering to improve the development of biologically functional cartilage replacements.

Cartilage development relies on the coordinated presentation of biological signals to direct chondrocyte morphology and function. This is largely controlled by perlecan, a heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG). Understanding the role of perlecan and its pendant glycosaminoglycan chains (GAG) in cartilage development is essential for advances in tissue engineered cartilage replacement strategies. Perlecan was immunolocalised to the pericellular matrix of prehypertrophic and hypertrophic chondrocytes in human fetal feet. Human fetal chondrocytes were isolated and cultured in 3-dimensional (3D) scaffolds for a period of 4 weeks. Their chondrogenic phenotype, based on extracellular matrix (ECM) components, was assessed and compared to 2D cultures. Chondrocyte perlecan was immunopurified from human fetal chondrocytes grown in vitro and fetal cartilage tissue and characterised using a combination of antibody-based techniques (ELISA, Western blotting) and gel electrophoresis. The biological function of chondrocyte perlecan was determined by its ability to form ternary complexes with fibroblast growth factors (FGF) and their receptors (FGFR) using an antibody-based technique as well as a cell proliferation assay using cells expressing FGFR isotypes. Perelcan was restricted to the prehypertrophic and hypertrophic zones of cartilage. This zonal organisation of chondrocytes and chondrogenic properties, determined by their morphology and PG deposition, was recapitulated in the 3D constructs while 2D cultures displayed dedifferentiated chondrocytes. Exogenous FGF2 promoted chondrocyte proliferation, while FGF18 stimulated the synthesis of perlecan, reflecting chondrocyte hypertrophy. Chondrocyte perlecan (630kDa) contained HS, chondroitin sulfate (CS) and keratan sulfate (KS) chains. Chondrocyte perlecan formed HS dependent ternary complexes with FGF2-FGFR1c and FGF18-FGFR3c, while FGF18-FGFR3c binding to perlecan protein core was also observed. Binding of FGF18-FGFR3c to chondrocyte perlecan HS was more promiscuous than FGF2-FGFR1c. Furthermore, chondrocyte perlecan HS mediated biological activity with FGF18 via FGFR3c, which was modulated by mammalian heparanase, while no biological activity was elicited by FGF2-FGFR1c. The findings underline how perlecan and its GAGs interact with FGF and FGFR in a spatio-temporal manner to promote signalling, effecting chondrocyte behaviour and morphology in cartilage development. This insight can be utilised in tissue engineering to improve the development of biologically functional cartilage replacements.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol inst., 2004. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Uppsala universitet, 2006. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Heparan sulfate (HS) is a class of linear, sulfated polysaccharides located on cell surface, secretory granules, and in extracellular matrices found in all animal organ systems. It consists of alternately repeating disaccharide units, expressed in animal species ranging from hydra to higher vertebrates including humans. HS binds and mediates the biological activities of over 300 proteins, including growth factors, enzymes, chemokines, cytokines, adhesion and structural proteins, lipoproteins and amyloid proteins. The binding events largely depend on the fine structure - the arrangement of sulfate groups and other variations - on HS chains. With the activated electron dissociation (ExD) high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry technique, researchers acquire rich structural information about the HS molecule. Using this technique, covalent bonds of the HS oligosaccharide ions are dissociated in the mass spectrometer. However, this information is complex, owing to the large number of product ions, and contains a degree of ambiguity due to the overlapping of product ion masses and lability of sulfate groups; as a result, there is a serious barrier to manual interpretation of the spectra. The interpretation of such data creates a serious bottleneck to the understanding of the biological roles of HS. In order to solve this problem, I designed HS-SEQ - the first HS sequencing algorithm using high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. HS-SEQ allows rapid and confident sequencing of HS chains from millions of candidate structures and I validated its performance using multiple known pure standards. In many cases, HS oligosaccharides exist as mixtures of sulfation positional isomers. I therefore designed MULTI-HS-SEQ, an extended version of HS-SEQ targeting spectra coming from more than one HS sequence. I also developed several pre-processing and post-processing modules to support the automatic identification of HS structure. These methods and tools demonstrated the capacity for large-scale HS sequencing, which should contribute to clarifying the rich information encoded by HS chains as well as developing tailored HS drugs to target a wide spectrum of diseases.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-20T12:49:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 amanda_tucci_ioc_mest_2015.pdf: 5122366 bytes, checksum: 8fea49a02fa58dc27c0339860fdb91fd (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil / A diversidade genética do Trypanosoma cruzi influencia diferentes parâmetros biológicos e tem sido apontada como fator importante para o desfecho clínico da doença de Chagas. A expressão diferencial de genes e proteínas entre as diferentes DTUs do T. cruzi parece determinar a virulência do parasito e sua capacidade de subverter a resposta imune e persistir no hospedeiro mamífero. Dentre o repertório de moléculas de superfície dos parasitos envolvido no reconhecimento celular, destacamos as proteínas de ligação à heparina (PLHs) que atuam no ciclo de vida de diferentes patógenos intracelulares, incluindo o T. cruzi. PLHs desempenham importante papel na citoaderência e entrada do T. cruzi através do reconhecimento de proteoglicanos de heparam sulfato (PGHS) na superfície de células de mamíferos. O mecanismo de invasão disparado pela interação PLHs-PGHS, assim como a presença de PLHs em T. cruzi de diferentes genótipos (TCI e TCII) ainda não foi elucidado. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a expressão de PLHs e glicoproteínas (GPs), gp35/50, gp82 e gp90, envolvidas na invasão de tripomastigotas derivados de cultivo celular (TCT), tripomastigotas sanguíneos (BT) e metacíclicos (MT) de T. cruzi da cepa Y (TcII) e isolado silvestre SMM36 (isolado de espécimes de Triatoma vitticeps da região de Santa Maria Madalena, RJ; Zimodema 3), bem como sua atuação nos eventos de internalização destes parasitos. A expressão e localização subcelular de PLHs e GPs em T. cruzi foi determinada pela incubação por 1h no gelo de tripomastigotas com 20\03BCg/mL de heparina ou heparam sulfato (HS) conjugados à biotina seguido de processamento para citometria de fluxo e microscopia de fluorescência As análises de citometria de fluxo revelaram que tripomastigotas (TCT, BT e MT) de diferentes genótipos (cepa Y e isolado SMM36) possuem uma expressão diferencial de PLHs e GPs em sua superfície. TCTs e BT (cepa Y) possuem elevada expressão de PLHs comparado aos MTs. Cerca de 90% da população de TCTs apresentam marcação positiva para PLHs enquanto apenas 10-25% dos MTs possuem esta proteína expressa na superfície. Em contraste, MTs apresentam níveis mais elevados de gp35/50, gp82 e gp90 comparados aos TCTs. A localização subcelular de PLHs em domínios de sinalização do T. cruzi é bastante peculiar. Em TCTs e BT (cepa Y), PLHs estão localizadas na membrana flagelar enquanto as GPs estão distribuídas ao longo do corpo do parasito (TCT e MT), exceto gp90 que é negativa nos TCTs. Ainda, a capacidade invasiva dos parasitos e o papel de proteoglicanos sulfatados foi analisada utilizando células de ovário de hamster chinês competentes (CHO-K1) e mutantes deficientes em glicosaminoglicanos (CHO-745) como modelo experimental de invasão. Os dados quantitativos da infecção revelaram que TCTs (cepa Y e isolado SMM36) são mais infectivos que MTs. TCTs alcançaram um perfil de infecção entre 52-85% após 2h de interação com CHO-K1, de acordo com a razão parasito-célula alvo, enquanto MTs atingiram o máximo de 6% de infecção neste tempo de interação Embora o percentual de infecção tenha sido similar entre TCTs dos diferentes genótipos, a análise do índice endocítico revelou maior eficiência do isolado SMM36 na invasão, apresentando valores cerca de 40% maior de parasitos interiorizados. Ainda, CHO-745 infectadas com