A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Master of Science. Johannesburg, March 2016. / Heritage tourism has emerged as an important part of tourism growth in the new South Africa. It contributes significantly in demonstrating the diverse cultural offerings that the country has to offer. Struggle heritage is one of the elements that attract tourists to visit South African museums. Using a mixed methods approach of quantitative and qualitative data, this study explored the motivations, experiences and understanding of heritage of 100 local tourists at Liliesleaf Farm Museum (50 respondents) and the Hector Pieterson Memorial & Museum (50 respondents), both based in Johannesburg. This research adds to the debates on how people perceive heritage and how important it is to them. The findings suggest that South Africans desire to visit heritage sites but due to the unavailability of information and inadequate communication between museum marketers and the public, local tourists are less likely to visit. Overall, this study suggests that although creating memorable and unique visitor experiences is essential, being in regular contact with repeat and prospective visitors is paramount for the growth and sustainability of the museum and the continued dialogue of the struggle, as well as the development and advancement of Heritage Tourism in South Africa. / GR 2016

The COVID-19 Pandemic has exemplified the weaknesses in science education. Americans struggle to understand the scientific process and why its findings change. This has caused skepticism to brew. Since museums serve their respective communities as translators of complex information, then they also must support the enhancement of science literacy. To enhance science literacy, digital content must first explain how science is relevant and then explain how the scientific process works. History institutions have the perfect opportunity to walk their audiences through a step-by-step process to understand the changing face of science better. This study accounts for a website I developed to 1.) put in practice some of the essential science literary lessons intuitions might use, and 2.) connect audiences with resources of the 1918 Flu Pandemic. The 1918 Flu Pandemic serves as a model for how history can help explain complex scientific ideas and their relevance to the present due to seasonal outbreaks of influenza and the COVID-19 Pandemic. / History

Pilgrimage to sacred places of religious meaning has taken place since the early days of mankind. In the last few decades pilgrimage travel has experienced a world-wide boom due to modern means of transportation. Though pilgrimage is most commonly referred to in the context of the major world religions (Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam), there is some indication of pilgrimage-like travel among Mormons.This thesis looks at Mormon pilgrimage behavior among Mormon visitors to Temple Square in Salt Lake City, Utah. The study undertaken has revealed considerable differences between Mormon and non-Mormon motivations, behavior and visiting patterns visitors to Temple Square. Though there is no formal doctrine for Mormons concerning pilgrimage, these differences give evidence of pilgrimage-like activity among Mormons, indicating that Mormon visitors to Temple Square are religiously-motivated travelers and a part of a pilgrimage-tourist phenomenon.

This thesis consists of three personal essays and a postface, in part experiments in genre, mode, and structure, and in large part explorations of the meanings of specific places in culture and on the self-definition of the observer-writer, the first essay being set in Florida and centered at Disneyworld; the second consisting of fragments of observations along the route from St. Augustine to Washington, D.C., and ending with a brief fiction; the third, a speculative/anti-speculative rumination over many things, including meaning, death, faith, and enshrinement, and set in Illinois, Missouri, and South Africa; and the postface a theoretical/descriptive theoretical defense of the thesis, all of which is abstracted in this abstract.

This thesis explores four distinct eighteenth-century historic sites in southeastern Pennsylvania and how they interpret difficult history topics. Difficult history, the parts of our nation's past that may be uncomfortable to discuss and learn about, should be included in historic site narratives to ensure that all people who lived at these sites are represented. Telling the stories of enslaved people, Indigenous groups, women, and members of the LGBTQ+ community often means addressing difficult topics. Four sites—Elfreth's Alley, Stenton, the Daniel Boone Homestead, and the 1719 Museum—were examined for this study. A review of their staff training and institutional investment in interpretation, the comprehensive nature of their historical content, and their community outreach—all different methods for establishing a thorough interpretation—demonstrates that each of the sites have provided more inclusive interpretation in their narratives over time. These efforts have coincided with social movements such as the Civil Rights Movement and the American Indian Movement, the professionalization of public history, and the evolution of each site's community. Implementing difficult history into conversations at historic sites is a relatively new debate in the field; this research supports the argument that including narratives that challenge our comfort and incorporating community voices matter.

