Since the EPZ was set up in 1966, it has attracted foreign investment, introduced technology, opened up foreign trade and provided employment opportunities. When EPZ was first set up, it had every kind of investment-rewarding regulations, ¡§One-stop Window¡¨ administrational measures, so it could attract a lot of foreign and overseas Chinese capitals. But, after 2 years, the 68-hectare area was not enough for using. The EPZA has continuously expanded the zones up to 9 so far: the total area is about 576.81 hectares. The EPZs are export-oriented, their products are all exported, and the professions have increased step by sep, including trade, logistics and warehouses, software consulting and related industries. Its capital resources were mainly from Europe, U.S., Japan and Hong Kong, but converts into domestic mostly now, with 47.79%, the highest ratio. The Zones¡¦ industrial structure also changed from the original garments, plastics and leather with more than 55% to electronics & electric machinery with 80% the most now. The Export Processing Zone Administration (EPZA) has also coped with the era trend changes by innovating the policies and functions, such as efforts in zone transformation, deregulations, trade liberalization and industrial clustering. As the accumulations of Taiwan¡¦s capital and technology and the enormous changes both in global politics and economy, the in-zone enterprises have also changed the industrial structures and production processes, walk out the OEM shadows and walk in the ODM, so as to produce and do marketing by themselves and to expand the markets. They have transformed from labor-intensive industries of garments, plastics, leather to capital-intensive high-tech industries of IC, LCD, optics, precise tools, information software and digital content and so on. When Taiwan¡¦s producing costs are rising little by little, the enterprises form all over the world are moving to the mainland China and the booming southeastern Asian countries to reduce costs and grip the markets. It is the question how to mold the more suitable investment environment to lure the Taiwanese enterprises come back home and the foreign investment turn around to Taiwan. This study made the in-depth interviews and did the questionnaires to scholars, government agencies and the industrial circle for over 30 copies. This study also analyzes the key factors of attracting investment by AHP hierarchical analysis method. The results revealed that, firstly, the enterprises¡¦ interactions and the neighboring of customers, the benefits of industrial cluster and the completion of supply chain of down and up stream, are vital to attract investment. Secondly, the completion of the in-zone infrastructure is the most important key factor for attracting investment. Thirdly, The EPZA ¡¥s favorable measures and administrative efficiency are also the prior considering factors. This study suggested that the administration units should upgrade the functions of their in-zone administrative steps, build the modern facilities of the infrastructure and attach importance to the living functions, strengthen the cooperation between industries, governments and schools, and propagate the investment-rewarding measures offered by governments to the enterprises, so that the governments¡¦ good policies can truly do favors to the in-zone enterprises, and thus construct the zones¡¦ better investment environment and attract investment.

This dissertation project researched sudent mobility-- school changes not due to customary promotion-- and its educational correlates, for students and schools in Vermont. Student mobility research in other states has found that the majority of these students are disadvantaged youth from low-income families, and they lag behind their peers academically. Academic consequences of student mobility affect not only students, but also their schools since NCLBA implementation sanctions influence school enrollments by increasing student transfers. The need for information about rural student mobility during early NCLBA implementation is significant in predominantly rural Vermont. This was the first statewide study of outcomes of mobility for students and schools in a rural state. Three basic research questions were: (a) What is the incidence of mobility among Vermont students and schools? (b) What is the impact of mobility, i.e., how does the incidence of mobility vary according to educational correlates for students and schools? (c) What do multilevel analytical models reveal about variation in mobility from student and school perspectives that may be useful for educational policy and practice? To address these questions, the study analyzed data for Vermont public school students, grades 1 through 12, during school years 1999-2004. Data sources included: (a) the Vermont Department of Education Student Census and Demographic Update; (b) student New Standards Reference Examination English Language Arts and Mathematics tests, grades 4, 8, and 10; (c) Vermont School Report indicators, and (d) NCES-US Census public school location information. In-depth cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of mobility, performance, sociodemographic, and educational correlates revealed significant and disturbing relationships that merit policy and prevention follow-up programming. School-level mobility incidence indicated that while in-migration was 20% on average, over 30% of the schools experienced much higher rates, mirroring urban-based mobility incidence. Academically, mobile students performed 3-10 percentile ranks lower than their stable counterparts did across grade levels and content areas on standardized tests, for longitudinal cohorts as well as cross-sectional grade groups. Risk factor analyses revealed that mobile students, relative to their stable peers, were (a) more likely to participate in free or reduced lunch programs at school, (b) less likely to have a 504 plan in place, (c) more likely to have kept a writing portfolio for 0-1 years (versus 2-5 years), (d) more likely to have kept a mathematics portfolio 0-1 years (versus 2-5 years), and (e) more likely to not meet the standard on mathematics performance tests. Hierarchical generalized nonlinear modeling analyses indicated that between 8% and 32% of the variation in student mobility was attributable to school-level composition and resources. This project aimed to benefit the Vermont educational community in several ways. Analytical methodology will provide the framework for developing a longitudinal monitoring system with mobility incidence, impact, and relevant educational information. Information from analytical results will inform a case study during spring 2005 to address student mobility by raising public awareness of associated issues that affect not only the students and their families, but also classrooms, schools and communities.

