This thesis explores the different patterns of history presented in the fiction of the three major contemporary Chinese avant-garde writers Su Tong, Yu Hua, and Ge Fei as well as their respective views of history. Based on detailed case studies of the three writers, the thesis examines the complicated and intertwined relationships of contemporary Chinese avant-garde fiction with previous Chinese traditions—Confucian, the May Fourth, and Communist—and with foreign influences. It also assesses the overall literary achievement of Chinese avant-garde fiction, its position in the history of modern Chinese literature, and its impact on the Chinese writers of later generations. Unlike most previous research on this subject, which overemphasizes the "alien" nature of Chinese avant-garde fiction or its discontinuity with Chinese tradition, this thesis aims at a more balanced investigation. Not only is the "newness" of Chinese avant-garde fiction deeply explored, its "Chineseness" or its profound continuity with Chinese literary and cultural conventions is also carefully examined. By comparison, the thesis attaches more importance to the "Chineseness" of Chinese avant-garde fiction. My analysis demonstrates that, while Su Tong aims at the total subversion of the Communist interpretation of the Chinese revolution and history, while Yu Hua attemptsto transcend the Maoist materialistic view of history through reincorporating subjectivity into historical interpretation, Ge Fei totally rejects the conceptualization of history and the underlying rationalistic assumption of human experience as a perceptible and understandable unity. / Arts, Faculty of / Asian Studies, Department of / Graduate

Rossland, British Columbia, like many other Kootenay towns was the child of a turn-of-the-century lode mining boom. As such, Rossland was a frontier settlement, but it was also part of an industrial mining complex which had been working northward out of the California gold fields of the 1840s. The period under examination extends from the discovery of ores on Red Mountain in 1887 to 1902, by which time Rossland was established as a mature mining city. I argue that there was a relationship between the level of mechanized mining on Red Mountain and the social structure of Rossland. Research indicates that the rapid mechanization of Rossland’s mines produced a stratified social structure, a specific residential pattern, and an ethnically segmented labour force. Very quickly one's occupation, one's gender, and one's ethnicity determined what one's opportunities and experiences would be. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

This thesis includes a basic discussion on the evolution and basic anatomy of the mid-century curtain wall through an analysis of early precedents and historic construction catalogues. Typical deterioration mechanisms are discussed, especially those specific to poor thermal performance. A basic discussion is included on the foundational principles of thermal patterns exhibited in fenestration systems, which leads the informed reader into the case study simulation discussions. The simulation studies were conducted with THERM and WINDOW software developed by the Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory, which operates under the auspices of the United States Department of Energy for the purpose of advancing building science technology. The results of this study strongly suggest that poor envelope performance should not be categorized as an impossible obstacle – it is a technical issue that can be resolved through reasonably minimal interventions. The thermal simulations reveal substantial improvement over the existing baseline, and in many cases, exceed modern energy code. / 0 / SPK / specialcollections@tulane.edu

This thesis will examine theories and methodologies regarding the balance of natural aesthetics and architectural conservation in the preservation of architectural remains. Ruins have been used as historic garden "follies" for centuries, this thesis will examine how practitioners have balanced the ecological needs of the gardens with the conservation and preservation of ruins. The primary case study used for this thesis will be the Gardens of Ninfa in the Province of Latina, Italy, where conservators and landscapers have worked to preserve the gardens of the noble Caetani family and the Roman and Medieval ruins contained within the gardens for centuries. This thesis will examine how they chose to treat, interpret, and display the ruins within the existing garden landscape. This thesis will also explore the consequences of this approach based on the backdrop of the established theoretical principles of John Ruskin and Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-Le-Duc, as well as the prevailing Italian theories on restoration of ancient ruins as given by prominent Italian theoreticians. Also examined will be the demonstrated capability and discussion of biologically-based conservation methods used in ruins conservation practice. / 0 / SPK / specialcollections@tulane.edu

