This study considers how fundamental shifts in the relationship between religion, community, and public life are reflected in the archaeological record of four excavation sites in the Amana Colonies—a former school (1870-present), a church (1865-present), a domestic outhouse (1860s-present), and a remote farmstead (1860s-1890s). The Colonies are a collection of seven villages founded and settled by German pietists in the mid-nineteenth century. In 1932 this community voluntarily abandoned the religiously-led communal lifestyle that it had practiced in Iowa for 76 years—a fundamental alteration in community structure that became known as the Great Change. This study was initially formulated to examine material culture—specifically privy refuse—from before and after the Great Change with an eye toward identifying shifts in the kinds, amounts, or origins of material goods used and discarded by Amana citizens. Though the original questions posed by the study could not be fully addressed with the data available, the sampled sites did offer several insights into the ways that the Amana citizens used space and material culture before and after the communal period. Artifacts collected at a domestic outhouse suggest that the structure had been re-purposed for use in the disposal of food preparation waste after the Great Change. A comparison of artifact densities between the sites indicated a high intensity of use of the grounds of the church, likely reflective of the community’s organization around religious identity. Finally, an analysis of the relative frequency of three types of artifacts found in quantity at all sites (metal, glass, and ceramic) led to the conclusion that the remote farmstead likely reflects a lifeway outside the Amana norm, and may suggest the ways in which Amana material usage was shaped by communal living.

The study addresses the problem, already identified in 1986 by Msimang that definitions such as Bascom's (1965) fail to differentiate clearly between historical narratives and legends. To evolve a more accurate definition, this study considers two Sepedi dramas: Make's Sello sa Tonki le Pere and Moloma's Marangrang (1972). The qualitative approaches (explain, interpret and compare) used in this study show that legends and historical dramas/narratives can be investigated by comparing them to identify differences between these genres. A narratological model suggested by Marggraff (1994) is used, considering three strata (layers) of a text: content, plot and style of writing. The topic, theme and atmosphere are explored, in that order, in the selected texts. The analysis suggests that the differences between a legend and a historical drama/novel arise from two elements: characters and their actions. In a legend, there are three important pillars: the exposition, the body and the conclusion. The exposition of a legend has five formulaic features: Kgalekgale [long, long ago ], Keleketla [Give us more!], E rile e le nonwane [It is a tale ], and a reference to the narrator (Nonwanenonwane!) and the listeners (Keleketla!). Some sentences/phrases are repeated slightly or without a reply. The action ends with a concluding formula: Se seo sa mosela seripa! [That is the end of the tale]. The action focuses on a main character, and there may be some repetition of actions (a cycle). The time technique may be used. There is often symbolism. Other features include a song (repeated several times), which brings pleasure and/or pride, and sometimes sorrow. A song may play a role bigger than the narrative. The presence of these factors suggests a legend rather than a historical narrative. The investigation shows that Make does not follow these rules for a legend, but elides actions he thinks the audience/reader already knows, inviting the audience/reader to participate in the narration. That implies that both the narrator and the audience know the 'rules' of a legend Make seems aware that the exposition and conclusion of a legend are based on the use of repetition of formula (a clause, sentence or sentence cluster). In legends, the characters tend to be flat (not rounded) they are interpreted focusing on one idea only (using a phrase or short sentence), which is not a complete depiction of the character. Often the author exaggerates to create humour. This study confirms that flat characters are typical of legends, adding to the artistic structure of this genre. Make successfully uses three techniques (the cycle and journey techniques, and symbolism) in constructing Sello sa Tonki le Pere. A cycle is visible in the repetition of the prosecution of Tonki and Pere to illuminate their case, strengthening and simplifying the sentencing of those animals. Make compares life to a linear journey with a beginning (birth) and a conclusion (death). The phases of the journey symbolise stages of a human life. Make used animals as symbolic characters in this drama to represent real people. Tonki and Pere represent criminals. Kgomo and Nku fight for justice for those mistakenly judged guilty of witchcraft, and they represent the accused. Tau's household represents the capital (Judgement), while Kubu's household represents medicine. A legend should end with a concluding formula: 'Mpho se seo sa mosela seripa!', showing readers/listeners that they can relax, as the narration/fable has come to an end. Make does not use this formula, but ends his fable with 'Pula! Pula! Pula!!'. To explore the structure of a historical drama/narrative, Maloma's drama Marangrang was considered, focusing on the exposition, development, climax and denouement of the drama. In the exposition of Marangrang conflict between Mapulana's children Lethoke, T iane and Madikgake (Mokone of Ma a) who argue over traditional healing (and bravery). This plot suggests the presence of the shadow technique (a shadow focuses on the actions of a character which are similar to actions of another character to be introduced later in the play) (Mojalefa, 1997:35). As a traditional healer Lethoke is a shadow for Marangrang; he stands for Marangrang's actions. By contrast, Madikgake stands for all the tribes. This foreshadows conflict between Marangrang and the Bakgatla, Ma abela, Magolego, Mphahlele tribes. This conflict appeals to the audience/readers, who want to unravel these issues/themes. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2016. / African Languages / MA / Unrestricted