Como os processos que definem distribuições de espécies operam em diferentes escalas espaciais, abordagens multi-escalares são necessárias para que a variabilidade do sistema seja considerada no desenvolvimento de desenhos amostrais. Estudos sobre padrões espaciais de distribuição são necessários para servir de base para monitoramento e avaliações de impactos. Este trabalho avaliou a variação espacial de comunidades de infralitoral, em costões rochosos de três ilhas na Estação Ecológica dos Tupinambás. Os padrões espaciais foram investigados em quatro escalas, que variam de poucos metros a dezenas de quilômetros. Foram amostradas as profundidades de 1 a 5 e de 5 a 10 metros, no verão e inverno de 2013 e verão de 2014. O recobrimento percentual das unidades biológicas foi extraído a partir de foto-quadrados de 50x50 cm, aleatorizados, seguindo um desenho amostral aninhado. Os dominantes foram analisados individualmente com análise de variância univariada. Algas Calcárias Articuladas (ACA) foram o grupo dominante em todas as ilhas, períodos e profundidades, além de influenciar padrões multivariados, evidenciados pelo PCA. O recobrimento médio de ACA variou de 36% a 89.56%, considerando toda a amostragem. Outros dominantes variaram de acordo com o período e profundidade de coleta, dentre eles, Sargassum sp., Codium intertextum e Asparagopsis taxiformis. Todas as análises multivariadas (PERMANOVA, Pairwise Comparisons e nMDS) revelaram alta variação entre ilhas. Todas as outras escalas apresentaram variabilidade significativa, exceto a de poucos metros. Estimativas de variação revelaram que a variação residual e a entre ilhas foram sempre maiores do que as das outras escalas, confirmando a heterogeneidade intrínseca em pequena escala e a complexidade de comunidades insulares. O monitoramento nesta UC deverá incorporar todas as escalas investigadas. / As processes that define species distributions operate at different spatial scales, multi-scale approaches are needed to account for the system\'s natural variability, when developing sampling designs. Research about spatial patterns is essential to generate data to drive monitoring initiatives and impact assessments. The present study evaluated the spatial variability of subtidal rocky shore communities in three islands within the Ecological Station of Tupinambás. Spatial patterns were investigated across four scales, ranging from few meters to tens of kilometers, from 1 to 5 and from 5 to 10 m depth, in the summer and winter of 2013 and summer of 2014. Percent cover of the biological units was evaluated from photo-quadrats of 50x50 cm, randomly scattered, following a nested design. Dominant species and morphological groups were analyzed individually by univariate analyses of variance. Articulated Calcareous Algae (ACA) were the dominant group in all islands, depths and periods, and the main driver of multivariate patterns, as evidenced by the PCA. Mean cover of ACA varied from 36% to 89.56%, considering all occasions. Other dominant species were the algae Sargassum sp., Codium intertextum and Asparagopsis taxiformis, which varied according to sampling period and depth. All multivariate procedures (PERMANOVA, Pairwise Comparisons and nMDS plots) showed the highest variability among islands. All the other scales, except of few meters, presented significant variability. Estimates of variation showed that residual and intra-island variability were always higher than in other scales, confirming the intrinsic small-scale patchiness of marine assemblages and the complexity of insular communities. Monitoring efforts in this MPA should incorporate all the examined scales.

