Measuring the amount of bromsulfophthalein (BSP) retained in serum 30 minutes after intravenous injection can be used to evaluate hepatic function. BSP retention of less than 5% 30 minutes after intravenous administration is considered normal in dogs. The BSP retention test fell out of favor due to perceived inaccuracy when compared with bile acid and ammonia testing and a fear of hypersensitivity reactions. BSP was discontinued as a commercially-available drug in 1984. Use of BSP has continued at virginia tech despite the test's reputed disadvantages. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the BSP retention test in dogs with and without histopathologically-confirmed hepatobiliary disease. The medical records of 150 dogs with hepatobiliary disease having both a BSP retention test and hepatic biopsy performed were evaluated. Histopathologic slides were reviewed, and dogs were classified according to one of 11 predetermined histopathologic categories. Twenty-five random-source dogs were used as controls. Adverse effects following BSP administration were not observed in any dog. BSP retention was significantly different between hospitalized and control dogs, but the test could not distinguish between dogs with different types of hepatobiliary disease. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of the BSP retention test were calculated, and its sensitivity was comparable to that of serum bile acid and ammonia testing. Using 6.0% retention as a cut-off for normal retention resulted in a specificity of 100%, sensitivity of 69.8%, positive predictive value of 100%, and negative predictive value of 35.7%. / Master of Science

A baixa sensibilidade dos animais à droga e a função hepática pouco alterada são as principais dificuldades para o desenvolvimento da cirrose hepática experimental. A proposta deste trabalho foi aprimorar o modelo de cirrose por injeção intraperitoneal de tioacetamida (TAA) a fim de reduzir a adaptação dos animais ao fármaco. Foram utilizados 5 grupos de fêmeas de ratos Wistar: A (200 mg TAA/kg); B (aumento de 20% aos 48 dias); C (aumento de 10% a cada 24 dias); D (aumento de 15% a cada 24 dias); E (solução salina). Os animais foram injetados 3 vezes por semana durante 14 semanas. Foram realizadas coletas sanguíneas, por punção cardíaca, no início, no final do experimento e antes dos aumentos de dose, para análise dos marcadores de função hepática. A avaliação comportamental foi efetuada pelo método do labirinto em cruz elevado (LCE). Amostras de fígado foram colhidas e submetidas ao processamento para microscopia de luz. Os animais tratados com TAA apresentaram piloereção, icterícia e cromodacriorréia. Os testes do LCE demonstraram estresse e/ou ansiedade nesses animais. Os fígados cirróticos apresentaram nódulos regenerativos e lesões hemorrágicas na superfície. O ganho de peso foi semelhante entre os grupos tratados, porém, inferior ao do grupo E. Os danos de função hepática foram mais acentuados nos grupos em que houve aumento de dose, entretanto, a mortalidade do grupo D foi elevada (44%). O tratamento com TAA levou ao desenvolvimento de cirrose com formação de nódulos regenerativos circundados por septos fibrosos e desarranjo da arquitetura hepática. A deposição de colágeno foi maior nos grupos B e C. O grupo D apresentou quantidade de colágeno semelhante a do grupo A. O exame histopatológico demonstrou intensa proliferação de células ovais e hiperplasia de ductos biliares com produção de muco ácido. Foi observada presença de hemossiderina, hepatócitos balonizados, lesões nucleares e células inflamatórias. A administração de TAA provocou ainda o desenvolvimento de lesões pré-neoplásicas, sugerindo possível efeito carcinogênico dessa substância. Os resultados demonstraram que os grupos B e C foram os mais eficazes no desenvolvimento da cirrose experimental. O grupo D, apesar do aumento maior na dose, apresentou resultados similares aos do grupo A (dose constante) e alta mortalidade, selecionando animais resistentes à droga. Assim, recomenda-se o modelo de indução do grupo B por apresentar menor mortalidade (5%), menor influência no aspecto emocional e quadro cirrótico tão grave quanto o dos animais do grupo C. / The low sensitivity of animals to drugs and the lack of changes in liver function are the main difficulties for the development of experimental liver cirrhosis. The aim of this study was improving the model of cirrhosis by intraperitoneal injection of thioacetamide (TAA) to reduce the animal adaptation to the drug. We used 5 groups of female Wistar rats: A (200 mg TAA/kg), B (increase of 20% to 48 days), C (increase of 10% every 24 days), D (increase of 15% every 24 days), E (saline). The animals were injected 3 times a week for 14 weeks. Blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture at the start and at the end of the experiment as well as before each dose increment, for analysis of markers of liver function. The behavioral assessment was done by the method of elevated plus-maze. Samples of liver were collected and processed to light microscopy. The animals treated with TAA showed piloerection, jaundice and chromodacryorrhea. Behavioral test showed stress and/or anxiety in