Cette thèse se propose de travailler à la définition d'un sous-genre du roman historique en expansion : le roman de la contre histoire, aussi appelé roman historique subversif. Les œuvres choisies permettent une analyse diachronique du problème, en commençant par la naissance du roman historique et allant jusqu'à nos jours. Pour cela, nous aborderons les œuvres de Scott, Hampâté Bâ, Roa Bastos, et Chamoiseau, s'attachant ainsi à différents continents et cultures, avec l'Europe, l'Afrique, mais également l'Amérique Centrale et l’Amérique du Sud. Pour cette recherche, il est nécessaire d'étudier le contexte de naissance de ces romans, ainsi que les moyens mis en place à l'écriture de cette histoire autre. Nous en viendrons à travailler sur le glissement de l'écriture de l'Histoire à celle d'une identité, ce qui nous poussera à nous interroger sur la place de la littérature dans la constitution de l'identité nationale. Nous ferons ici face à des controverses, étant donné que les romans vont partiellement à l'encontre des Histoires officielles, ce qui permettra de voir l'importance que peut avoir le point de vue autre dans la construction identitaire. La présence des contes et du folklore, sera étudiée afin de déterminer leur rôle dans la création de l'identité. Une étude de la réception de ces œuvres sera menée afin de voir l'impact concret de ces textes sur la construction identitaire. Ceci permettra donc d'avoir une vision totale de ce sous-genre en plein essor, et de voir son réel impact, amenant à une réflexion sur la place de la littérature dans la société actuelle ainsi que sur son rapport à l'histoire. / This thesis proposes to work on the definition of a sub-genre of the expanding historical novel: the novel of the counter-history, also called subversive historical novel. The selected works allow a diachronic analysis of the problem, starting with the birth of the historical novel and going until our days. For this, we will cover the works of Scott, Hampâté Bâ, Roa Bastos, and Chamoiseau, thus focusing on different continents and cultures, with Europe, Africa, but also Central America and South America . For For this research, it is necessary to study the birth context of these novels, as well as the means put in place to write this other story. We will come to work on the shift from the writing of history to that of an identity, which will push us to question the place of literature in the constitution of national identity. We will face controversy here, since the novels go partially against the official histories, which will allow to see the importance that the other point of view can have in the construction of identity. The presence of tales and folklore will be studied to determine their role in the creation of identity. A study of the reception of these works will be conducted to see the concrete impact of these texts on the construction of identity. This will allow us to have a total vision of this sub-genre booming, and see its real impact, leading to a reflection on the place of literature in today's society and its relationship to history.

In this study, we reviewed the literature concerning the problem(s) of evil and found that, while there is a consensus that the logical problem of evil as raised by J. L. Mackie has been successfully addressed by Alvin Plantinga’s “Free Will Defense,” the evidential problem of evil as argued by William Rowe has yet to be resolved. The various solutions suggested by recognized scholars (e.g., John Hick and Richard Swinburne) have not met with broad acceptance. Most of the efforts to resolve the problem have been focused on Rowes’ factual premise (i.e., there are gratuitous evils). This approach has been fraught with difficulties and uncertainties as the determination of “gratuitousness” may be “beyond our ken.” Instead, this research aims to challenge Rowe’s theological premise (i.e., God prevents all gratuitous evils) by supplying a morally justifying reason (i.e., “tough-love) for God to exist in the presence of evil (gratuitous or otherwise). We also endeavor to stay within the bounds of Christian orthodoxy in affirming that God is omnipotent, omniscient, omnipresent, and the omnibenevolent creator of the universe. As Rowe insisted on keeping the discussion within the narrow confines of Restricted Standard Theism (i.e., an Omnigod creator without other religious claims), in the section for non-theists, we introduce a “Tough-love Proposal” that does not rely on biblical or religious literature. As humans deny God’s existence, God lets them go their own way (resulting in good and evil) and in “tough love,” waits patiently for them to respond to his message of salvation as proclaimed by the Church and the Holy Spirit. The evils in this world (gratuitous, excessive, horrendous . . .) are strictly the results of people living independently from God. Rowe’s argument that the presence of “gratuitous” evils makes God’s existence improbable is answered by the commonsense notion of “tough love” as often used in the restoration of broken relationships. The numerous requirements advocated by scholars for a “successful” theodicy are shown to be met by the “Tough-love Proposal,” using findings from other fields of knowledge (e.g., economics, psychology . . .). As God does not act in the same way toward believers and non-believers, in the section for theists, following the historical-grammatical method of hermeneutics (i.e., interpretation using lexical data, grammatical data, historical and cultural backgrounds, near and broader contexts), we apply Christian Scriptures and show that God promises that “all things work together for good to those who love God” (Romans 8:28), thus negating the possibility of gratuitous evils in (faithful) believers’ lives. The question raised by theists and non-theists concerning the creation of humans with “free will and no possibility of sinning” is answered by the “simplicity” of God, logically preventing him from creating a creature sharing the divine impeccability. Additionally, we propose some theories concerning the “world of death” (i.e., our world with the “survival of the fittest”) and the world of life (i.e., a new heaven and a new earth). In God’s sovereignty, we are free to choose the world/path that we desire. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2020. / Church History and Church Policy / PhD / Unrestricted