This research is aimed at addressing problems in the field of asset management relating to risk analysis and decision making based on data from a Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system. It is apparent that determining risk likelihood in risk analysis is difficult, especially when historical information is unreliable. This relates to a problem in SCADA data analysis because of nested data. A further problem is in providing beneficial information from a SCADA system to a managerial level information system (e.g. Enterprise Resource Planning/ERP). A Hierarchical Model is developed to address the problems. The model is composed of three different Analyses: Hierarchical Analysis, Failure Mode and Effect Analysis, and Interdependence Analysis. The significant contributions from the model include: (a) a new risk analysis model, namely an Interdependence Risk Analysis Model which does not rely on the existence of historical information because it utilises Interdependence Relationships to determine the risk likelihood, (b) improvement of the SCADA data analysis problem by addressing the nested data problem through the Hierarchical Analysis, and (c) presentation of a framework to provide beneficial information from SCADA systems to ERP systems. The case study of a Water Treatment Plant is utilised for model validation.

Como os processos que definem distribuições de espécies operam em diferentes escalas espaciais, abordagens multi-escalares são necessárias para que a variabilidade do sistema seja considerada no desenvolvimento de desenhos amostrais. Estudos sobre padrões espaciais de distribuição são necessários para servir de base para monitoramento e avaliações de impactos. Este trabalho avaliou a variação espacial de comunidades de infralitoral, em costões rochosos de três ilhas na Estação Ecológica dos Tupinambás. Os padrões espaciais foram investigados em quatro escalas, que variam de poucos metros a dezenas de quilômetros. Foram amostradas as profundidades de 1 a 5 e de 5 a 10 metros, no verão e inverno de 2013 e verão de 2014. O recobrimento percentual das unidades biológicas foi extraído a partir de foto-quadrados de 50x50 cm, aleatorizados, seguindo um desenho amostral aninhado. Os dominantes foram analisados individualmente com análise de variância univariada. Algas Calcárias Articuladas (ACA) foram o grupo dominante em todas as ilhas, períodos e profundidades, além de influenciar padrões multivariados, evidenciados pelo PCA. O recobrimento médio de ACA variou de 36% a 89.56%, considerando toda a amostragem. Outros dominantes variaram de acordo com o período e profundidade de coleta, dentre eles, Sargassum sp., Codium intertextum e Asparagopsis taxiformis. Todas as análises multivariadas (PERMANOVA, Pairwise Comparisons e nMDS) revelaram alta variação entre ilhas. Todas as outras escalas apresentaram variabilidade significativa, exceto a de poucos metros. Estimativas de variação revelaram que a variação residual e a entre ilhas foram sempre maiores do que as das outras escalas, confirmando a heterogeneidade intrínseca em pequena escala e a complexidade de comunidades insulares. O monitoramento nesta UC deverá incorporar todas as escalas investigadas. / As processes that define species distributions operate at different spatial scales, multi-scale approaches are needed to account for the system\'s natural variability, when developing sampling designs. Research about spatial patterns is essential to generate data to drive monitoring initiatives and impact assessments. The present study evaluated the spatial variability of subtidal rocky shore communities in three islands within the Ecological Station of Tupinambás. Spatial patterns were investigated across four scales, ranging from few meters to tens of kilometers, from 1 to 5 and from 5 to 10 m depth, in the summer and winter of 2013 and summer of 2014. Percent cover of the biological units was evaluated from photo-quadrats of 50x50 cm, randomly scattered, following a nested design. Dominant species and morphological groups were analyzed individually by univariate analyses of variance. Articulated Calcareous Algae (ACA) were the dominant group in all islands, depths and periods, and the main driver of multivariate patterns, as evidenced by the PCA. Mean cover of ACA varied from 36% to 89.56%, considering all occasions. Other dominant species were the algae Sargassum sp., Codium intertextum and Asparagopsis taxiformis, which varied according to sampling period and depth. All multivariate procedures (PERMANOVA, Pairwise Comparisons and nMDS plots) showed the highest variability among islands. All the other scales, except of few meters, presented significant variability. Estimates of variation showed that residual and intra-island variability were always higher than in other scales, confirming the intrinsic small-scale patchiness of marine assemblages and the complexity of insular communities. Monitoring efforts in this MPA should incorporate all the examined scales.