these animals. The liver cirrhosis showed regenerative nodules and hemorrhagic lesions on the surface. Weight gain was similar among the groups treated, however, all of them were smaller than those of group E. The damage of the liver function was more pronounced in groups where the dose was increased over the experimental period, however, the mortality of group D was higher (44%). Treatment with TAA led to the development of cirrhosis with formation of regenerative nodules surrounded by fibrous septa and hepatic architecture disruption. The deposition of collagen was higher in groups B and C, whereas group D was similar to group A. Histopathologic evaluation showed intense proliferation of oval cells and bile duct hyperplasia, with production of acid mucin. It was observed the presence of hemosiderin, hepatocyte ballonization, nuclear lesions and inflammatory cells. The administration of TAA led to the development of neoplastic lesions, suggesting possible carcinogenic effect of this substance. The results showed that the treatment of groups B and C were most effective in the development of experimental cirrhosis. Despite that animals of group D received an increment in their TAA dose, their results seems similar to those of group A but with high mortality, probably because the treatment selected resistant animals to the drug. Therefore, it is recommended the model of induction of group B due to the lower mortality (5%), less influence on the emotional aspect and development of cirrhosis as severe as that the rats of group C.

A baixa sensibilidade dos animais à droga e a função hepática pouco alterada são as principais dificuldades para o desenvolvimento da cirrose hepática experimental. A proposta deste trabalho foi aprimorar o modelo de cirrose por injeção intraperitoneal de tioacetamida (TAA) a fim de reduzir a adaptação dos animais ao fármaco. Foram utilizados 5 grupos de fêmeas de ratos Wistar: A (200 mg TAA/kg); B (aumento de 20% aos 48 dias); C (aumento de 10% a cada 24 dias); D (aumento de 15% a cada 24 dias); E (solução salina). Os animais foram injetados 3 vezes por semana durante 14 semanas. Foram realizadas coletas sanguíneas, por punção cardíaca, no início, no final do experimento e antes dos aumentos de dose, para análise dos marcadores de função hepática. A avaliação comportamental foi efetuada pelo método do labirinto em cruz elevado (LCE). Amostras de fígado foram colhidas e submetidas ao processamento para microscopia de luz. Os animais tratados com TAA apresentaram piloereção, icterícia e cromodacriorréia. Os testes do LCE demonstraram estresse e/ou ansiedade nesses animais. Os fígados cirróticos apresentaram nódulos regenerativos e lesões hemorrágicas na superfície. O ganho de peso foi semelhante entre os grupos tratados, porém, inferior ao do grupo E. Os danos de função hepática foram mais acentuados nos grupos em que houve aumento de dose, entretanto, a mortalidade do grupo D foi elevada (44%). O tratamento com TAA levou ao desenvolvimento de cirrose com formação de nódulos regenerativos circundados por septos fibrosos e desarranjo da arquitetura hepática. A deposição de colágeno foi maior nos grupos B e C. O grupo D apresentou quantidade de colágeno semelhante a do grupo A. O exame histopatológico demonstrou intensa proliferação de células ovais e hiperplasia de ductos biliares com produção de muco ácido. Foi observada presença de hemossiderina, hepatócitos balonizados, lesões nucleares e células inflamatórias. A administração de TAA provocou ainda o desenvolvimento de lesões pré-neoplásicas, sugerindo possível efeito carcinogênico dessa substância. Os resultados demonstraram que os grupos B e C foram os mais eficazes no desenvolvimento da cirrose experimental. O grupo D, apesar do aumento maior na dose, apresentou resultados similares aos do grupo A (dose constante) e alta mortalidade, selecionando animais resistentes à droga. Assim, recomenda-se o modelo de indução do grupo B por apresentar menor mortalidade (5%), menor influência no aspecto emocional e quadro cirrótico tão grave quanto o dos animais do grupo C. / The low sensitivity of animals to drugs and the lack of changes in liver function are the main difficulties for the development of experimental liver cirrhosis. The aim of this study was improving the model of cirrhosis by intraperitoneal injection of thioacetamide (TAA) to reduce the animal adaptation to the drug. We used 5 groups of female Wistar rats: A (200 mg TAA/kg), B (increase of 20% to 48 days), C (increase of 10% every 24 days), D (increase of 15% every 24 days), E (saline). The animals were injected 3 times a week for 14 weeks. Blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture at the start and at the end of the experiment as well as before each dose increment, for analysis of markers of liver function. The behavioral assessment was done by the method of elevated plus-maze. Samples of liver were collected and processed to light microscopy. The animals treated with TAA showed piloerection, jaundice and chromodacryorrhea. Behavioral test showed stress and/or anxiety in these animals. The liver cirrhosis showed regenerative nodules and hemorrhagic lesions on the surface. Weight gain was