Thesis (doctoral)--Lund University, 1995. / Added t.p. with thesis statement inserted.

Thesis (doctoral)--Lund University, 1995. / Added t.p. with thesis statement inserted.

Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves iv, 118-139).

Thesis (M.P.H.)--University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 46-50).

Proefschrift Universiteit van Amsterdam. / Met bibliogr., lit. opg. - Met samenvatting in het Nederlands.

Thesis (M. Med. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 75-107).

Thesis (M.Med.Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 75-107). Also available in print.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Melbourne, Dept. of Medicine, (Royal Melbourne Hospital / Western Hospital), Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, 2010. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (p. 230-243)

Tang Yuk Kwan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 130-144). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.iv / List of Abbreviations --- p.v / List of Figures --- p.ix / List of Tables --- p.xii / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Epidemiology --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- History of HBV --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Hepatitis B in Hong Kong --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2 --- Virology --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Hepadnavirus Family --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- HBV Particles Types --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- HBV Genome --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- HBV Life Cycle --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.5 --- Hepatitis B Surface Antigen --- p.14 / Chapter 1.3 --- HBV Immunobiology During Viral Infection --- p.17 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Acute Hepatitis B Virus Infection --- p.19 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection --- p.23 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Cytokines in Suppression of HBV Infection --- p.23 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- The mechanism of HBV Persistence --- p.26 / Chapter 1.4 --- HBV Therapy --- p.28 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Interferon alpha (IFN-α) --- p.29 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Lamivudine --- p.31 / Chapter 1.5 --- Phyllanthus --- p.32 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- In vitro study --- p.32 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- In vivo study --- p.33 / Chapter 1.5.3 --- Clinical Trials --- p.34 / Chapter 1.5.4 --- Anti-tumor Effect of P. amarus --- p.35 / Chapter 1.5.5 --- Active component(s) of P. am arus --- p.35 / Chapter 1.6 --- Alexander cells --- p.37 / Chapter 1.7 --- Objectives --- p.38 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Materials and Methods / Chapter 2.1 --- Materials --- p.39 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Phyllanthus urinaria --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2 --- In vitro study --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Materials --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.1.1 --- Cell Lines --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Reagents and Buffers --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.2.2 --- Reagents and Buffers for mRNA Genes Expression Analyses --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.2.3 --- Reagents and Buffers for Protein Analyses --- p.41 / Chapter 2.2.2.4 --- Reagents for Purification of Splenocytes --- p.43 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Methods --- p.43 / Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- MTT Assay --- p.43 / Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- IMX Assay --- p.43 / Chapter 2.2.3.3 --- Semi-quantitative RT-PCR --- p.44 / Chapter 2.2.3.3.1 --- Extraction of RNA --- p.44 / Chapter 2.2.3.3.2 --- Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) --- p.45 / Chapter 2.2.3.3.3 --- Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) --- p.46 / Chapter 2.2.3.4 --- Protein Analysis --- p.48 / Chapter 2.2.3.4.1 --- Extraction of Protein --- p.48 / Chapter 2.2.3.4.2 --- Determination of Protein Concentrations --- p.48 / Chapter 2.2.3.4.3 --- Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) --- p.49 / Chapter 2.2.3.4.4 --- Electroblotting of Protein --- p.50 / Chapter 2.2.3.4.5 --- Immunoblotting of Protein --- p.50 / Chapter 2.2.3.4.6 --- Enhanced Chemiluminescence (ECL) Assay --- p.51 / Chapter 2.2.3.5 --- Assay of preSl Promoter Activity --- p.51 / Chapter 2.2.3.5.1 --- Cloning of preSl Promoter from HBV Genome --- p.51 / Chapter 2.2.3.5.2 --- Transfection --- p.52 / Chapter 2.2.3.5.3 --- Luciferase Assay --- p.53 / Chapter 2.2.3.6 --- Pilot Experiments for the Investigation of Immunostimulatory Effect of (aq) P. urinaria --- p.53 / Chapter 2.2.3.6.1 --- Purification of Splenocytes --- p.53 / Chapter 2.2.3.6.2 --- Cytotoxicity Assay of Splenocytes --- p.54 / Chapter 2.2.3.6.3 --- [3Hl-thymidine Uptake Assay --- p.54 / Chapter 2.2.3.6.4 --- Purification of Macrophages --- p.55 / Chapter 2.3 --- In vivo Assay --- p.56 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Materials --- p.56 / Chapter 2.3.1.1 --- Balb/c Mice --- p.56 / Chapter 2.3.1.2 --- Reagents for Cytokine Assay --- p.56 / Chapter 2.3.1.3 --- Reagents for Flow Cytometric Analysis of T Cell Subpopulations --- p.57 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Methods --- p.57 / Chapter 2.3.2.1 --- Purification of Splenocytes --- p.57 / Chapter 2.3.2.2 --- Enzyme Assay --- p.57 / Chapter 2.3.2.3 --- Flow Cytometric Analysis of T Cell Subpopulations --- p.59 / Chapter 2.3.2.4 --- Cytokine Assays --- p.60 / Chapter 2.4 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.63 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Results / Chapter 3.1 --- In vitro Assays --- p.64 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Study of the Cytotoxicity of Crude Extract of (aq) P. urinaria on Alexander Cells by the MTT Assay --- p.64 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Study of the Cytotoxicity of Crude Extract of (aq) P. urinaria on WRL 68 Cells by the MTT Assay --- p.66 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Study of the Cytotoxicity of Crude Extract of (aq) P. urinaria on Primary Mouse Macrophages by the MTT Assay --- p.67 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Effect on HBsAg Secretion by the IMX Assay --- p.69 / Chapter 3.1.5 --- Effect of Viral Gene Expression by Semi-quantitative RT-PCR --- p.73 / Chapter 3.1.6 --- Effect of Intracellular Viral Proteins Expression by Western Blotting Analyses --- p.75 / Chapter 3.1.7 --- preSl Promoter Activity in Alexander Cell Line and Hep3B Cell Line --- p.77 / Chapter 3.1.8 --- Effect of (aq) P. urinaria on preSl Promoter Activity in Hep3B Cell Line --- p.80 / Chapter 3.1.9 --- Pilot Experiments for the Investigation of Immunomodulatory Effect of (aq) P. urinaria --- p.82 / Chapter 3.1.10 --- Study of the Cytotoxicity of Crude Extract of (aq) P. urinaria on Primary Splenocytes by the MTT Assay --- p.85 / Chapter 3.2 --- In vivo Assay --- p.88 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Study of the Immunomodulatory Effect of the Crude Extract of (aq) P. urinaria on Normal Balb/c Mice by [3H]-thymidine Uptake Assay --- p.88 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Study of the Toxicity of Crude Extract of (aq) P. urinaria on Heart and Liver of Normal Balb/c Mice by Enzyme Assay --- p.91 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Flow Cytometric Analysis of T Cell Subpopulations --- p.94 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Analysis of Stimulatory Effect on Four Different Cytokines by ELISA --- p.100 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Discussion / Chapter 4.1 --- In vitro Assay --- p.110 / Chapter 4.2 --- In vivo Assay --- p.116 / Chapter 4.3 --- Conclusions --- p.127 / Chapter 4.4 --- Future Prospects --- p.129 / References --- p.130