To understand the processes affecting the abundance of wild populations is a fundamental goal of ecology and a prerequisite for the management of living resources. Variable abundance, however, makes the investigation of ecological processes challenging. Recruitment, the process whereby new individuals enter a given stage of a ?sh population, is a highly variable entity. I have confronted this issue by developing methodologies speci?cally designed to account for, and ecologically interpret, patterns of variability in recruitment. To provide the necessary context, Chapter 2 begins with a review of the history of recruitment science. I focus on the major achievements as well as present limitations, particularly regarding environmental drivers. Approaches that include explicit environmental information are contrasted with time-varying parameter techniques. In Chapter 3, I ask what patterns of variability in pre-recruit survival can tell us about the strength of density-dependent mortality. I provide methods to investigate the presence of density-dependent mortality where this has previously been hindered by highly variable data. Stochastic density-independent variability is found to be attenuated via density dependence. Sources of recruitment variability are further partitioned in Chapter 4. Using time-varying parameter techniques, signi?cant temporal variation in the annual reproductive rate is found to have occurred in many Atlantic cod populations. Multivariate state space models suggest that populations in close proximity typically have a shared response to environmental change whereas marked differences occur across latitude. Hypotheses that could result in consistent changes in productivity of cod populations are tested in Chapter 5. I focus on a meta-analytical investigation of potential interactions between Atlantic cod and small pelagic species, testing aspects of the cultivation-depensation hypothesis. The ?ndings suggest that predation or competition by herring and mackerel on egg and larval cod could delay recovery of depleted cod populations. Chapter 6 concludes with a critical re?ection on: the suitability of the theories employed, the underlying assumptions of the empirical approaches, and the quality of the data used in my thesis. Application of ecological insights to ?sheries management is critically evaluated. I then propose future work on recruitment processes based on methods presented herein.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-07-19T10:53:48Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Douglas Rodrigues Ramos - 2008.pdf: 918271 bytes, checksum: 173c60fac328e79faa1800dee72b28b0 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-07-19T11:20:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Douglas Rodrigues Ramos - 2008.pdf: 918271 bytes, checksum: 173c60fac328e79faa1800dee72b28b0 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-19T11:20:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Douglas Rodrigues Ramos - 2008.pdf: 918271 bytes, checksum: 173c60fac328e79faa1800dee72b28b0 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-28 / The generic medicines have brought to the national population a higher possibility to access the treatment with medication, the competition stimulation and the medicine exchange insertion, in which the reference formulation can be substituted by the generic medicine, without any harm to the treatment. ANVISA (National Agency of Sanitary Surveillance) regulates this national market, demanding the bioequivalence confirmation between test and reference medicines. Therefore, in a period of six years, those studies have been performed and several generic medicines have been liberated to commercialization. However, the exchange confirmation among the several generic and reference medication are still difficult to observe due to the complexity of the values obtained. The chemometrics analysis decreases the sample space of the complex data which allows samples similarity observation as well as their classification in distinct groups. For that, Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and the Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) have been used. With these techniques an n-dimension space statistics have been evaluated for a bi-dimension of six amoxicillin bioequivalence studies as capsules and suspensions and therefore, classified them in groups in accordance with the similarity of the formulations pharmacokinetic profiles, which has allowed the medicine exchange observation. The chemometrics applications in pharmacokinetic data differentiated the pharmaceuticals forms capsule and suspensions, of absorption and elimination parameters allowing the exchange avaliations of formulations showing been useful in research laboratories or by regulatories agency for the quality monitoring of the medicine. / Os medicamentos genéricos trouxeram a polução nacional maior possibilidade de acesso ao tratamento medicamentoso, estímulos à concorrência e inserção da intercambialidade de medicamentos, onde a formulação referência pode ser substituída pelo medicamento genérico, sem prejuízos ao tratamento. A ANVISA (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária) regulamenta este mercado nacional exigindo a comprovação da bioequivalência entre os medicamentos teste e referência. Assim no período de seis anos, estudos foram realizados e vários medicamentos genéricos foram liberados para a comercialização. Entretanto, a comprovação da intercambialidade entre os vários medicamentos genéricos e medicamentos referências ainda são de difíceis observações devido à complexidade dos dados obtidos. A análise quimiométrica reduz o espaço amostral de dados complexos possibilitando a observação da similaridade das amostras bem como a classificação das mesmas em grupos distintos. Para tal utilizou técnicas de Análise Componentes Principais (PCA) e a Análise Hierárquica de Agrupamentos (HCA). Com estas técnicas foram avaliados seis estudos bioequivalentes de Amoxicilina nas formas de cápsulas e suspensões, e posteriormente, classificados em grupos de acordo com a similaridade dos perfis farmacocinéticos destas formulações. A aplicação da quimiometria em dados de farmacocinéticos diferenciou as formas farmacêuticas cápsula e suspensão, os parâmetros de absorção e eliminação possibilitando a avaliação da intercambialidade das formulações demonstrando ser úteis em laboratórios de pesquisas ou por agências reguladoras para o monitoramento da qualidade de medicamentos.

