This thesis represents one of the first systematic, detailed spatial analyses of artifacts at the mid-19th century Hudson's Bay Company's Fort Vancouver Village site, and of clay tobacco pipe fragments in general. Historical documents emphasize the multi-cultural nature of the Village, but archaeologically there appears to be little evidence of ethnicity (Kardas 1971; Chance and Chance 1976; Thomas and Hibbs 1984:723). Following recent approaches to cultural interaction in which researchers examined the nuanced uses of material culture (Lightfoot et al 1998; Martindale 2009; Voss 2008); this study analyzed the spatial distribution of tobacco pipe fragments for behavioral information through a practice theory approach (Bourdieu 1977; Ortner 2006). The analysis aimed to determine the role of tobacco smoking in the Village. It evaluated tobacco smoking as a significant and social behavior, the visibility of maintenance behaviors in the clay pipe distributions, and evidence of ethnic variation in tobacco consumption. Spatial patterning characteristics were compiled from the few behavioral studies of clay pipe fragments (Davies 2011; Fox 1998: Hamilton 1990; Hartnett 2004; Hoffman and Ross 1973, 1974; King and Miller 1987), and indications of ethnic specific behaviors from archaeological and historical evidence (Burley et al 1992; Jacobs 1958; Jameson 2007). Distributional maps examined three pipe assemblage characteristics: fragment frequency, use wear fragment frequency, and the bowl to stem fragment ratio, to define smoking locations on the Village landscape. Visibility of maintenance and refuse disposal behaviors in the size distribution of fragments was measured through the Artifact Size Index (ASI) (Bon Harper and McReynolds 2011). This analysis also tested two possible indications of ethnic variation: differential use of stone vs. clay pipes, and consumption rates as reflected through clay pipe assemblages. The commonality of tobacco smoking locations across the landscape suggests a significant, social, and shared practice between households. Analysis of maintenance behaviors and ethnic variation proved inconclusive. This study demonstrates the value of spatially analyzing clay pipe fragment distributions for behavioral information. The insight gained from examining multiple spatial patterns suggests future studies can benefit from analyzing the spatial distribution of diagnostic characteristics of pipes and other artifact types.

The Hudson's Bay Company (HBC), a mercantile venture that was founded by royal charter in 1670, conceived, constructed and ran Fort Vancouver as its economic center in the Pacific Northwest, a colonial outpost at the edge of the company's holdings in North America. Research into the history of the HBC revealed that the company was motivated by mercantile interests, and that Fort Vancouver operated under feudal land policies while steadily adopting a hierarchical structure. Following the work of Marxist archaeologist Mark Leone whose work in Annapolis, Maryland explored the effects of capitalist ideology on archaeological assemblages of ceramics, this study sought to locate the material signatures of ideologies in the ceramic assemblages recovered from the Fort and its adjacent multi-ethnic Village sites. In Annapolis, matching sets of ceramics were used as a material indicator of the successful penetration of capitalist ideals of segmentation, division and standardization that accompanied the carefully cultivated ideology of individualism, into working class households. Following this model, this study analyzed six assemblages for the presence of matched sets of ceramic tablewares using the diversity measures of richness and evenness. The results of this analysis for five assemblages from households in the Village were then compared to those expected for a model assemblage that was inferred to represent the ultimate model of participation in and dissemination of the same ideals of segmentation and division: that recovered from the Chief Factor's House within the fort. Documentary research confirmed that ideology was used to indoctrinate workers into the unique relations of production at Fort Vancouver however it was an ideology of paternal allegiance to the company rather than one of possessive individualism, as in Annapolis. At Fort Vancouver the notion of individuality was subtly downplayed in favor of one that addressed the company's responsibility to its workers and encouraged them to view its hierarchy, which was reinforced spatially, socially and economically, as natural. Analysis of the archaeological assemblages revealed that it is unlikely that the Village assemblages are comprised of complete sets of matching ceramicwares. The lack of these sets is likely the result of the multivalent nature of the economic system at the fort and its distinct ideology of paternalism, as well as the diverse backgrounds and outlooks of the Village occupants themselves, who appear to have purchased and used these European ceramics in unique ways.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1997. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 204-210). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1997. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 204-210). Also available on the Internet.

