A utilização de córpus tem crescido progressivamente em áreas como Lingüística e Processamento de Língua Natural. Como resultado, temos a compilação de novos e grandes córpus e a criação de sistemas processadores de córpus e de padrões para codificação e intercâmbio de textos eletrônicos. Entretanto, a metodologia para compilação de córpus históricos difere das metodologias usadas em córpus contemporâneos. Outro problema é o fato de a maior parte dos processadores de córpus proverem poucos recursos para o tratamento de córpus históricos, apesar de tais córpus serem numerosos. Da mesma forma, os sistemas para criação de dicionários não atendem satisfatoriamente necessidades de dicionários históricos. A motivação desta pesquisa é o projeto do Dicionário Histórico do Português do Brasil (DHPB) que tem como base a construção de um córpus de Português do Brasil dos séculos XVI a XVIII (incluindo alguns textos do começo do século XIX). Neste trabalho são apresentados os desafios encontrados para o processamento do córpus do projeto do projeto DHPB e os requisitos para redação de verbetes do dicionário histórico. Um ambiente computacional para processamento de córpus, criação de glossários e redação de verbetes foi desenvolvido para o projeto DHPB sendo possível adaptá-lo para ser aplicado a outros projetos de criação de dicionários históricos / Corpora has been increasingly used within the areas of Linguistics and Natural Language Processing. As a result, new and larger corpora have been compiled and processing systems and standards for encoding and interchange of electronic texts have been developed. However, when it comes to compilation of historical corpora, the methodology is different from the ones used to compile corpora of contemporary language. Another drawback is the fact that most corpus processing systems provide few resources for the treatment of historical corpus, although there are numerous corpora of this type. Similarly, the systems for dictionary creation do not satisfactorily meet the needs of historical dictionaries. The present study is part of a larger project - the Historical Dictionary of Brazilian Portuguese (HDBP) - which aims to compile a dictionary on the basis of a corpus of Brazilian Portuguese texts from the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries (including some texts from early nineteenth century). Here, we present the challenges for processing the corpus of the HDPB project and established the criteria for creating the entries of a historical dictionary. This study has developed a computational environment for processing the corpus, building glossaries as well as for creating the entries of the HDPB. This system can be easily adapted to the needs and scope of other historical dictionary projects

This thesis examines the historical development of the expletive það in Icelandic, from the earliest texts to the present day. This development is set against the backdrop of Icelandic clause structure, with particular attention to verb-second, information structure and the left periphery. The study combines corpus linguistic data and quantitative techniques with theoretical analysis, conducted within Lexical Functional Grammar. I show that Icelandic underwent three syntactic developments in the period 1750-present and argue that these all reflect one overall change: the establishment of það as a structural placeholder for the topic position (the clause-initial prefinite position). I claim that það functions as a topic position placeholder in the earliest attested stage of Icelandic (1150-1350), but is restricted to a specific context: topicless subjectless constructions with a clausal object, where það has cataphoric reference. The three changes in the period 1750-present represent the establishment of this topic position placeholder in new contexts: (1) það generalises to all types of topicless subjectless construction, beyond those with a clausal object; (2) það emerges in presentational constructions (which inherently lack a topic), out-competing the earlier expletive form þar; (3) in cataphoric contexts with a clausal subject, það begins to transition from subject to topic position placeholder. The majority of these contexts exhibit at least a short period in which það - or alternatively þar - behaves like a subject. Icelandic thus exhibits the emergence of a topic position placeholder expletive from an earlier subject-like element. This shift towards prefinite expletives, which sets Icelandic apart from e.g. Mainland Scandinavian, happens relatively late in the diachrony (1750-present). Moreover, the Icelandic development challenges the standard claim in the literature on Germanic expletives, which assumes that subject expletives emerge from prefinite expletives.