Submitted by André Gustavo de Brito Thomaz null (andre.gustavo21@terra.com.br) on 2017-09-26T19:56:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO_ANDRÉ_GUSTAVO_DE_BRITO_TOMAZ.pdf: 3364862 bytes, checksum: a4a2f4fc8b45e8bd1160e118cd54bcb7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Monique Sasaki (sayumi_sasaki@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-28T13:23:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 thomaz_agb_me_jabo.pdf: 3364862 bytes, checksum: a4a2f4fc8b45e8bd1160e118cd54bcb7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-28T13:23:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 thomaz_agb_me_jabo.pdf: 3364862 bytes, checksum: a4a2f4fc8b45e8bd1160e118cd54bcb7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-06 / O objetivo desta pesquisa é apresentar um estudo multicasos sobre avaliação de desempenho ambiental baseada no potencial de toxicidade humana em três empresas (denominadas por empresa A, B e C) da indústria sucroenergética brasileira. Foi desenvolvido um índice, exclusivo para indústrias do setor sucroenergético, chamado indicador do potencial de toxicidade humana Ipth, onde os cálculos para obtenção do índice são formados por meio da ponderação do potencial de impacto de cada resíduo e subproduto gerado na fabricação de etanol e açúcar, pela cobertura geográfica relativa que podem alcançar e pela avaliação da destinação final realizada pela indústria. Identificou-se que na literatura especializada há poucos trabalhos relacionados à avalição do desempenho ambiental com base no potencial de toxicidade humana de indústrias do setor sucroenergético, bem como metodologias para avaliação do desempenho ambiental destas indústrias com o uso de indicadores de desempenho ambiental. O método desenvolvido pode ser aplicado para medir o impacto ambiental gerado por qualquer indústria do setor sucroenergético. Como resultados, os resíduos/subprodutos que apresentam maior potencial de toxicidade humana são: vinhaça (35,57%), torta de filtro (29,15%), cinzas da queima do bagaço (27,38%), gases provenientes da queima do bagaço (4,73%), representando 96,83% do total. A vinhaça é o subproduto com maior participação relativa na formação do índice Ipth, sendo para a empresa A de 89,73%, para a empresa B de 89,55% e para a empresa C de 89,24%. Apesar da grande quantidade de resíduos e subprodutos gerados, o resultado alcançado é favorável às empresas estudadas. O índice Ipth resultou em 93,97% para a empresa A, em 93,62% para a empresa B e em 93,37% para a empresa C, demonstrando que as empresas A, B e C apresentam, respectivamente, 93,97%, 93,62% e 93,37% de práticas ambientalmente adequadas à destinação dos seus resíduos e subprodutos. / The objective of this research is to present a multi-case study on the evaluation of environmental performance based on human toxicity potential in three companies (denominated by company A, B and C) of the Brazilian sugarcane industry. Was developed an index, exclusively for industries of the sugarcane industry, called the human toxicity potential indicator Ipth, where the calculations for obtaining the index are formed by weighing the impact potential of each residue and by-product generated in the manufacture of ethanol and sugar, by the relative geographic coverage they can achieve And by the evaluation of the final disposal by the industry. It was identified that in the specialized literature there are few studies related to the environmental performance assessment based on the human toxicity potential of sugarcane industry industries, as well as methodologies to evaluate the environmental performance of these industries with the use of environmental performance indicators. The method developed can be applied to measure the environmental impact generated by any industry in the sugarcane sector. As results, the residues / by-products with the highest human toxicity potential are: vinasse (35.57%), filter cake (29.15%), bagasse burning ashes (27.38%), gases from burning Of the bagasse (4.73%), representing 96.83% of the total. Vinasse is the by-product with the highest relative participation in the formation of the Ipth index, with company A of 89.73%, company B of 89.55% and company C of 89.24%. Despite the large amount of waste and by-products generated, the result achieved is favorable to the companies studied. The Ipth index resulted in 93.97% for company A, 93.62% for company B and 93.37% for company C, showing that companies A, B and C have, respectively, 93.97% %, 93.62% and 93.37% of practices that are environmentally appropriate to the destination of their residues and by-products.