This thesis utilises a sample of major documentary films on the Bushmen of Southern Africa as primary sources in investigating change over time in the interpretation and visualisation of Bushmen peoples over seventy-five years from 1925 to 2000. The primary sources of this thesis are seven documentary films on the subject of Bushmen people in southern Africa. These films are as follows The Bushmen (1925), made by the Denver African Expedition to southern Africa; the BBC film Lost World of Kalahari (1956) by Laurens van der Post; The Hunters (1958) by John Marshall; the 1974 National Geographic Society film Bushmen of the Kalahari; John Marshall's 1980 film N!ai: The Story of a !Kung Woman; and the South African films People of the Great Sandface (1984) by Paul John Myburgh and The Great Dance (2000) by Craig and Damon Foster. All of these films reflect, to varying degrees, a complex interplay between generic images of Bushmen as pristine primitives and the visible evidence of many Bushmen peoples rapid decline into poverty in Southern Africa, a process which had been ongoing throughout the twentieth century. The aim of the thesis has been to explore the utilisation of film as a primary source for historical research, but focussing specifically on a subject related to the southern African historical context. The films under analysis have been critically appraised as evidence of the values and attitudes of the people and period that have produced them, and for evidence about the Bushmen at the time of filming. Furthermore, each film has been considered as a film in history, for how it influences academic or popular discourses on the Bushmen, and finally as filmic 'historiography' that communicates historical knowledge. This thesis, then, utilises a knowledge and understanding of film language, as well as the history and development of documentary film, to assess and consider the way in which knowledge is communicated through the medium of film. This study has attempted to investigate the popular and academic indictment of documentary film as progenitor and/ or reinforcing agent of crude, reified mythologies about Bushmen culture in southern Africa. It is shown here that the way major documentary films have interpreted and positioned Bushmen people reveals the degree to which documentary films are acute reflections of their historical contexts, particularly in relation to the complicated webs of discourse that define popular and academic responses to particular subjects, such as 'Bushmen', at particular historical moments. Critical, visually literate analysis of documentaries can reveal the patterns of these discourses, which in turn reflect layers of ideology that change over time. A secondary finding of this thesis has been that documentary film might constitute a source of oral history for historians, when the subjects of a documentary film express ideas and attitudes that reflect self-identity. It is proposed that the approach to analysis of documentary film that has been utilised throughout this study is a means of 'extracting' the oral testimony from its ideological positioning within the world of the film. The historian might evaluate the usefulness of a subject's oral testimony in relation to the ideological orientation of the film as a whole, to decide whether it is worthwhile being considered as das Ding an sich or should be seen purely as a reflection of values and attitudes of the filmmaker, or something in between. It is shown in this thesis that documentary film constitutes an important archive of oral testimony for historians who are properly versed in reading film language.

Leliefontein is a Coloured Reserve in the magisterial district of Namaqualand. There are five Coloured Reserves in Namaqualand: Leliefontein, Komaggas, Steinkopf, Concordia and Richtersveld. All these Reserves owe their existence to missionary influence. Leliefontein is the most southerly of the reserves, and the only reserve where mission work is controlled by the Methodist Church. The missions to the North are under the guidance the Dutch Reformed Church. Leliefontein covers an area of 75, 000 acres. To the North-east lies Bushmanland, to the West stretches the vast coastal plain. Leliefontein lies roughly between the towns of Garies and Kamieskroon. The heart of Leliefontein lies in the Kamiesberg range of mountains and much of the Reserve is mountainous and hilly.

Includes bibliography and filmography. / The South African film industry, like the rest of the country, has gone through a very difficult and trying time over the last century and has been faced with enormous challenges since 1994. South Africa is still in a process of transition and the turbulent era of Apartheid is still vivid in our memories and our collective national identity. What is especially exciting about studying the history of the South African film industry, is that it was through film, television and the media at large, that we witnessed the evolution of this history. On a microscopic scale, the history of the film industry, is that of the country, and many of the effects of Apartheid that are being experienced in South Africa today, are likewise being experienced by the film industry. Thus by seeking to understand the historical relationship between film and politics in South Africa, we are enabled to comprehend and contextualise the circumstances that have determined film's socio-political, economic and cultural place in society today. It was with this intention that I began to investigate the documentary film industry in South Africa. My particular interest was in the development of an independent, progressive documentary film movement that tentatively originated in the late nineteen fifties and established itself in the late seventies and eighties as a major force in the resistance movement. Concentrating on organisations such as the International Defense and Aid Fund to Southern Africa (IDAF), Video News Services/ Afravision, and the Community Video Education Trust (CVET), as well as many individual anti-Apartheid filmmakers, the focus of this paper and documentary film, Redefining the Griot, is thus limited to an analysis of the history of socio-political documentary filmmaking in South Africa, in particular, the anti-Apartheid film and video movement that emerged both in reaction to the ideologically-specific and restrictive State control of media, film and eventually television, and as a cultural weapon in the liberation struggle. Understanding this history enables valuable insight into the nature of the documentary film and video-making industry today - one that is still considered emergent in terms of having a homogeneous national identity.

Op 1 Mei 1967 kon die Suid-Afrikaanse vloot sy een-en- twintigste verjaardag vier. Bloedjonk dus, as weermagsdeel; maar eweneens belangrik as integrale deel van ons land se Weermag en as tydelike tuiste jaarliks van honderde dienspligtige jong Suid-Afrikaners. 'n Honderd twee-en-sewentig jaar tevore - op 11 Junie 1795 - het 'n eskader van die Britse vloot sy verskyning in Simonsbaai gemaak. Dit was die begin van 'n vlootverbintenis tussen Brittanje en die latere Suid-Afrika wat, met 'n onderbreking van net drie jaar (1803-6), tot 1957 besonder heg sou wees, en wat selfs sedert die oorname van Simonstad nog steeds bly voortbestaan danksy die sg. Simonstad-ooreenkoms. In hierdie verhandeling word die eerste agt jaar van die Britse vloot se verblyf aan die Kaap - die beginjare van hierdie "verbintenis" - van naderby beskou.