Background. In high-risk areas, a reliable and secure internet connection is not always guaranteed. If the terrestrial internet infrastructure is damaged due to armed conflicts in the area, the internet is shut down or internet traffic is monitored by antagonistic parties, satellite internet technology could be a suitable alternative for people or organizations operating in these areas. However, satellite internet comes with its own advantages and shortcomings, and if satellite internet systems are going to be used in these areas, there is a need for secure utilization of the system and awareness of possible vulnerabilities, threats, and risks of using them. Objectives. There are four main objectives of this study: (1) To identify the general threats and vulnerabilities that accompany the use of satellite internet technology in a high-risk area. (2) To assess the risks to the user's safety that may come as a consequence of the vulnerabilities being exploited or threats being realized. (3) To identify possible mitigations to the risks, and device best practices for the secure use of satellite internet technology in high-risk areas. (4) Produce a document that provides information about satellite internet technology, clarifies what vulnerabilities, threats, and risks could be present when using satellite internet in a high-risk area and how the user may assess the risk according to their own situation, the document should also provide the user with mitigations and best practices for the secure use of the satellite internet technology in order to ensure the user's safety. Methods. A structured literature review, semi-structured interviews, and multiple threat analysis methods were used to gather and evaluate the threats to satellite internet. The literature review presented the previous research done, and the interviews gave some perspectives from the industry. The results were then compiled into a document which we evaluated in a workshop to determine its usability and get feedback we could use to improve it. Results. The results show that satellite internet systems are exposed to several attacks, and tracking was a discovered threat that was not mentioned in previous research. When making our example risk assessment tracking also received the highest score, due to it allowing an adversary to threaten the physical safety of a user. Conclusions. The interest in satellite internet security research seems to have recently increased. The most exposed part of the satellite internet infrastructure is the wireless communication link, especially in high-risk areas where attacks targeting the radio signal are more prevalent. User awareness was our most important mitigation against the threats found and is the core contribution of this work. / Bakgrund. Att pålitlig och säker internetuppkoppling är tillgänglig i högriskområden är inte alltid garanterat. Om den markbaserade internetinfrastrukturen skadas på grund av väpnade konflikter i området, internet stängs ned eller internettrafiken övervakas av antagoniska parter, så är satellitinternetteknologi ett lämpligt alternativ för personer eller organisationer som verkar i dessa områden. Satellitinternet har dock sina egna fördelar och nackdelar. Om dessa system ska användas i högriskområden är det av yttersta vikt att de används säkert och att användaren är medveten om vilka möjliga sårbarheter, hot och risker som ackompanjerar användningen av systemen Syfte. Det finns fyra mål med detta arbete: (1) Att identifiera de allmänna hot och sårbarheter som ackompanjerar användningen av satellitinternetteknologi i ett högriskområde. (2) Att bedöma de risker mot användarens säkerhet som kan uppstå till följd av att sårbarheterna utnyttjas eller hoten realiseras. (3) Att identifiera möjliga åtgärder för att mitigera riskerna och utveckla bästa praxis för den säkra användningen av satellitinternetteknologi i högriskområden. (4) Att producera ett dokument som tillhandahåller information om satellitinternetteknologi, klargör vilka sårbarheter, hot och risker som kan förekomma vid användning av satellitinternet i högriskområden samt hur användaren kan bedöma risken utefter sin egen situation. Dokumentet bör också ge användaren åtgärder mot risker och bästa praxis för säker användning av satellitinternetteknologi samt att säkerställa användarens säkerhet. Metoder. En strukturerad litteraturstudie, semi-strukturerade intervjuer och flera hotanalysmetoder användes för att samla in och utvärdera hoten mot satellitinternet. Litteraturstudien presenterade tidigare forskning och intervjuerna gav några perspektiv från branschen. Resultaten sammanställdes sedan i ett dokument som vi utvärderade i en workshop för att bestämma dess användbarhet och få feedback vi kunde använda för att förbättra det. Resultat. Resultaten visar att satellitinternetsystem kan utsättas för flera attacker, och spårning var ett hot vi upptäckte som inte nämnts i tidigare forskning. I vår exempelriskbedömning fick spårning också den högsta poängen, eftersom det möjliggör för en motståndare att påverka en användares fysiska säkerhet. Slutsatser. Resultaten visar att satellitinternetsystem kan utsättas för flera attacker, och spårning var ett hot vi upptäckte som inte nämnts i tidigare forskning. I vår exempelriskbedömning fick spårning också den högsta poängen, eftersom det möjliggör för en motståndare att påverka en användares fysiska säkerhet.