O presente estudo agrega os dados geoespaciais livres, cedidos pela prefeitura de São Paulo, IBGE, CNAE, RAIS, entre outros e particulares, cedidos pela empresa Maplink, com os recursos dos Sistemas de Informações Geográficas - SIG, para planejamento de Transportes. A megacidade de São Paulo com mais de dez milhões de habitantes tem milhares de estabelecimentos comerciais para atender a demanda dessa população, que precisa ser abastecidos. Os veículos de carga que abastecem, além de afetarem o trânsito e mobilidade urbana, emitem poluentes. O objetivo é hierarquizar as áreas da megacidade de São Paulo (Brasil) com características potenciais para alta concentração de poluentes decorrentes da circulação dos veículos de carga para abastecer os estabelecimentos comerciais. A metodologia correlaciona espacialmente os dois conjuntos de dados (localização de estabelecimentos comerciais e a circulação de veículos de transporte de cargas) utilizando ferramentas de análises espaciais, baseada em Kernel Density Estimator - KDE, a análise de multicritério, como a Analytic Hierarchy Process - AHP para avaliar como estes duas variáveis estão relacionadas, e também a lógica Fuzzy para calcular esses dados. Os resultados obtidos demonstra que as avenidas e rodovias do município de São Paulo possuem alta concentração de poluentes, sendo utilizadas como rotas para os veículos de carga que tanto fazem do município sua origem e/ou destino, as regiões que possuem alta concentração de poluentes atmosféricos são: Cerqueira César, Parque Dom Pedro II e Ibirapuera, com destaque também na Marginal Tietê e Marginal Pinheiros, além da zona leste (Itaquera e Itaim Paulista). / This study adds free geospatial data, granted by the city of São Paulo, IBGE, CNAE, RAIS, among others and individuals assigned by Maplink company with the capabilities of Geographic Information Systems - GIS for Transportation planning. The megacity of São Paulo with more than ten million inhabitants has thousands of shops to meet the needs of this population, which must be supplied. The cargo vehicles that supply, as well as affect the traffic and urban mobility, emit pollutants. The goal is to prioritize areas of the megacity of São Paulo (Brazil) with potential characteristics for high concentration of pollutants resulting from the movement of cargo vehicles to supply shops. The methodology spatially correlate the two sets of data (location of commercial establishments and the movement of cargo transport vehicles) using tools of spatial analysis based on Kernel Density Estimator - KDE, the multi-criteria analysis, as the Analytic Hierarchy Process - AHP to evaluate how these two variables are related, and also fuzzy logic to calculate this data. The results show that the avenues and highways of São Paulo have a high concentration of pollutants, being used as routes for freight vehicles that both make the city their origin and / or destination, the regions with high concentration of air pollutants they are: Cerqueira Cesar, Parque Dom Pedro II and Ibirapuera, highlighting also the Marginal Tiete and Pinheiros, besides the east side (Itaquera and Itaim Paulista).

<p>Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) was explored as a means for physicochemical and biopharmaceutical characterisation of small drug molecules. Special attention was paid to the characterisation of acid-base and lipophilic properties of drug compounds by analysing their migration behaviour in different CE systems. The thesis comprises an overview of the field together with separate studies on the different topics.</p><p>The utility of CE for the determination of pK_a of labile drug compounds was investigated. A general methodology was developed comprising key steps such as the use of a stabilising sample diluent, electromigration injection, and analyte characterisation by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The methodology was successfully applied for two sets of drug compounds, labile at low and high pH, respectively.</p><p>CE was also evaluated for experimental modelling of passive intestinal membrane permeability by studying analyte migration in liposomal, microemulsion and micellar electrolytes. Good correlation is reported between CE migration and Caco-2 cell absorption estimates and for in vitro inhibition of thrombin. Interestingly, a slightly better correlation was obtained for liposomal electrolytes.</p><p>The utility of liposomes in CE was further extended by developing a novel procedure for immobilising liposomes inside fused silica capillaries. This approach enabled direct on-line coupling of liposome CE to high sensitivity mass spectrometry. The utility of liposome-coated capillaries is demonstrated for estimating drug passive intestinal membrane permeability. Its use in biopharmaceutical drug profiling is discussed.</p><p>Utilising advanced molecular descriptors, commonly applied to in silico prediction of passive intestinal membrane permeability, migration of analytes in micellar CE systems could be well predicted. The novel approach was based on hierarchical multivariate analytics and use of molecular descriptors for both analytes and micellar media surfactants. Demonstrated results propose that the CE format could be useful to validate how representative molecular descriptors are for describing molecular behaviour in complex liquid media, e.g. physiological systems.</p>