Thesis (M.A.)--Baylor University, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 108-117).

This study explores a number of issues relating to the nature and scope of intangible heritage and critically examines some of its salient components in South Africa. It affirms that intangible heritage is socially constructed. Aspects of intangible heritage that seem inherited in the present are social constructs and products of social progression. They present the historical development of the practicing communities. Furthermore, this study affirms that all heritage is intangible. This is expounded in the study by exploring the history of the concept of intangible heritage over the decades which provide its evolution both at international and national levels, and within heritage institutions. Heritage cannot be understood and defined in terms of traditions, indigenousness, pre-colonialism, North and South dichotomies or Western and non-Western dichotomies. This definition would racialise and regionalise heritage, and politics of indigeneity would surface. The separation of tangible, intangible and natural heritage is an artificial demarcation that is for heritage management discourse.

Orientador: Fresia Soledad Ricardi Torres Branco / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T20:16:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Martine_ArielMilani_M.pdf: 5585307 bytes, checksum: 9ad59c50a722ac98607ad90b3c3a33b5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Desde a metade do século XIX, paleontólogos usam desenhos e pinturas para reconstruir organismos extintos. Essas técnicas são, hoje, chamadas informalmente de reconstituições paleoartísticas. O espécime reconstruído através da ilustração científica transcende a literatura especializada chegando ao conhecimento popular, sendo assim, uma importante ferramenta para a divulgação científica. Com base em anatomia comparada e interpretações paleoecológicas, o presente trabalho descreve, de forma pioneira, no Brasil, os conceitos e etapas dos processos de reconstituições paleoartísticas, usando como modelos cinco organismos fósseis brasileiros, sendo um molusco bivalve, um osteiete, um anfíbio anuro, um dinosauro saurópode e uma gimnosperma, e dois paleoambientes continentais do período Cretáceo do Brasil: Membro Crato (Formação Santana, Bacia do Araripe) com três subdivisões espaciais representando os nichos ecológicos do Lago, Pântano e Bosques. E a Formação Adamantina (Bacia Bauru), com três subdivisões temporais representando período de chuva, sistemas fluviais e estiagem / Abstract: Since the second half of the 19th century paleontologists are using drawings and paintings to reconstruct extinct organisms. These types of techniques are nowadays informally called paleoartistic reconstruction. The specimens reconstructed thru scientific illustrations go beyond specialized literature to reach popular knowledge becoming an important tool for scientific information. Due to shortage of academic material in Brazil about this subject, the present work shows thru compared anatomy the concepts and steps taken by the paleoartistic reconstruction processes using as models five Brazilian fossil organisms, one being a bivalve mollusk, one osteychthye, one amphibious anura, one dinosaur sauropoda and one gymnosperm. Two others are continental paleoenvironment from Brazil's Cretaceous period: 1- Member Crato (Santana Formation from Araripe Basin) with three subdivisions representing the ecological niches from lakes, swamps and bushes. 2- Adamantina Formation (Bauru Basin) with three subdivisions representing dry season, fluvial systems and drought / Mestrado / Geologia e Recursos Naturais / Mestre em Geociências

Canada formed the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada in 1919 to commemorate subjects of national historic importance, the terms of which were very subjective and initially narrowly interpreted. This thesis explores the development of the Board’s representation of Indigenous history in national historic designations from 1945 to 1982. It does so by examining Board meeting minutes, reports, administrative structures, policies, and drafted inscriptions. This thesis argues that the Board worked towards better representing Indigenous history internally during the period, though the results only became public toward the end. Indigenous subjects considered and subsequently designated were largely Indigenous figures who supported assimilationist practices by the British and Canadian governments, or archaeological sites that divorced Indigenous peoples from the present. Another significant source of subject matter useful in examining the Board’s improved means of presenting Indigenous history was the North-West Campaign. Internally, the Board struck the Indian Tribes of Canada committee that became the Fur Trade and Indigenous Peoples committee, developed policy on Indigenous language use and the protection of archaeological remains, and collaborated with the National Museum of Man to reconcile shortcomings in its expertise to improve its portrayal of Indigenous history. These factors were all instrumental in the development of the Board’s more accurate and informed presentation of Indigenous history by the end of the period, with higher numbers of designations and a broader range of Indigenous subjects.