The aetiological diagnosis of recessive non-syndromic hearing loss poses a challenge owing to marked heterogeneity and the lack of identifying clinical features. The finding that up to 50% of recessive non-syndromal genetic hearing loss among Caucasians was due to mutations in GJB2, the gene encoding Connexin 26 (Cx26) was a breakthrough, whose value as a diagnostic tool has been limited by the significant variation in the prevalence of deafness genes and loci among population groups. The significant association of the GJB6-D13S1830 deletion among individuals with one mutant GJB2 allele highlighted the need to explore population specific genetic mutations for NSHL. Although data from Sub-Saharan Africa is limited, reported studies found a high prevalence of R143W GJB2 mutation among Ghanaian, the 35delG mutation in 5 out of 139 Sudanese and a low prevalence of GJB2 variations among 385 Kenyan deaf children. The mutation spectrum of Waardenburg Syndrome (WS) in Africans has not been documented. During a visit to a School for the Deaf in the Limpopo Province of South Africa in 1997, it was noted that a high number of students came from Nzhelele sub-district. All had childhood onset hearing loss with no associated anomalies or disorders. The question arose as to whether there was a high-risk area for deafness in the Limpopo Province and what the aetiology of this hearing loss was.The main aim of this study was to investigate the role of GJB2, the GJB6-D13S1830 deletion, and the four common mitochondrial mutations, A1555G, A3243G, A7511C and A7445G, in the African hearing-impaired population of Limpopo province in South Africa, and to identify the mutation spectrum of the deafness genes found. The type and degree of hearing loss in this hearing impaired population would also be assessed. Secondly, this study sought to identify the mutations in a sibling pair with 2 clinical WS and to use the findings in a future study to establish the mutation spectrum of WS in the African population of the Limpopo province and of South Africa in general. The study was designed as a two phase study, in which phase 1 was used for hypothesis formulation and phase 2 was for hypothesis testing. While phase 1 was a descriptive retrospective case study, phase 2 was a combination of sample survey and prospective descriptive case study. In phase 1, demographic data of 361 students in two schools of the deaf in the Limpopo province was analyzed for evidence of areas of high risk populations for deafness in the province. In phase 2, a group of 182 individuals with genetic non-syndromic hearing loss (NSHL) and two siblings with clinical WS from two schools for the Deaf in the Limpopo Province of South Africa were investigated. A thorough clinical examination, audiological evaluation and urinalysis were done. Mutational screening was carried out in all 184 subjects using genomic DNA using single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP), multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and direct sequencing for GJB2, and Restriction Fragment-Length Polymorphism (PCR–RFLP) analysis for GJB6, and SSCP, hetero-duplex analysis, and direct sequencing of the first 8 exons of PAX3 and all of MITF for Waarenburg syndrome. Data analysis was by geographical mapping, frequency tables, tests of association with calculation of odds ratios, and binary logistic regression analysis using STATA and GIS mapping systems. The results indicate that there seem to be areas of genuine populations at risk for hearing loss in the Limpopo province of South Africa, namely Mutale and parts of Makhado and Thulamela municipalities. In Thulamela (NP343) wards 11-15, 26-30 and 31-35, and in Mutale (NP 344) wards 6-10, together accounted for 67 (18%) of participants in phase 1, and 33 (18%) of the participants in phase 2 of the study. Mutale municipality in the Vhembe 3 district gave with a projected prevalence of at least 13.14 deaf children per 100,000 African population attending the local school for the deaf. The observed hearing loss is a genetic, non-syndromic form, which is mainly severe and severe to profound, although without any clear defining configuration or shape. It is a stable, non-progressive and prelingual form of hearing loss, implying that this may be a recessive form of deafness. No identifiable environmental confounding factors or associations were identified. The deafness is not linked the common known auditory gene mutations in GJB2, the GJB6-D13S1830 deletion, or the common mitochondrial mutations A1555G, A3243G, A7511C and A7445G. Severe and profound levels of hearing loss were found in 22.8% and 75% of the cohort respectively, with the majority exhibiting flat (70.1%) or sloping (23.4%) audiograms that were commonly symmetrical (81.5%). However, as indicated, there was no clear pattern in the audiological findings overall. None of the 184 hearing impaired individuals exhibited any of the reported disease causing mutations of GJB2, including 35delG. There was, however, a high prevalence of two variants, the C>T variant at position g.3318-15 and the C>T variant at position g.3318-34, occurring in 21.4% and 46.2% of the deaf cohort respectively. The same variants were found to occur in 35% and 42.6% of a normal hearing control group (n = 63) respectively, indicating that these variations are polymorphisms. In three subjects (1.63% of the cohort), a T>A homozygous variation at position g.3318-6 was detected. Its significance in the causation of NSSNHL is yet to be determined. The GJB6-D13S1830 deletion was not detected in any of the participants. None of the four mitochondrial mutations screened for were found. 4 These results indicate that GJB2 is not a significant deafness gene in the African population of the Limpopo Province of South Africa and that significant genes for non-syndromic recessive hearing loss in this population are yet to be found. The geographical clustering of deafness found in this study, combined with the lack of identifiable common associated clinical features among the subjects of this study (excluding the WS sibling pair), suggests that these subjects have a genetic recessive non-syndromal type of hearing loss. In the context of historical and cultural evidence of consanguinity in this population, a founder effect cannot be ruled out. A rare mutation, R223X, previously identified only once out of 470 WS patients, was identified in the PAX3 gene among the WS sibling pair. A novel silent change GGG>GGT at amino acid 293, was also identified. These identical findings document, for the first time, a molecular defect in WS in an African sibling pair, and confirm WS Type I in this family, which could be found in other WS type I South Africans in the Limpopo Province of South Africa. The current study demonstrated that parents of genetically hearing impaired children in these areas are able to detect hearing loss at an early age, with over 60% suspecting their children’s hearing loss below 6 months of age. A child-centered management model encompassing all the areas relevant to childhood deafness/hearing impairment, which takes into consideration the prevailing logistical and financial constraints of the available healthcare system, is proposed. The implementation of this model requires a paradigm shift from the current fragmented model of service delivery to a cohesive patient-centered approach, based on concrete data from appropriate community based research, in which all the relevant parties communicate and share resources. 5 It would achieve the goals of early detection and intervention, as well as inclusive education for all. The relevant health and education policies are already in place and the posts funded. Equitable implementation of these policies would require appropriate community based research, as well as improved communication and consultation between the various stakeholders to ensure an efficient and affordable quality healthcare service for all hearing impaired South Africans.