This study examines the occurrences of wisdom and apocalypticism in Q, and then draws conclusions from the latter about the historical Jesus. Important questions are addressed: Did Q think of Jesus as a wisdom teacher, an apocalyptic prophet, or both? If Q associated both wisdom and apocalypticism with Jesus, what was the interrelationship between these two? Did either enjoy preference, or were they equally important to the person and message of Jesus? A concerted effort is made to let Q speak for itself. If the latter were possible, how would Q and the people behind it respond to the Renewed and Third Quests for the historical Jesus? This question basically sums up the research gap, which is to provide the Sayings Gospel with an opportunity to respond to these reconstructions of Jesus. Hence, there are two levels to the present work. The first level focuses on Q in order to determine the roles of both wisdom and apocalypticism in Q. This exercise constitutes the focal point and bulk of the study, leading to the central theory: The Q people remembered and described Jesus as a sage who made use of apocalyptic eschatology to motivate and support his moral message. The acceptance or rejection of this theory will naturally have an impact on our understanding of the historical Jesus, which represents the second level of inquiry. The second level focuses on the historical Jesus, and our understanding of him, given the results obtained in this investigation of Q. The high regard for Q and the propensity to regard Q as a stratified document places this study squarely in the camp of the Renewed Quest. However, there are two aspects of the study that have affinities with the Third Quest as well. The first is the inclination to question the noneschatological image of Jesus proffered by the Renewed Quest. The second is the synchronic manner in which the study approaches Q. By preferring to ask how Q remembered and described Jesus, Q is approached in a manner reminiscent of the Third Quest’s historical method. The research gap is addressed in a systematic way. Chapter one provides a focused overview of historical Jesus research from Reimarus to the present – an endeavour that naturally leads in to a discussion of the dissertation’s research gap, focal point and central theory. In chapter two, Q is considered in its entirety, including its documentary status, its stratification, its genre, its ethnic colouring and its eschatology. Chapter three zooms in on Q’s apocalyptic-judgment and Son-of- Man sayings specifically. An exegetical examination of these logia concentrates particularly on the focal point: the interrelationship between wisdom and apocalypticism in Q. Chapter four zooms in further on a single Q saying: Q 6:37-38. The purpose remains to determine the relationship between wisdom and apocalypticism in Q. The study moves in a centripetal direction, from historical-Jesus research in general (chapter 1), to the Q document (chapter 2), to the Son-of-Man and apocalyptic-judgment logia within Q (chapter 3), to one specific logion about judgment (chapter 4). Chapter five pulls everything together by (1) assessing the central theory, (2) responding to both the Third and Renewed Quests, (3) suggesting ways to reconcile these two currents, (4) commenting on the relevance of Jesus’ wisdom and morality for today, and (5) highlighting avenues for further study. The central theory is ultimately confirmed, albeit with an important qualification: Apocalyptic eschatology also formed an integral part of the sapiential message of Q’s Jesus. In response to the Renewed Quest, it is found that apocalyptic eschatology can not and should not be divorced from the message of Q’s Jesus. In response to the Third Quest, it is found that Q’s Jesus was primarily a sage, and that his apocalyptic eschatology was not imminent in nature. Regarding the wisdom and morality of Q’s Jesus, it is found that the essence of his message remains valid. This is particularly true of the way in which he used apocalyptic eschatology to motivate and buttress his moral message. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / New Testament Studies / unrestricted

Book Summary: Nurses play a key role in high-quality health care for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD)--and now this up-to-date textbook fully prepares them to provide patients with the best possible services across the lifespan. The most comprehensive text available for nurses who specialize in IDD, this essential book clarifies evidence-based practices and gives readers an integrated, interdisciplinary approach to care that meets each person's individual needs. Cecily Betz and Wendy Nehring--authors of the respected text Promoting Health Care Transitions for Adolescents with Special Health Care Needs and Disabilities--gather the latest research and wisdom of 18 diverse authorities in the medical field. Together, they give pre- and in-service nurses the foundation of knowledge they need to help ensure equal access to health care for people with IDD choose from today's models and philosophies of carepromote their patients' psychosocial developmentprovide effective physical careconduct health assessments and develop individualized plans of caremaintain successful interdisciplinary collaboration with other professionals address the issues associated with specific disabilities, including autism, Down syndrome, cerebral palsy, fragile X, sensory impairment, and medical and behavioral health problems support developmental transitions across the lifespan expand their knowledge of genetics and apply it to nursing practice skillfully manage ethical and legal issuesunderstand the service agencies used by individuals with IDD Enhanced with clinical practice guidelines to support effective work with individuals who have IDD, this textbook lights every nurse's path to person-centered, evidence-based care that improves their patients' lives.