The International Coalition of Historic Site Museums of Conscience contributes to current debate about the role that heritage institutions can play as agents for social change. In particular, it proposes historic sites as key venues where dialogue about contemporary human rights issues can take place and help contribute to building stronger democracies, connecting past to present. On the one hand, this raises questions about the activation of competing interpretations of the past to create a critical civic culture. On the other hand, the project of the 'Site of Conscience' asks questions about what there is in the nature of visiting historic site museums that might particularly lend itself to creating an active citizenry. Focusing on the latter of these two concerns, the thesis uses theatre and performance as a conceptual framework for understanding the controls and possibilities of a creative and empowering participation for public visitors at three of the Coalition's member sites: the Lower East Side Tenement Museum, USA; The Workhouse, UK; and The Gulag Museum at Perm-36, Russia. Through reading performance into the visiting event, the thesis is able to respond to questions about how visitors negotiate the museum's project to relate past to present with their own interests in visiting the past, not as a matter of competing narratives but of competing modes of encounter. How people experience their visit is foregrounded as a condition of political engagement.The question then asked is how this negotiation of modes of encounter becomes a performance of the Site of Conscience and the effective achievement of the museum's social agency. The thesis focuses on the uncertainties and gaps that emerge out of the intervening presence of a museum interpreting an historic site. In these circumstances, how control over the making of the visiting event is distributed becomes critical to its transformative potential. The thesis therefore asks about how visitor experiences of these uncertainties and differences become a negotiation of authority to represent the past and hence, how the past emerges in the present.

It has long been demonstrated that increased appreciation of place initiates stewardship and responsible management of the land. Interpretative design possesses the potential to generate this stewardship through recovering the connections between place and the people that inhabit it. It is essential that interpretation be integrated into the everyday landscape to deepen one's respect of the past and one's commitment to its future. This vision of an interpretive trail in Mission, British Columbia, explores techniques of illuminating place history to inspire and challenge cognitive participation with the landscape. The format of this project begins with a discussion of the values and limits of interpretative methods. Secondly, the study area is introduced through site reconnaissance with special emphasis on historical morphology and social history. Next, interpretive design strategies are explored in conjunction with significant landscape precedents, culminating in a design approach for an interpretive trail on Mission Flats. Six nodes along the trail serve as keystones for this approach, with individual nodes revealing historical processes, both natural and cultural, through design. Akin to Mission Flats, every place is intimately bound to the people and events that have shaped it. Illumination of this connection is the goal of interpretive design. The planning and design phases of development are incomplete without the inclusion of this holistic vision of place. It is therefore imperative that we further explore interpretive design, so that it may be integrated into the oft-impersonal contemporary landscape, for the generation of authentic place identity. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Architecture and Landscape Architecture (SALA), School of / Graduate