A utilização de córpus tem crescido progressivamente em áreas como Lingüística e Processamento de Língua Natural. Como resultado, temos a compilação de novos e grandes córpus e a criação de sistemas processadores de córpus e de padrões para codificação e intercâmbio de textos eletrônicos. Entretanto, a metodologia para compilação de córpus históricos difere das metodologias usadas em córpus contemporâneos. Outro problema é o fato de a maior parte dos processadores de córpus proverem poucos recursos para o tratamento de córpus históricos, apesar de tais córpus serem numerosos. Da mesma forma, os sistemas para criação de dicionários não atendem satisfatoriamente necessidades de dicionários históricos. A motivação desta pesquisa é o projeto do Dicionário Histórico do Português do Brasil (DHPB) que tem como base a construção de um córpus de Português do Brasil dos séculos XVI a XVIII (incluindo alguns textos do começo do século XIX). Neste trabalho são apresentados os desafios encontrados para o processamento do córpus do projeto do projeto DHPB e os requisitos para redação de verbetes do dicionário histórico. Um ambiente computacional para processamento de córpus, criação de glossários e redação de verbetes foi desenvolvido para o projeto DHPB sendo possível adaptá-lo para ser aplicado a outros projetos de criação de dicionários históricos / Corpora has been increasingly used within the areas of Linguistics and Natural Language Processing. As a result, new and larger corpora have been compiled and processing systems and standards for encoding and interchange of electronic texts have been developed. However, when it comes to compilation of historical corpora, the methodology is different from the ones used to compile corpora of contemporary language. Another drawback is the fact that most corpus processing systems provide few resources for the treatment of historical corpus, although there are numerous corpora of this type. Similarly, the systems for dictionary creation do not satisfactorily meet the needs of historical dictionaries. The present study is part of a larger project - the Historical Dictionary of Brazilian Portuguese (HDBP) - which aims to compile a dictionary on the basis of a corpus of Brazilian Portuguese texts from the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries (including some texts from early nineteenth century). Here, we present the challenges for processing the corpus of the HDPB project and established the criteria for creating the entries of a historical dictionary. This study has developed a computational environment for processing the corpus, building glossaries as well as for creating the entries of the HDPB. This system can be easily adapted to the needs and scope of other historical dictionary projects

Korpusdokumentation wird in dieser Arbeit als eine Voraussetzung für die Wiederverwendung von Korpora und als ein Bestandteil des Forschungsdatenmanagements verstanden, welches unter anderem die Veröffentlichung und Archivierung von Korpora umfasst. Verschiedene Forschungsdaten stellen ganz unterschiedliche Anforderungen an die Dokumentation und können auch unterschiedlich wiederverwendet werden. Ein geeignetes Anwendungsbeispiel stellen historische Textkorpora dar, da sie in vielen Fächern als empirische Grundlage für die Forschung genutzt werden können. Sie zeichnen sich im Weiteren durch vielfältige Unterschiede in ihrer Aufbereitung und durch ein komplexes Verhältnis zu der historischen Vorlage aus. Die Ergebnisse von Transkription und Normalisierung müssen als eigenständige Repräsentationen und Interpretationen im Vergleich zur Vorlage verstanden werden. Was müssen Forscherinnen und Forscher über ihr Korpus mit Hilfe von Metadaten dokumentieren, um dessen Erschließung und Wiederverwendung für andere Forscherinnen und Forscher zu ermöglichen? Welche Funktionen übernehmen dabei die Metadaten? Wie können Metadaten modelliert werden, um auf alle Arten von historischen Korpora angewendet werden zu können? Die Arbeit und ihre Fragestellung sind fest in einem interdisziplinären Kontext verortet. Für die Beantwortung der Forschungsfragen wurden Erkenntnisse und Methoden aus den Fachbereichen der Korpuslinguistik, der historischen Linguistik, der Informationswissenschaft sowie der Informatik theoretisch und empirisch betrachtet und für die Entwicklung eines Metamodells für Korpusmetadaten fruchtbar gemacht. Das im Rahmen dieser Arbeit in UML entwickelte Metamodell für Korpusmetadaten modelliert Metadaten von historischen textbasierten Korpora aus einer technisch-abstrakten, produktorientierten und überfachlichen Perspektive und ist in einer TEI-Spezifikation mit Hilfe der TEI-eigenen Modellierungssprache ODD realisiert. / Corpus documentation is a requirement for enabling corpus reuse scenarios and is a part of research data management which covers, among others, data publication and archiving. Different types of research data make differing demands on corpus documentation, and may be reused in various ways. Historical corpora represent an interesting and challenging use case because they are the foundation for empirical studies in many disciplines and show a great variety of reuse possibilities, of data creation, and of data annotation. Furthermore, the relation between the historical corpus and the historical original is complex. The transcription and normalisation of historical texts must be understood as independent representations and interpretations in their own right. Which kind of metadata information, then, must be included in a corpus documentation in order to enable intellectual access and reuse scenarios? What kind of role do metadata play? How can metadata be designed to be applicable to all types of historical corpora? These research questions can only be addressed with help of an interdisciplinary approach, considering findings and methods of corpus linguistics, historical linguistics, information science and computer science. The metamodel developed in this thesis models metadata of historical text-based corpora from a technical, abstract, and interdisciplinary point of view with help of UML. It is realised as a TEI-specification using the modelling language ODD.