TCT (Y e SMM36) apresentaram redução de aproximadamente 30% nos níveis de infecção quando comparadas a CHO-K1. Este fenômeno não foi observado em MTs mesmo após 24h de interação, cujo percentual de infecção alcançou 37% na maior relação parasito-célula alvo (60:1). Este conjunto de dados sugere que a interação PLHs-PGHS possa disparar vias de sinalização importantes para entrada de parasitos que expressam elevados níveis de PLHs em sua superfície. O mecanismo de invasão mediado pela interação PLHs-PGHS será alvo de futura investigação / The genetic diversity of Trypanosoma cruzi influences different biological parameters and has been identified as an important factor for the clinical outcome of Chagas’ disease. The differential gene and protein expression between different DTUs of T. cruzi seems to determine the virulence of the parasite and its capacity to subvert the immune response and persist in the mammalian host. Among the surface molecules repertoire of parasites involved in cell recognition, we highlight the heparin binding proteins (PLHs) acting in the life cycle of different intracellular pathogens, including T. cruzi. PLHs play an important role in cytoadherence and entrance of T. cruzi by recognizing heparan sulfate proteoglycan (PGHS) in the mammalian cell surface. The mechanism of invasion triggered by PLHs-PGHS interaction, as well as the presence of PLHs in different genotypes (TCI and TCII) of T. cruzi has not yet been elucidated. This study aimed to evaluate the expression of PLHs and glycoproteins (GPs), GP35/50, gp82 and gp90, involved in the invasion of cell culture derived trypomastigotes (TCT), bloodstream trypomastigotes (BT) and metacyclics (MT) of T. cruzi of Y strain (TCII) and the sylvatic isolate SMM36 (isolated from specimens of Triatoma vitticeps from Santa Maria Madalena region, RJ; Zymodeme 3), as well as their role in the events of internalization of these parasites. Expression and subcellular localization of PLHs and GPs in T. cruzi was determined by incubation for 1 h on ice of trypomastigotes with 20μg/mL of biotin-conjugated heparin or heparan sulfate (HS) followed by processing for flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. The flow cytometry analysis showed that trypomastigotes (TCT, BT and MT) of different genotypes (Y strain and SMM36 isolate) have differential expression of PLHs and GPs on their surface. TCTs and BT (Y strain) have high expression of PLHs compared to MTs. About 90% of TCT population has positive labeling to PLHs while only 10-25% of MTs have expressed this protein on the surface. In contrast, MTs have higher levels of GP35/50, gp82 and gp90 when compared to TCTs. The subcellular localization of PLHs in signaling domains of T. cruzi is quite peculiar. In TCTs and BT (Y strain), PLHs are located in the flagellar membrane while GPs are distributed throughout the parasite's body (TCT and MT), except that gp90 is negative in TCTs. Also, the invasive capacity of the parasites, and the role of sulfated proteoglycans were analyzed using wild-type chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO-K1), and its mutant cell line deficient in glycosaminoglycan (CHO-745) as experimental model of invasion. The quantitative data of infection revealed that TCTs (Y strain and SMM36 isolate) are more infective than MTs. TCTs reached a range of infection between 52-85% after 2h of interaction with CHO-K1, according to the parasite- host cell ratio, while MTs reached a maximum of 6% infection at this time of interaction. Although the percentage of infection was similar between TCTs of different genotypes, the analysis of the endocytic index showed higher efficiency of invasion in the SMM36 isolate, showing values about 40% more of internalized parasites. Also, CHO-745 infected with TCT (Y strain and SMM36 isolate) exhibit approximately 30% decrease in infection levels compared to CHO-K1. This phenomenon was not observed in MTs even after 24 hours of interaction, whose percentage of infection reached 37% at the highest parasite-target cell ratio (60: 1). These data suggest that PGHS-PLHs interaction may trigger signaling pathways important for entry of parasites that express high levels of PLHs on its surface. These invasion mechanisms mediated by PLHs PGHS-interaction will be the focus of future research. / 2016-10-29