How much can we learn by analyzing ceramics, the most commonly found artifact type at an archaeological site? During the mid-eighteenth century, English potters introduced creamware, a white-bodied earthenware with a yellow tinted glaze. Creamware is a useful tool in understanding the social, cultural, and economic changes that took place during the late eighteenth century. Creamware was one of the first fashionable wares that was affordable to the "middling sorts." At the Narbonne House in Salem, Massachusetts, a large quantity of creamware was recovered through archaeological excavations, including over 13,000 sherds, comprising over 250 vessels, most of which were owned by the widow Mary Andrew and her family who lived there from 1780–1820. After conducting a minimum vessel count and analysis of style, I concluded that Mary Andrew and her children were purchasing creamware to appear genteel to their family and neighbors. Appearance was important since the Andrews were related to some of Salem's most elite merchant families including the Gardners, Derbys, and Hodges. Being well connected—though not wealthy—Mary Andrew purchased stylish goods that she could afford in larger quantities rather than spending her money on smaller sets of more expensive wares. This conscious decision illustrates that creamware was not only an important mark of gentility, but was also a way to create identity, especially for a well-connected, but not affluent widow. Her husband's final request was that his legacy be used to improve the home, presumably to continue his family's upward mobility in society. Though creamware cannot answer all of the questions we have about the past, it provides us with answers to issues relating to consumer choice and creation of identity through material goods. Many consumer studies in historical archaeology terminate in interpretations of economic status; creamware in particular allows archaeologists and other scholars to explore other motivations concerning consumption and what ownership meant to the family and for people whose voices may otherwise be unheard in history, such as widowed women.

Influences on the interpretation of Tipton-Haynes State Historic Site have caused many alterations to the site and the presentation of its history. Scholars have described how public history sites have continually expanded their interpretations as growing desires and interests from external influences such as the general public, state agencies, and donors. However, Tipton-Haynes has also faced many internal influences. While the creators of the site aided in the limitation and exclusion of the site’s vital history, over time the involvement and opinions of the board of trustee members, directors, and staff shaped an increasingly inclusive and expansive interpretation of the site. Therefore, the experience at Tipton-Haynes suggests that scholars should also consider the innerworkings of a historic site and the opinions of not just the community but also the opinions and choices of the people involved in the site and its creation. The inclusivity allows for a more expansive history while also creating new connections between the history of Tipton-Haynes and the general public.

Carter Mansion is a well-known historic site in Tennessee. It is estimated to have been built in the 1770s and is believed to be the oldest frame house, a house with a wooden skeleton for the base, in the state. This house was built by John and Landon Carter, father, and son respectively, who were well known influential leaders of the Watauga Settlement in the late 18th century. Prior to their arrival, the area was home to Native Americans. The aim of this research was to perform a geophysical survey of a previously unresearched area of the site, providing guidance for future development of the property. A ground penetrating radar (GPR) survey was conducted with a GSSI SIR4000 with 400 MHz antennas. Previous research was able to identify both historic and prehistoric graves in other areas of the property. This project extends this knowledge and aims to determine if there are graves associated with the headstones of the Carters on the eastern margin of the property, thus enriching the history and prehistory of the site without disturbing the grounds.

This thesis investigates the historic and architectural significance of the Buchanan House in Bells Bend, Nashville, Tennessee, in hopes that it will be protected and conserved. Artifacts from the University of Tennessee surveys conducted by David Anderson and Derek Anderson in 2009 and 2010 were used to establish whether or not there were any intact American Civil War period deposits. Spatial analysis was used to identify locations of activity areas. Historic documents were used to establish the occupants of the Buchanan House. This thesis concluded that while there were no definitive Civil War period deposits, the Buchanan House still provides an ideal spot for a museum commemorating the Battle of Bells Bend, owing to its close proximity to the battle, and because it offers a unique perspective on the civilian experience during the Civil War, one that demonstrates a long history of resistance and resilience.

Issues of diversity are receiving significant attention within the National Park Service recently, due in large part to a growing awareness that its future as a relevant and viable agency is dependent upon improving its response to and management of diversity. A diversity assessment of Fort Vancouver National Historic Site was undertaken to assist the site in its diversification efforts involving three interrelated areas: historical interpretation, visitor services, and workforce management. Data from research and semi-formal interviews with staff and volunteers were analyzed to identify appropriate, site-specific strategies for expanding dynamic interpretation of diverse groups within the historical context, improving the quality of visitation for diverse audiences, and more fully utilizing personnel and community organizations to strengthen the two topics outlined above. Historical interpretation is the main focus of the analysis, not only because it forms the fundamental duty of the historic site, but also because diversifying an interpretive program carries the most potential for forming emotional and intellectual connections with diverse visitors, thus increasing participation, financial security, and continued relevance. / Graduation date: 2000

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Florida State University, 2007. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (p. 173-185).