The purpose of the study was to determine how historic organizations in Virginia have responded to the issue of handicapped accessibility at their properties. The study sought to determine which historic sites are accessible to the mobility impaired, what handicapped accessible features exist in the sites' buildings and what adaptations have been made to programs and activities taking place at the sites. The study also involved exploring reasons why some historic organizations have not made their buildings and programs accessible to the disabled and determining what future plans the historic organizations have for making their sites accessible to all people. Questionnaires were sent to 228 historic sites in Virginia; 147 of the returned surveys met the research criteria. Even though most sites had at least one handicapped accessible feature, only 40 sites were reported to be accessible to everyone. Video-tours, slides and large photographs are made available to visitors who cannot participate in the entire tour at some of the historic sites. The main reasons historic organizations have not made their sites more accessible are that alterations are too expensive and structurally difficult. Forty-eight historic organizations plan to make their properties more accessible in the future. A directory, containing a table of accessible features found at the sites, general tourist information and a description of programs available at the sites for the disabled, was compiled from the findings of this study. / Master of Science

The research hypothesis of this study states that a systematic and operational method for evaluating rural, cultural, historic landscapes, particularly at the regional level, simply does not exist. The purpose of this study was two-fold: first, to prove, through an informal survey of landscape architecture firms involved in historic preservation and preservation organizations, that the hypothesis was true, and secondly, to develop a method for evaluating a specific kind of rural, cultural, historic landscape -- nineteenth century farms in the Blue Ridge Belt. The overriding objective in developing the method for evaluating nineteenth century Blue Ridge farms was to make the evaluation criteria as operational as possible, and, therefore, create a method which would be accessible to the non-professional. The criteria used to evaluate the farms was based on studies done of farms documented in the archives of the Shenandoah National Park in Luray, Virginia, the Great Smoky Mountains National Park in Gatlinburg, Tennessee, and the Historic Landsmarks Commission in Richmond, Virginia. The method was designed so that every farm evaluated by means of the checksheet can be scored based on the degree to which it represents a typical nineteenth century Blue Ridge farm. / M.L. Arch.

published_or_final_version / Urban Planning / Master / Master of Science in Urban Planning