I denna kunskapsöversikt har vi kartlagt och exemplifierat olika pedagogiska tillvägagångssätt, eller “verktyg”, som används för att uppnå historisk empati hos elever. Vi har huvudsakligen använt forskning som fokuserar på observationer av pedagogiska moment. Underlaget är hämtat från flera geografiska områden, samt de svenska förutsättningarna, dvs, skrivelser som utgör lärarprofessionens uppdrag under LGR11. I resultatdelen har vi sammanställt centrala punkter som identifierats för utvecklandet av historisk empati hos elever. Vi har även kort beaktat hur historisk empati har överförts från ett teoretiskt begrepp, till klassrumspraktiken. Detta då begreppet har flera olika etablerade tolkningar inom det akademiska fältet.  Vårt material har vi funnit genom databaserna SwePub och ERC, samt relevanta ämnesdidaktiska verk och dokumentation från skolverket.

Bibliography: p. 202-206. / This study sets out to examine the order of categories and values, structuring men's thought and perception at a fundamental level although not systematically formulated, in terms of which the Transkeian magistrates viewed the African communities under their governance. It is thus an essay in colonial administration, but the critical focus has been narrowed and is centred primarily upon the ideas and assumptions the magistrates used in the business of administration to explain society, government and law. At the same time, a major concern of this work has been to place the particular problem with which it deals - the elucidation of magisterial ideas and attitudes - within a wider framework of contemporary social and political thought, to fit them into the matrix of Victorian culture as it conditioned and shaped the administrators' perceptions and responses touching the indigenous black population. A methodological pitfall opens here, of assimilating individual or local currents of ideas to more general patterns - the 'climate of opinion' or what Matthew Arnold called the 'main movement of mind' of the age; of trying to press disparate, multifarious and often carelessly formulated ideas and assumptions into a conceptual framework or theoretical construct that was independently arrived at and presented as given. The mode of procedure followed was one that allowed the source material to suggest broader patterns and larger perspectives according to which it could be most intelligibly and satisfyingly ordered; one also that wove together various logically independent concepts and general propositions, derived from general studies of the topic and period, and brought them to bear on the Transkeian situation. In this way it is hoped that the main features and contours of the magisterial mind have been rendered with as much precision of detail and emphasis as the demands of analytical depth and conceptual rigour would permit.

Competing narratives on the “rise and fall of multiculturalism” (Kymlicka 2010) confuse our understanding of the evolution of multiculturalism policy, particularly in the case of federations like Canada and Australia. Part of the issue is the sharp separation between stability and change and prevailing focus on national multiculturalism policies. This overlooks important and simultaneous developments in the constituent units of these two federations. We therefore ask how and why have multiculturalism policies changed in the constituent units of Australia and Canada? First, we argue that amid a noticeable decline in support for multiculturalism on the part of the central government in both countries, constituent unit governments have become a crucial source of multiculturalism policy development in Australia and Canada. Because many of the economic, labour, civil rights and social policy challenges involve state/provincial or shared responsibilities, multiculturalism policies are developed and implemented in large part by constituent units. Thus, we cannot comment on multiculturalism policies in federations without paying attention to the experiences and contributions of constituent units. Second, we argue this process of multiculturalism policy change can be conceptualized along four modes of gradual institutional change referred to as policy drift, layering, displacement, and conversion. These incremental modes of policy change are the result of a distinct combination of contextual, structural, and agency-based factors. More precisely, (1) a shift in the socio-political context marks the opening of a critical juncture as new ideas and demands for reform emerge; (2) institutional rules with separate compliance and enforcement standards structure reform pathways; and (3) the relationship between policy and political entrepreneurship activates the causal mechanisms that consolidate the separate modes of gradual institutional change. The dissertation therefore offers a more complete theoretical explanation of the processes of institutional change, their ideational influences and causal mechanisms through fresh empirical observation. Building on Mahoney and Thelen’s (2010) theory on gradual institutional change, the dissertation applies a process-tracing method over the period 1989 to 2019 to four case studies: Nova Scotia, South Australia, New South Wales, and British Columbia. In sum, generating inquiry that looks beyond national policies allows us to capture concurrent processes happening within and across State/provincial boundaries, which in turn shape their shared citizenship.