Thesis (MPH))University of Limpopo (Medunsa Campus), 2011. / Introduction: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a highly infectious virus responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality world wide. Chronic HBV carriers can transmit HBV parenterally in a hospital setting putting healthcare workers (HCWs) and their patients at risk of infection. Aim and objectives: This study aimed to investigate knowledge, attitudes and practices towards prevention and control of HBV amongst nurses, doctors and laboratory personnel. Objectives were to determine: (a) the knowledge; (b) the attitudes; (c) the practices of nurses, doctors and laboratory personnel; (d) if there are any associations between (1) knowledge and practice, and (2) attitudes and practice; (e) the predictors of HBV vaccination uptake. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study. Self-administered questionnaires were distributed to doctors, laboratory staff and nurses at Princess Marina Hospital. Results: Two hundred questionnaires were distributed and a total of 117 were returned, giving an overall response rate of 58.5%. More doctors had good knowledge (38.9% [7/18]), followed by 20% (4/20) of laboratory staff and 11.4% (9/79) of nurses. Most staff (100% [20/20] of laboratory staff; 97.5% [77/79] of nurses; 94.4% [17/18] of doctors) had positive attitudes. More laboratory staff (100 [20/20]) displayed good practices, followed by nurses (94.9% [75/79]); and lastly doctors (88.9% [16/18]). There were no significant associations between knowledge or attitudes and practices. Vaccination was inadequate, with 50.9% (59/116) of HCWs having received at least one dose, and of these only 61% (36/59) receiving all 3 doses. Needle stick injuries occurred in 31.6% (37/117), while 33.9% (39/115) reported blood or body fluid splashes. None of the HCWs accessed PEP after exposure. Being a laboratory worker (OR: 148.4) or doctor (OR: 125.7) were the only predictors of vaccination uptake. Conclusion: There is need to increase knowledge of HCWs, vaccination availability, vaccination uptake, PEP, and reduce the exposures of HCWs.