在過去的十年中，香港出現了大量呼籲保存「本地社區」的社會網絡和文化的社會運動。這些社會運動交織著對政府推行的市區重建項目和政府文物保育政策的批評。這些批評指出政府的政策過度重視經濟發展，進一步加深社會矛盾和弱勢群體的邊緣化。 / 本論文中的社區博物館正是在香港資本主義的城市發展模式下催生而成。為了反對有關城市發展的官方話語和將自己的利益最大化，社區博物館中的各利益持份者，根據他們對當地的歷史和文化的解釋，各自建構他們關於「社區和地方文化」的話語。這些多元的「社區」話語在這個社區博物館的構成，揭示了來自不同社會背景的團體之間的角力。本論文指出該社區博物館的建立和運作，促使分屬各社會階層的團體進行政治協商。他們各自的主張在社區博物館中交流，結果提出了有別於官方著眼經濟的「發展」模式，改以「社區」作本土文化的另一「發展」模式。這過程展示了不同社會階層間的權力流動，以及他們為加強自身的社會的政治影響力和爭奪經濟資源而展開的競爭。 / In the past decade, numerous social movements have emerged in Hong Kong calling for the preservation of social networks and "cultures" of the "local community". These social movements have been interwoven with local critiques of the urban renewal projects and heritage conservation policies implemented by the government. The critiques point out that the government policies overweigh economic development and further increase social disparity and marginalization of disadvantaged groups. The community museum in this study was established in a capitalistic model of urban development in Hong Kong. Various stakeholders construct their own discourses of "community and local culture" in the community museum in order to oppose official discourses about urban development and maximize their own interests. Thus the making of the "community and local culture" in this community museum reveals a negotiation among the parties of different social background. / This research argues that the establishment and operation of the community museum enable groups from different social segments to negotiate and construct their own discourses based on their interpretations of local history and culture. This research also showcases both the power dynamics of different social classes and their competition for their own socio-political influences and economic resources through proposing an alternative model of urban development. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Tsang, Ching Yi. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 196-209). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.iii / Table of Contents --- p.v / List of Figures --- p.vii / List of Tables --- p.vii / Chapter Chapter 1. --- Literature Review --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Community Museum: Origin and Concepts --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Museums in Hong Kong --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3 --- The Uses of Community Museums and their Communities --- p.12 / Chapter 1.4 --- Urban Renewal and Class --- p.21 / Chapter 1.5 --- Why Bother the Community Museum? --- p.32 / Chapter Chapter 2. --- Research Objectives, Methodology, and Thesis Structure --- p.34 / Chapter 2.1 --- Research Objectives --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2 --- Methodology --- p.36 / Chapter 2.3 --- Organization of the Thesis --- p.42 / Chapter Chapter 3. --- Background of the Research --- p.45 / Chapter 3.1 --- The Contexts of the Emergence of the Community Museum --- p.45 / Chapter 3.2 --- The Wan Chai Building Complex in Wan Chai under Urban Renewal --- p.57 / Chapter 3.3 --- The Development of the Community Museum --- p.69 / Chapter Chapter 4. --- The Professionalization of the Community Museum --- p.87 / Chapter 4.1 --- The Cause of Professionalization under Funding Pressure --- p.87 / Chapter 4.2 --- The Professionals in the Professionalization Process --- p.96 / Chapter 4.3 --- The Show and the Exhibition under Professionalization --- p.105 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion --- p.115 / Chapter Chapter 5. --- The Discourses of "Community" and "Development" in the Community Museum --- p.121 / Chapter 5.1 --- The Dichotomized Discourses --- p.121 / Chapter 5.2 --- The Construction of the Discourses --- p.142 / Chapter Chapter 6. --- Conclusion --- p.167 / Chapter 6.1 --- “Empowerment in the Community Museum --- p.167 / Chapter 6.2 --- The Structural Constraints and Agency of the "Local Community" --- p.173 / Chapter 6.3 --- The Deepened Political Contents of the Community Museum under Professionalization --- p.181 / Chapter 6.4 --- The Community and the Politics in Hong Kong --- p.188 / Bibliography --- p.196