similar among the groups treated, however, all of them were smaller than those of group E. The damage of the liver function was more pronounced in groups where the dose was increased over the experimental period, however, the mortality of group D was higher (44%). Treatment with TAA led to the development of cirrhosis with formation of regenerative nodules surrounded by fibrous septa and hepatic architecture disruption. The deposition of collagen was higher in groups B and C, whereas group D was similar to group A. Histopathologic evaluation showed intense proliferation of oval cells and bile duct hyperplasia, with production of acid mucin. It was observed the presence of hemosiderin, hepatocyte ballonization, nuclear lesions and inflammatory cells. The administration of TAA led to the development of neoplastic lesions, suggesting possible carcinogenic effect of this substance. The results showed that the treatment of groups B and C were most effective in the development of experimental cirrhosis. Despite that animals of group D received an increment in their TAA dose, their results seems similar to those of group A but with high mortality, probably because the treatment selected resistant animals to the drug. Therefore, it is recommended the model of induction of group B due to the lower mortality (5%), less influence on the emotional aspect and development of cirrhosis as severe as that the rats of group C.

<p>Fifty children with hematologic malignancies have been treated with autologous BMT in Uppsala. The aim was to describe late effects in this group with special reference to cataracts, reduced final height, and to hepatic, renal, and pulmonary late effects. </p><p>Cataracts: All patients who received TBI in their conditioning developed posterior subcapsular cataract after BMT. A few patients with visual impairment affecting daily life needed cataract surgery, whereas the visual acuity was well preserved in most of the other patients.</p><p>Final height: There was a decrease in final height relative both to height at BMT and to target height. This decrease was significant both in those who had received TBI only and in those who had been given cranial irradiation. Cranial irradiation, young age at BMT, and short duration of GH treatment were predictors of height loss. </p><p>Hepatic function: Hepatic function was well preserved over a period of 10 years after BMT. TBI did not appear to be a risk factor for hepatic impairment. </p><p>Renal function: Six months after BMT there was a decrease in renal function in patients who had received TBI. It then recovered, albeit incompletely, and stabilized. After the first year there was little change over a period of 10 years after BMT. TBI appeared to be the most important risk factor for the development of chronic renal impairment in a number of patients. Nephrotoxic antibiotics may have contributed.</p><p>Pulmonary function: Six months after BMT there was a decrease in pulmonary function in those who received TBI. It then recovered and stabilized at the pretransplant level. After the first year there was little change over a period of 10 years after BMT. TBI appeared to be the most important risk factor for restrictive pulmonary disease in a number of patients whereas chemotherapy might also have been of importance for impaired gas exchange.</p>

Fifty children with hematologic malignancies have been treated with autologous BMT in Uppsala. The aim was to describe late effects in this group with special reference to cataracts, reduced final height, and to hepatic, renal, and pulmonary late effects. Cataracts: All patients who received TBI in their conditioning developed posterior subcapsular cataract after BMT. A few patients with visual impairment affecting daily life needed cataract surgery, whereas the visual acuity was well preserved in most of the other patients. Final height: There was a decrease in final height relative both to height at BMT and to target height. This decrease was significant both in those who had received TBI only and in those who had been given cranial irradiation. Cranial irradiation, young age at BMT, and short duration of GH treatment were predictors of height loss. Hepatic function: Hepatic function was well preserved over a period of 10 years after BMT. TBI did not appear to be a risk factor for hepatic impairment. Renal function: Six months after BMT there was a decrease in renal function in patients who had received TBI. It then recovered, albeit incompletely, and stabilized. After the first year there was little change over a period of 10 years after BMT. TBI appeared to be the most important risk factor for the development of chronic renal impairment in a number of patients. Nephrotoxic antibiotics may have contributed. Pulmonary function: Six months after BMT there was a decrease in pulmonary function in those who received TBI. It then recovered and stabilized at the pretransplant level. After the first year there was little change over a period of 10 years after BMT. TBI appeared to be the most important risk factor for restrictive pulmonary disease in a number of patients whereas chemotherapy might also have been of importance for impaired gas exchange.