Bibliography: p. 178-192. / This dissertation uses the historical figure of Joao Albasini to explore some historiographical issues related to how people commemorate their past. Joao Albasini was a Portuguese trader who operated through the port of Delagoa Bay for a large part of the 19th Century. He was based in Portuguese East Africa in the1830's and early 1840's, and moved into what would become the Transvaal in the late 1840's, becoming a powerful political force in the region. This thesis looks at the strikingly different ways in which Albasini has been remembered by different individuals and groups. Part 1 deals with his South African family's memories of him, focusing in particular on the portrayal of Albasini in a celebration held in 1988 to commemorate the centenary of his death. This is compared with fragments of earlier family memories, in particular, with the testimony of his second daughter recorded in newspaper articles, letters and notes. This comparison is used to argue that the memories of Albasini are being shaped both by a changing social context, and by the influence of different literary genres. Part 2 looks at a doctoral thesis on Albasini written by J.B. de Vaal in the 1940's. This is placed in the context of a tradition of professional Afrikaner academic writing, which combined the conventions and claims of Rankean scientific history with the concerns of an Afrikaner Volksgeskiedenis, and which became powerful in a number of South African Universities in the early decades of this century. The text of de Vaal's thesis is examined in detail with a view to focusing on the extent to which it was shaped by this tradition. Part 3 looks at a group of oral histories collected from the former Gazankulu Homeland between 1979 and 1991, and focuses on the way in which a memory of Albasini has been used in the construction of the idea of a Tsonga/Shangaan ethnic group. One oral tradition is examined in detail, and used to argue for an approach to oral history that attempts to focus on the structure and commentary of oral history, instead of simply using it as a source of empirical fact.

I used a Hierarchical approach to study historical biogeography in a group of colubrid snakes found in western North America. I combined small regions of mtDNA sequence data from a large number of individuals, with complete mt-genomic data. First, I investigated the relationships among leptodeirines-a presumed subgroup of dipsadines includeng nightsnakes (Pseudoleptodeira, Eridiphas, and Hypsiglena) - using ~1.5 Kb of data (cob and nad4). The relationships differed among parsimony, likelihood, and bayesian analyses. All analyses supported the monophyly of the nightsnakes; however, none supported the monophyly of the leptodeirines. Instead, these data supported a new hypothesis that the dipsadines were ancestrally rear-fanged and preyed on small vertabrates (frogs and lizards), such as the nightsnakes, while the more derived lineages have modified anterior maxillary dentition and prey strictly on invertabrates. Secondly, using an evolutionary species concept, I test species-subspecies boundaries in the wide-ranging hypsiglena, which has over 17 forms described, by collecting ~800 bp of sequence data (nad4 and tRNA) from ~ 175 individuals. Six major clades, concordant with geography, were recognized as species: Chihuahuan Destert (H. jani); central-western Mexico (H. torquata); upland Jalisco (H. Affinis); central California-Cape of Baja ("Coast," H. ochrorhyncha); Sonoran, Mojave, and Great Basin deserts ("Desert" H. chlorophaea), and an undescribed form from the Sonoran-Chihuahuan desert transition zone ("cochise"). The relationships among the major clades were not well resolved. Lastly, I collected complete mt-genome sequence data from 15 individuals including Eridiphas, Pseudoleptodeira, each of the major clades of Hypsiglena, and Sibon and Imantodes. All combined genomic-level analyses contained overwhelming support for a single phylogeny. These data, in conjunction with the phylogeographic data, supported my hypothesis that vicariance associated with the Miocene seperation of the Cape of Baja from mainland Mexico formed the Baja endemic Eridiphas, followed by subsequent range expansion and dispersal of Hypsiglena onto the northern portion of the peninsula and an even later vicariance event associated with the northern inundation of the gulf of California during the Pliocene. Hysiglena later dispersed down the Baja California Peninsula, coming into secondary contact with Eridiphas, forming a ring-like distribution around the Gulf of California.

In a historical frame of reference, this is a study of rural-urban migration to demonstrate the process of urbanization in Utah between 1900 and 1960. This study estimates the amount of internal migration for the state of Utah. Selected demographic variables such as size, age, and sex of the migrating population are studied. Changes in the population composition of the sending and receiving areas as a complement of rural-urban migration constitute the crux of this study. The indirect methods of estimating the net intercensal migration, census survival and life table survival ratio met hods, are used in tabulations. Limitations were imposed, as for availability of the data , in usage of any direct methods of migration measurement. The survival ratio met hods used, however, are the most reliable in this context. The results, indicating the intercensal amount of internal migration for Utah, shed some light on the urbanization process of the state. The findings, for the first time, demonstrate the volume and direction of the internal migration for Utah during the first six decades of the twentieth century. The results may substantially contribute to the state's future socio-economic plannings. Beyond a purely demographic analysis of the significance of migration lies the broad realm of manpower economics, institutional plannings, city plannings, rural problems, transportation, pollution, and a score of others. The population factor, naturally, cannot be separated from these social phenomena. The trends and directions of migration can, therefore, be used when and where future plans are formulated and past trends are studied.