中國河南省鄧州市，被稱為世界鄧氏的發源地。鄧姓後人自五千年前開始便不斷外遷，至今分佈在世界各地的鄧氏總人口達七百餘萬。自二千年開始，位於鄧州市有“天下鄧氏第一陵“之稱的吾離陵園，成為鄧州市的重點發展項目之一，市政府積極向世界鄧氏宣傳鄧州和陵園保護建設，部分鄧氏後人也紛紛捐款支持。本論文探討跨地域網絡與文化遺產保護的關係，透過在三個鄧氏團體（鄧村、香港和多倫多）的田野考察，了解鄧氏後人對建立世界“鄧氏文化遺產“的看法。我將會探究為何鄧州政府和部分鄧氏後人投資巨款於陵墓建設上，而其他人則拒絶贊助？在全球化的環境下，政治、經濟、宗教、社會和文化因素如何推動或拒絶族氏文化遺產的建立？本論文的最終目的是探討跨地域網絡如何影響文化遺產管理，和不同利益團體對建立世界“鄧氏文化遺產“的解讀。 / The Tang clan is said to have originated from Dengzhou City, Henan Province, China; members of the Tang clan began their migratory trek 5,000 years ago, and now they claim that there are 7 millions descendents all over the world. Since the 2000s, the Wuli Mausoleum - claimed to be the First Mausoleum of the Tang clan, has caught the attention of the Dengzhou government, which has since been promoting this to the Tangs across the world. The local government is eager to preserve the Mausoleum and a preservation plan has been announced; some Tang descendants have made substantial donations towards the project. This ethnographic study explores the nature of the transregional connections on heritage management and the meanings of building a global “Tang heritage“ among three regional Tang groups, namely in Dengcun (Henan Province), Hong Kong and Toronto. This study addresses the following questions: Why are the local government and some Tangs willing to spend enormous sums of money on the conservation of the Mausoleum, while others refuse to do so? What are the socio-cultural, economic, political and religious factors facilitating the promotion or denial of the Tang heritage in today’s globalized world? The ultimate goal of this research is to understand the politics and power dynamics among various stakeholders in the process of heritage management through a construction of transregional connections in post-Mao China. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Chan, Hiu Ling. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 146-153). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / List of Illustrations / Abstract / 摘要 / Acknowledgement / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Literature Review --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Heritage as a Contested Idea --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Authorized Heritage Discourse (AHD) Vs. Local Interpretation --- p.5 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Uses of Heritage --- p.7 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- Significance of Kinship in Heritage Relations --- p.11 / Chapter 1.1.5 --- Management of Archaeological Sites --- p.14 / Chapter 1.2 --- Objectives and Methodology --- p.17 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Objectives --- p.17 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Methodology --- p.18 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- The Legends of the Tang Clan and the Wuli Mausoleum --- p.24 / Chapter 2.1 --- The Setting: Dengzhou City as the “Ancestral Homeland“ of the Tangs --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2 --- The Authenticity of the Mausoleum: Is it an Archaeological Site? --- p.27 / Chapter 2.3 --- The Wuli Mausoleum and its Changing Cultural Context --- p.31 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- The Government of Dengzhou City --- p.34 / Chapter 3.1 --- The Bureau of Culture and its Cultural Policy --- p.34 / Chapter 3.2 --- The Roles of the Government in the Conservation Project --- p.35 / Chapter 3.3 --- The Politics of the “pseudo“ Tang Lineage Association Head Office --- p.40 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion: Authorized Heritage Discourse (AHD) and the Power Penetration of the Government --- p.45 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- The Mausoleum and its Local Associated People: The Dengcun Tangs in Dengzhou City --- p.48 / Chapter 4.1 --- Locating the Tangs --- p.48 / Chapter 4.2 --- Setting: The Local Community - the Dengcun Tangs --- p.51 / Chapter 4.3 --- “An Inseparable Relationship“: The Tomb and the Dengcun Tangs --- p.54 / Chapter 4.4 --- Interests of the Dengcun Tangs --- p.58 / Chapter 4.5 --- Discussion: “Weapons of the Weak“ - Intense Negotiations --- p.63 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- The Mausoleum and the Associated People in Hong Kong --- p.70 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction: The Tangs in Hong Kong --- p.70 / Chapter 5.2 --- The Ping Shan Tangs --- p.72 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Reasons for not Being Interested in the Project --- p.76 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Discussion --- p.79 / Chapter 5.3 --- The Hong Kong Tang Clansmen Association --- p.83 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Discussion: Engage or Disengage - “Capital“ --- p.92 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- The Mausoleum and the Associated People in Toronto --- p.98 / Chapter 6.1 --- Background: The Tang Community in Toronto --- p.98 / Chapter 6.2 --- The Toronto Tangs and the Conservation Project --- p.102 / Chapter 6.3 --- Discussion: What are the factors affecting their perceptions? --- p.109 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Discussion and Conclusion: The “Tang Heritage“ and its Transregional Connections --- p.124 / Bibliography --- p.146