The LaSalle Coke Tower is an existing structure located on a fifty-five foot strip of land bordering the south edge of the Lachine Canal and the north side of St. Patrick's St. (Montreal, Quebec). The railway passes through the structure at its base. Built at the turn of the century, the crane was used to hoist coal from barges to an elevated conveyor that carried it across the street to Cote-St.-Paul Gas Works. It is approximately 15 storeys high (167'). The Lachine Canal serviced the cause of industry from its completion in 1824 to the opening of the St. Lawrence Seaway in 1959 at which time industry slowly began to abandon the Lachine Canal area. The basic premise of the design project revolved around both preservation and development of Tour LaSalle Coke (LaSalle Coke Tower). Regarding preservation, it was the state of abandonment that was to be preserved, allowing for a sense of mobility, vagrant roving, free time, and liberty. Architectural production within the abandoned site must respond to the rhythms and flows of the passing of time and the loss of limits. The two principal components include a provision for discovery (architecture as a heuristic device) and an archive component housing historical documents relevant to the tower and it's surrounding context (the Lachine Canal). The essence of the project was to develop this type of site without destroying its character and without detracting from its historical significance. Careful consideration was essential to negotiate between development and preservation. A broader interpretation of heritage preservation was necessary: moving beyond the isolated monument to include territory which characterizes a particular place. In this instance tire place consisted of the extreme linear space of the canal and its adjacent properties in addition to the remnant architectural artifact of the tower. The state of abandonment is a part of the history of the site. The provision for discovery is made through the use of stairs and an elevator, allowing visitors uninhibited access to the tower. This provision allows for multiple levels of interaction with the artifact, from the short visit to a more comprehensive survey of the object. The archive component is a smallscale intervention thereby minimizing the impact of specialized components (or private spaces) which limit the sense of mobility, vagrant roving, free time and liberty. For the same reason, the food service and primary toilet facility is located 'off site' approximately 320 feet to the east. The goal was to retain the basic features of the artifact while providing for a means of discovery and documentation of a National Historic Landmark. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Architecture and Landscape Architecture (SALA), School of / Graduate

Municipal Heritage Planning in Canada: A Profile of Ten Cities The need to conserve physical evidence of the past or "heritage", in a changing urban environment, has manifest itself in a new aspect to municipal planning. This thesis examines municipal heritage planning in Canada from the following perspectives: (a) the events leading to and comprising municipal involvement in its heritage; (b) the role of the heritage planner; (c) the tools available to municipalities for heritage preservation. Based on the premise that the appointment of the heritage planner is a significant point in the evolution of the planning profession and the conservation movement, the thesis focuses on those cities which have a heritage planner. A questionnaire was sent to sixteen cities where heritage activity was taking place. Ten of these qualified for inclusion in the analysis by virtue of having one or more Heritage Planners on staff. While the primary jurisdiction for the regulation of heritage property rests with the Provincial Government, the provinces have recently given municipalities the power to protect their own cultural resources through designation. These powers are rarely sufficient and have compelled municipalities to use other tools to achieve protection either with or without designation. These mechanisms can range from "soft" incentives which require little commitment from the municipality in terms of time and money spent (for example, moral suasion), to "harder" mechanisms such as outright purchase. The role of the Heritage Planner will continue to be the development and administration of these tools together with other heritage programs such as the Inventory and Evaluation of the city's cultural resources and the education of the public and private sectors about heritage preservation. A central conclusion of this thesis is that current municipal activity in heritage preservation is directed, in large part, towards ameliorating the negative economic consequences of heritage designation. More could be done by setting designation aside as a primary concern and using the existing tools at the municipality's disposal to encourage the private sector to undertake preservation activities. The opportunity for the Heritage Planner rests in using these tools and developing new ones. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

Changes to commemorative signage in Port Orford, Oregon, United States, during 1998 and 1999 represent an emerging public acknowledgement of the removal by force of most of the indigenous peoples of Southwestern Oregon in the 1850s. A wide range of participants, including local area residents and nonresident members of Native American First Nations, negotiated changes to signage within a context of controversy. Hegemonic social memory institutionalized as local history and publicly displayed as text on a historical marker was challenged by an alternate version of the event commemorated: a conflict between Athapaskans and Euro- Americans in 1851 at the site now know as "Battle Rock." The alternate version is supported by oral tradition which is marginalized as a source of knowledge about the past while the official history has been privileged by repetitious inscription and incorporated commemorative ritual. Discussion includes the selectivity of public history and the creation of public memory through commemorative activity in which official and vernacular interests compete. A parallel is drawn between the remembrance and acknowledgement of events once suppressed and the remembrance and acknowledgement of marginalized indigenous American First Nations "forgotten" by the United States federal government. The Confederated Tribes of the Lower Rogue, building support for legislative acknowledgement of their tribal status, contributed positively to the production of signage text, an activity which enhanced both their visibility and the visibility and remembrance of their Athapaskan forebears. / Arts, Faculty of / Anthropology, Department of / Graduate

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